Plant Productions - Articles List

Evaluation of the Biochemical Reaction of Sunflower Seedlings to Selenium Levels in Saline Conditions

Masoumeh Abedini; Gader Habibi; Samad Arezoomand

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 443-454

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28539.1722

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity is one of the detrimental environmental factors that limit the productivity of crop plants worldwide. Most of the crop plants are ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity is one of the detrimental environmental factors that limit the productivity of crop plants worldwide. Most of the crop plants are sensitive to salinity. Selenium (Se) has not been classified as a plant essential element, but its role as a beneficial element and its ability in amelioration of different environmental stresses has been reported in different plant species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Se on sunflower plants under salt stress conditions. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design by three replications in a hydroponic system with a temperature regime of 25/18°C, photoperiod of 14 h, and relative humidity of 70% in a growth chamber. Seeds were germinated in petri-dishes and then uniform 3-day old seedlings were transferred to 50% Hoagland solution. One week after pretreatment, plants were transferred to 100% Hoagland solution and treated with selenium) sodium selenate; 0, 5, and 10 µM) and salinity (sodium chloride; 50 and 100 mM) for two weeks. Plant's shoots were harvested 15 days after treatments, and frozen in liquid nitrogen until assays. Results The results indicated that salinity at both levels significantly increased the MDA as well as free phenol and decreased the flavonoids contents of plants. The anthocyanin, soluble sugars, and total protein contents and the activity of APX increased significantly in response to 50 mM of NaCl, while the proline, tannins, and lignin contents increased, but dry weight and height of shoot decreased significantly in response to 100 mM of NaCl. In non-saline condition, Se application at 5 µM decreased the flavonoids and lignin contents and increased the free phenols, shoot height, and POD activity significantly. Application of Se at 10 µM in non-saline conditions significantly increased the lignin and MDA contents and APX activity. In saline condition with 50 mM of NaCl, Se application at both two levels decreased the soluble sugars and APX activity, and at 10 µM decreased the lignin and increased the tannin contents significantly. In saline condition with 100 mM of NaCl, Se application at both two concentrations considerably decreased the proline, lignin, and tannin contents but increased the APX activity. Furthermore, a reduction in soluble sugars by application of 5 µM of Se was seen in plants that were in saline conditions with 100 mM of NaCl. Discussion According to the results of this study, salinity induced oxidative stress in sunflower, especially at 100 mM that was obvious by elevated level of MDA. Even though the Se application in saline condition could induce the notable changes in the phenolic compounds and promoted the activity of APX, it could not inhibit the MDA formation and dry weight falling in plants. Selenium application in non-saline conditions also could not result to the considerable benefits in sunflower plants.

Genetic Diversity Study of Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) Genotypes for Agro-morphological Traits Under Normal and Drought Stress Conditions

Ali Saremi-Rad; Khodadad Mostafavi

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 227-240

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.27588.1671

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesAs the world's population grows, increasing demand for edible oils is inevitable. In addition to plant genetics, environmental variability plays ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesAs the world's population grows, increasing demand for edible oils is inevitable. In addition to plant genetics, environmental variability plays a key role in plant yield. Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses that reduce the productivity of sunflower and other crops. Understanding the nature of phenotypic traits that improve performance under stress conditions and identifying the complex physiological and genetically mechanisms is fundamental to plant stress. Improving drought tolerance and increasing water productivity in plants is one of the most important goals of the breeders. Gaining knowledge of the amount of phenotypic and genetic parameters in the plant species for genetic and plant breeding studies is very important for the exact selection of the genotypes according to the objectives of the breeding programs. Understanding the nature of morphological, physiological, genetic and molecular mechanisms under the influence of drought tolerance can play an important role in the development of drought tolerant genotypes for cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas. The main aims of this study included investigation of genetic diversity of sunflower germplasm (to understand the relationships between morphological traits and their heritability) and accurate identification of the most important traits that affect the sunflower yield in each of the normal conditions and drought stress. Materials and MethodsAn experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in normal and drought stress conditions in 2014 growing season on 12 sunflower genotypes in a research field of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch. Each block consisted of 12 plots and each plot contained five rows. Each row was 5 meters length with 60 cm spacing, and plant spacing on rows was 20 cm. The studied traits included grain yield, seed length, seed width, seed diameter, leaf length, leaf width, plant height and stem diameter. ResultsThe results of combined analysis of variance confirmed the significant diversity among genotypes for most traits. Grain yield showed higher values for parameters of genetic efficiency, genotypic and phenotypic variation coefficients under drought stress and non-stress conditions compared to other traits. While the highest percentage of heritability in the normal condition belonged to grain yield, it belonged to plant height in the stress conditions. Plant height, leaf width, stem diameter and leaf length showed the highest change in terms of traits in stress conditions compared to normal conditions. Dendrograms derived from cluster analysis classified genotypes into three groups based on studied traits under both drought stress and non-stress conditions. According to the cluster analysis, under drought stress condition, the Sor and Progress genotypes were identified as tolerant genotypes and, in contrast, genotypes of Favorite, Record, SHF81-90, Master and Lakomka were recognized as sensitive genotypes. DiscussionIn the combined analysis of variance the significance of the environmental effect shows that drought stress has significantly affected all traits. Therefore, the applied stress reveals the differences between the cultivars and the evaluation of the cultivars in the stress environment can lead to the selection of suitable cultivars. The effect of genotype was not significant for some traits, which suggests that the selection of cultivars for these traits is complex because the differences between the cultivars are not clearly defined. Selection is more reliable for traits that are significant, such as grain yield. The interaction between genotype and environment also increases the complexity of selection, which was significant only for plant height in this study. The high coefficient of phenotypic variation for traits indicates that the expression of these traits is greatly affected by the environment. Also, the high coefficient of genotypic and phenotypic variation for some traits indicates the wide range of changes for these traits. In general, the correspondence of the phenotypic coefficient and the genotypic coefficient in some traits indicates that the environmental effects on trait expression are negligible. However, when the phenotypic variation coefficient is higher than the genotypic variation coefficient, it indicates a high environmental effect. The low difference between the phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation for some traits suggests that these traits are more controlled by genetic factors. Therefore, the selection of parents for these traits is appropriate for hybridization programs.

Investigating the Effect of Foliar Application of Glycine Betaine on Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Mint (Mentha spicata L(. under Salinity Stress

Zeinab Joushan; Hamid Sodeizadeh; Mohammad Ali Hakimzadeh Ardakani; Rostam Yazdani Biouki; Sareh khajahhosseini

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 267-280

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27413.1666

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesSpearmint is a perennial plant with creeping and underground stems, which belongs to the Labiatae family. After drought, salinity is the second ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesSpearmint is a perennial plant with creeping and underground stems, which belongs to the Labiatae family. After drought, salinity is the second most common environmental agent that restricts agricultural production. Glycine betaine is the most widely used organic solution known for its quadrature ammonium compounds and the largest and most abundant compound in response to stress. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of glycine betaine on some quantitative and qualitative properties of mint under salinity stress. Materials and MethodsA factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017-18. Experimental factors included salinity stress (4 levels, control, 30, 60 and 90 mM NaCl) and glycine betaine (at 3 levels of 0, 100 and 200 mM). In the present study, some growth traits, height of plant, fresh weight and dry weight of shoot, root volume, fresh and dry weight of root, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b and total), protein, proline and soluble sugars were measured. ResultsThe results showed that salinity stress was significant for all characteristics, so that by increasing levels of salinity all traits were reduced except chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugars. Salinity reduced plant height (29.47%), fresh weight of shoot (49.56%), dry weight of shoot (56.87%), root volume (47.89%), fresh weight of root (52.15%), dry weight of root (43.92%), photosynthetic pigments (a) (18%) and (b) (29.41%), protein content (17.79%), proline (30.98%) and soluble sugars (3.58%). Application of glycinebetaine reduced the negative effects of salinity stress, but it caused reduced height (9.16%) and chlorophyll b (26.31%) compared to control. Also, interactions between salinity stress and foliar application of glycinebetaine were significant for shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weigh, root dry weight, proline, protein (p < 0.01), root volume and soluble sugars (P<0.05). The highest values of the studied traits were obtained for the interaction between 7 mM NaCl and 200 mM glycinebetaine. DiscussionSalinity stress reduces the growth of plants through osmotic stress, ion toxicity and nutritional imbalance. However, glycine betaine, as an important osmolite in plants, increases the osmotic potential and improves the water relations and increases the activity of photosynthesis and the production of hydrocarbon materials. In this way, glycine betaine can protect against the stress of salinity by increasing the mechanisms of tolerance to salinity and will provide better conditions for plant growth in a saline environment.

The Effect of Thermal Shock, Burial Depth and Seed Position on Germination of eeds of Heteromorphism Hedge Parsley (Torilis arvenis)

Rezvan Payamani; Iraj Nosratti; Masoomeh Amerian

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26379.1621

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Weeds are one of the most important factors that affect and reduce the yield of crops. Hedge parsley produces two shapes of seeds, fluffy and ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Weeds are one of the most important factors that affect and reduce the yield of crops. Hedge parsley produces two shapes of seeds, fluffy and non-fluffy, of their germination behavior little information is available. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seed position, burial depth, thermal shock and seed polymorphism on germination percentage of hedge parsley. Materials and Methods The experiments were conducted based on factorial experiment in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications at campus of agriculture and natural resources during years 2016-2017. In the first experiment, the factors included seed position (high, middle and low plants), temperature (20 and 25 C°) and seed shape (fluffy and non-fluffy). In the second experiment, the factors were thermal shock (100, 150 and 200 C°), burial depth (0, 2 and 4 cm) and seed shape (fluffy and non-fluffy). Results In the first experiment, with increasing temperature from 20 to 25 C° germination percentage decreased and at 20 C° the highest germination percentage (73.33%) was observed. Seed shape also affected seed germination percentages. In the second experiment, the burial depth had a positive effect on seed germination and with increasing burial depth, seed germination percentage increased. Interaction of thermal shock and burial depth showed that increasing burial depth and temperature increased the percentage of germination (57.14%). In both shapes of seeds, germination percentage increased with increasing burial depth and the highest germination percentage was observed in the maximum burial depth (4 cm). Discussion The results of this study showed that this weed is capable of germination in a wide range of environmental conditions. Germination percentage of hedge parsley increased with increasing burial depth. The optimum temperature for seed germination of hedge parsley is 20 C°. Seed shape was affected on seed germination percentage of hedge parsley.

Stochastical Analysis of Phenological Timing Traits of Rainfed Wheat in Golestan Province Using Climate Parameters

kami kaboosi

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 143-158

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26579.1633

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Considerng stochasticalnature of precipitation and temperature and high dependence of the eco-phenological timing traits on them, the present ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Considerng stochasticalnature of precipitation and temperature and high dependence of the eco-phenological timing traits on them, the present study was conducted with the aim of estimating eight eco-phenological traits of rainfed wheat including planting date, emergence date, flowering date, maturity date and length of each stage of growth in Golestan province. Materials and Methods First, studied traits were determined by daily data of maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation of 33 meteorological stations in the 26-year common statistical period (1991-2016). Then, these traits were calculated based on frequency analysis by SMADA software package for 25, 50, 75, 85 and 95 percent occurrence probability level. Planting date was determined based on the first precipitation equal to or more than 25 mm over a period of 10 consecutive days in December. Also, length of each growth stages was determined based on the concept of Growing Degree-Days (GDD). Finally, zoning maps of eco-phenological traits for different occurrence probability level were produced by ArcGIS software. In order to verify estimated eco-phenological traits values, findings from various field scale researches in Golestan province were used. The results showed that estimations and zoning maps wrere done with good precision. Results The results showed that the effect of occurrence probability level was significant on all variables, so that with increasing occurrence probability level several important changes were observed: first, a significant postponement of dates of planting, emergence, flowering and maturity; second, a significant increase in the length of planting to emergence; and finally, a significant reduction in the length of the emergence to flowering, flowering to maturity and planting to maturity stages. Zoning maps showed that the suitable planting date for rainfed wheat in 90 percent of Golestan province area for occurrence probability levels of 25, 50 and 75 percent was before 10 December and for 85 and 95 percent occurrence probability levels in 78 and 90 percent of the province area was from 1-20 December and 21 December to 9 January, respectively. Emergence date of rainfed wheat in more than 90 percent of the Golestan province area for the occurrence probability levels of 25 to 95 percent was calculated until 20 December, until 4 January, 21 December to 19 January, 5 January to 3 February and 20 January to 18 February, respectively. Also, flowering date of rainfed wheat was obtained 4 April to 4 May in 95 percent of the province's area for 25 percent occurrence probability level, 5-20 May in 86 percent of the province's area for 50 percent occurrence probability level, 20 April to 20 May in 95 percent of the province's area for 75 percent occurrence probability level, 5-20 May in 75 percent of the province's area for 85 percent occurrence probability level, and 5 May to 4 June in 93 percent of the province's area for 95 percent occurrence probability level. In terms of maturity date, the results showed that this date in more than 90 percent of the Golestan province's area was 21 May to 4 June for 25 percent occurrence probability level, 21 May to 20 June for 50 percent occurrence probability level, 5-20 June for 75 percent occurrence probability level, and 5 June to 5 July for 85 and 95 percent occurrence probability levels. Discussion Based on the average of all weather stations, the increase in occurrence probability level from 25 to 95 percent (risk reduction from 75 to 5 percent) delays the suitable planting date, dates of germination, flowering, and maturity of rainfed wheat by 37, 56, 35 and 28 days, respectively. It also increases the length of planting to germination stage by 19 days while decreases the length of germination to flowering, flowering to maturity stages, and total season by 22, 8 and 10 days, respectively.

Evaluation of Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Reaction of Strawberry to Drought Stress and Dust

Farzad Marivani; Nasser Ghaderi; Taimoor Javadi

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 535-550

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26308.1618

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives In recent years, dust has been identified as a major source of adverse environmental and agricultural effects in west and southwest of Iran. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives In recent years, dust has been identified as a major source of adverse environmental and agricultural effects in west and southwest of Iran. Reducing light penetration, decreasing photosynthesis, changing stomatal performance, and reducing flowering are some of the adverse effects of air pollution on plants. Strawberries have a shallow root system, high leaf area, and are sensetive to drought stress. Kurdistan province is the major producer of strawberries in Iran. Since in Kurdistan dust occurs mostly in the spring and during the strawberry flowering and fruit production, we investigated the interaction effect of dust and drought stress on some physiological characteristics of two strawberry cultivars (cvs. Paros and Queen elisa) during 2013-2014. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four treatments (control, -1.2 MPa soil water potential as drought stress, dust and dust + drought stress) and three replications. In this experiment, leaf relative water content, membrane stability index, proline, soluble carbohydrates, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activity were evaluated. Results Results showed that relative water content and membrane stability index decreased in response to dust and drought in both cultivars. Also, the amount of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and activity of antioxidant enzymes increased by dust and drought treatments. Most increase was obsereved in the proline and total soluble carbohydrates, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes was obtained by dust + drought stress. Drought stress + dust had the highest levels of POD and APX. There was a significant difference between the two cultivars, so that Paros cultivar had higher activity of POD and APX compared to queen elisa. Dust and drought treatments reduced shoot and root dry weigth in both years and both cultivars. Discussion Probably due to the stress caused by dust, the total leaf soluble sugars increased in the first year. In this condition, the plant can continue to absorb water from the soil by increasing the soluble carbohydrates through osmotic regulation. In the second year, the long-term reduction in photosynthesis led to a reduction in total soluble carbohydrates, due to prolonged exposure to dust or damage to light absorption pigments resulting from dust accumulation and its negative effects on stomatal function. Dust and drought stress decreased relative water content (RWC) through decreasing water absorption by the strawberry plants, and the decrease of water led to the increase of H2O2. With the increase of H2O2 in dust and drought stress, membrane lipid degradation increased and led to the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA). The increase of MDA indicates cell wall destruction, which is accompanied by the decrease of memberan stability index MSI). MDA increased in all treatments in Queen Eliza cultivar, which could indicate the higher sensitivity of this cultivar to dust and drought stress. In this study, Paros showed higher antioxidant enzyme activity accompanied with lower H2O2 content and consequently a lower MDA, thus, more resistance to drought and drought stress. In conclusion, dust had negative effects on evaluated characteristics, and drought stress exacerbated these effects. Adverse effects of dust and drought were observed on dry matter production in both years. Reducing the dry matter of the roots and the shoot might be due to increased free radicals, reduced leaf water content and, consequently, loss of photosynthesis of the leaf.

Evaluation of Succeptibility of Some Phenological Stages of Wheat Genotypes in Response to Drought Stress

Ahmad Naderi; Mohammad Reza Eslahi

Volume 42, Issue 1 , April 2019, , Pages 133-148

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.19143.1379

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Wheat is ihe most important crop in Khoozestan proviance. Under such a condition wheat experience drought stress in response to both low water ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Wheat is ihe most important crop in Khoozestan proviance. Under such a condition wheat experience drought stress in response to both low water resource limitaion and respiration. Detremination of tolerant trais, is one of the most important goals in wheat breeding programs under stress conditions. This research was carried-out to study the susceptibilty of some phenological stages of wheat genotypes based on grain yield and its components. Materials and Methods The research was conducted in split plot experiment using complete randomized block desgin with three replications, in 2010-11 and 2011-12 cropping seasons. The main plots included full irrgation as the check and irrigation withholding at tillering, stem elongation, heading and grain filling stages, and the sub plots consisted of four wheat genotypes. Days to some phenological stages, grain yield and yield components were measured. Planting seeds of each genotype was conducted based on 400 seeds per square meter in six planting lines with six meters in length and 20 cm spacing between lines. By monitoring the meteorological forecast, in case of probability of rainfall, for protection of the field from possible rain, a metal guard with 1.2m height and covered with transparent polyethylene was used. Results The effect of year was not significant for any of the studied traits. The effect of irrigation stress treatment on grain yield and its components was significant. Except for biological yield and number of grain per spike, the differences between genotypes were significant for all traits, and the interaction of irrigation × genotype treatment for all traits studied in this study was significant.Results indicated that grain yield in normal irrigation was 4919 Kg/ha and in irrigation withholding at tillering, stem elongation, heading and grain filling growth stages were 4109, 4442, 3988 and 4455 Kg/ha respectivley. Heading stage was evalated as the highest susceptible, for biological yield, grain yield, haevest index, grain per spike and grain per unit area with succeptibilty indices of 1.47, 1.39, 1.33, 4.80 and 1.75 respectivley. Discussion According to the results of this study, due to the more severe effect of drought stress on grain yield at spike emergence stage, irrigation is important at this stage. In the absence of irrigation at the mentioned stage, yield reduction will be higher than non-irrigation at other stages. Thus, based on succeptibilty index, compared to other stages, heading and grain filling stages were evaluated as the highest and lowest susceptible stages in response to water dificit respectivley.

Response of New Genotypes of Rapeseed (Brassica napus) to Late Season Withholding Irrigation under Semi-Arid Climate

Hamed Eyni Nargeseh; Majid AghaAlikhani; Amir Hosein Shirani Rad; Ali Mokhtasi-Bidgoli; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modares Sanavy

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 55-68

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.22672.1491

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Water deficit stress is one of the most important environmental stresses which affect the crop production. Genetic improvement or application ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Water deficit stress is one of the most important environmental stresses which affect the crop production. Genetic improvement or application of drought tolerant genotypes is recommended to increase crop production under water restricted conditions. The objective of the current study is investigating the withholding irrigation effect in terminal stages of the growing season on agronomic performance of rapeseed new genotypes in a semi-arid climate. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted during 2015-2016 growing season in Karaj, Iran. Experimental factors (two water irrigation regimes and 17 rapeseed genotypes) were investigated with factorial arrangement of treatments based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. In this study, several different traits including plant height, number of siliqueper plant, number of grain per silique, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biomass, oil percentage and oil yield were measured. To determine the most tolerant genotypes, stress tolerance indices (SSI, TOL, STI and GMP) were calculated under stress (withholding irrigation from silique setting stage until the end of the growing season) and non-stress (normal irrigation) conditions. Also, agronomic water use efficiency (WUEagr) was calculated for both irrigation conditions. Results Mean comparison of the interaction between withholding irrigation and genotypes showed that the responses of genotypes were different in terms of plant height, number of siliqueper plant, number of grain per silique, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biomass, and oil yield at irrigation different treatments. Finally under withholding irrigation treatment from silique setting stage until the end of the growing season, Lauren hybrid was identified as the superior genotype due to suitable agronomic traits such as plant height (158.9 cm), number of siliqueper plant (158.6), number of grain per silique(18.6), 1000-grain weight (3.44 g), biomass (15471 kg.ha-1), grain yield (3854.3 kg.ha-1), oil percentage (43.33%) and oil yield (1668.3 kg.ha-1). Based on the stress tolerance indices among 17 rapeseed genotypes, the most tolerant genotypes were Lauren, Zorica, Alonso and Zlanta. Finally with considering to WUEagr (Kg.ha-1.mm-1), Zorica (0.92), Artist and Lauren genotypes (0.88) had the highest WUEagr under normal irrigation conditions, while Alonso (0.86), Lauren (0.84) and KL3721 (0.82) had the highest WUEagr under withholding irrigation conditions. Discussion Generally in this study, the amount of the studied traits was decreased under conditions of withholding irrigation compared to the full irrigation. Yield components such as silique number per plant, grain number per silique and 1000-grain weight could be considered as key traits affecting rapeseed grain yield under withholding irrigation.

Impact of Jasmonic Acid on Radiation Use Efficiency and Dry Biomasses of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under Water Deficit Conditions

Hamideh Ghagari; Mahmoud Reza Tadayon

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 111-124

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.22847.1499

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Drought stress is a major limitating factor on crop production and plant distribution worldwide. Reduction of RUE, water stress also affects ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Drought stress is a major limitating factor on crop production and plant distribution worldwide. Reduction of RUE, water stress also affects foliage expansion and eventually radiation capture. Water stress almost decreases fresh root weight. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an important commercial crop that supplies approximately 30% of the world’s sugar. Research has showed reduction in the leaf area and a smaller decrease in the taproot growth of sugar beet when subjected to drought stress. Phytohormones are part of signaling pathways or their presence may stimulate signaling reactions molecules that are responsible for plants to response stresses. Exogenously applied jasmonates elicit several different physiological responses to stress and therefore increase plant resistance. For instance, MeJA was reported to improve resistance against drought in rice. Materials and Methods This research was carried out in 2015 in the research field station of Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran (50051/N, 32019/E and 2050 m a.s.l). A field experiment was conducted as split-plot arrangement in a randomized completely block design with three replications on sugar beet (Monogerm Castille seed). The main plot included three irrigation treatments 100% (control), 75% and 50% of water requirement and the sub plot included 3 levels of jasmonic acid applied sprayed with water (control), 5 and 10 µM jasmonic acid. Foliar spray was done at 6-8, 12-16 and 20-24 leaf stages. Plants were grown under full irrigation until the 16-20 leaf stage, when water stress was applied. Results The result showed that light absorption percent and extinction coefficient were significantly affected by irrigation level, jasmonic acid applications and their interactions. The interaction between drought level and jasmonic acid application showed the highest increase in light absorption percent (73.07) and extinction coefficient (0.58) were recorded in 100% of water requirement and 10 µM jasmonic acid application. Drought levels led to decrease of radiation use efficiency. Jasmonic acid increased radiation use efficiency. In terms of the trend of the leaf area index, dry matter accumulation of shoot and root had the highest in 100% of water requirement and application 10 µM jasmonic acid. The improvement of leaf characters of sugar beet by jasmonic acid of treatment may be due to the fact that jasmonate antagonistically regulates the expression of stress inducible proteins, associated with drought stress in rice. Discussion With the increase in leaf area index, dry matter accumulation increased. Jasmonic acid improved sugar beet growth under drought stress by inducing plants to increase organic osmoprotectants. JA spray could be adopted as a potential growth regulator or antioxidant to improve growth under water deficit stress on sugar beet.

The Effect of Salinity and Fruit Ripening Stage on Some Quantitative and Quantitative Characteristics of Tomato in Hydroponics

R. Azarmi; N. Chaparzadeh

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 91-102

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.20715.1432

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Tomato is one of the most important vegetable in Iran, not only because of its economics importance, but also for the nutritional value of its fruit, ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Tomato is one of the most important vegetable in Iran, not only because of its economics importance, but also for the nutritional value of its fruit, mainly due to the fact that they are an excellent source of natural colors and antioxidant compounds. Water quality and fruit maturity stage has a significant effect on tomato fruit quality. In the present research, we studied the response of tomato grown at different salinity levels, as well as the changes that take place during different maturity stages, in order to improve the management and harvesting of tomato and obtain fruit of a higher nutritional value. Materials and Methods In this study, to evaluate the effect ofsalinity and fruit ripening stage on physical, biochemical properties and shelf life of tomato fruits in hydroponics system, an experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, during 2015. Fruits from plants grown under three saline treatments (2, 4 and 8 dS m-1) were harvested at three ripening states (mature green, purple and red colors). The nutrient solution was prepared based on full strength of Hoagland's solution containing: 5.6 mM Ca (NO3)2, 4 mM KNO3, 1 mM KH2PO4. Characteristics such as fruit fresh and dry weight, total soluble solid, firmness, flavor index, titratable acidity, soluble protein, ascorbate peroxidase activity and shelf life were measured. Results The results showed that total soluble solids, juice electrical conductivity and dry matter percentage of fruits significantly increased with increasing salinity in the nutrient solution and progressed the ripening stage, but fruit water content decreased by 9%. The highest weight (147.7 g) and volume of fruits (153 cm3) were obtained in plants grown under 2 dS m-1 salinity and fruits harvested at the purple stage. Titratable acidity increased with increasing of salinity in the nutrient solution, but its content decreased at the red color stage. Firm fruit with greater shelf life was observed under 2 dS m-1 salinity and at the mature green stage. Soluble protein content in fruit was increased by increasing salinity levels in the nutrient solution, especially at the ripening stage. The application of 4 dS m-1 salinity at mature green stage increased ascorbate peroxidase activity up to 62.5% compared to 8 dS m-1 salinity and red color fruits. Discussion These results suggest that the improvement in fruit quality induced by the salinity is achieved by some biochemical changes and the reduction of fruit water content. Increasing of salinity in the nutrient solution can be useful for improving fruit quality, especially, when fruit is harvested at the red stage. However, with increasing salinity in the nutrient solution up to 4 dS m-1 and fruit harvest in the red color stage fruits with better quality and more suitable weight can be produced.

Reduction of the impact of dust on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of white seedless grape variety by washing with d-octil

M. Behrouzi; H. Nouri; S. Bazgeer; M.A. Nejatian; D. Akhzari

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 113-125

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13124

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAtmospheric dust is one of the pollutants that is considered the biggest environmental problems in different parts of the world. Dust can affect, ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAtmospheric dust is one of the pollutants that is considered the biggest environmental problems in different parts of the world. Dust can affect, either directly or indirectly, both plants and crops. The direct impact is on critical activities such as plant photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, stomata conductance, pigments, leaf temperature and breathing. The indirect effect may be influenced on reduction of the fruit quality and yield. This study aims at investigating the adverse effects of dust on grape vineyard in Malayer, Hamedan Province, Iran.Materials and methodsThe Experiment was conducted in randomized completely block design for evaluation of the effects of dust on White Seedless Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Grape Research Institute, Malayer, on 27 vines during 2014-2015 year. the first treatment was dust (9 plants) that soil samples were collected from Khuzestan province and after preparation was applied on the plant in four growth stages using mechanical devices; the second treatment, solution treatment that dusts were washed with water and di octyl; the third one was control (9 plants) treatment. Chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, vegetative traits such as length of cane, length of leaf, leaf area, length of peduncle, internodes and reproductive traits such as fruit set, number of berry and number of bunch, length of bunch, number of berries in bunch, weight of berry and brix of berry were measured. ResultsThe results revealed that leaf pigments reduction was caused due to deposition of dust on leaf surface and differences between treatments was significant at the 5% probablity level. The vegetative traits viz. length of peduncle, internodes and leaf area were small in dust treatment and the difference between treatments was significant. Length of cane in the second stage was significant and longest canes were in the solution treatment. Fruit set, number of berries and number of bunch were reduced in dust treatment and a significant difference was observed between treatments. In addition, control and solution treatments were in one class. Moreover, sugar in a single grape was decreased up to 7 % in dust treatment as compared to other ones. DiscussionDust treatment had more effect on b chlorophyll in the first, the third and the fourth growth stages of grape as compared to a chlorophyll and Carotenoid. In addition, the difference among means was significant at 5 % level. The previous studies showed that the leaf dust accumulation decreased pigment content of plant )Kumar Rai and panda, 2014(. Leghari et al., 2013 confirmed that roadside plant could be damaged by dust and had shorter length of cane. The rate of fruit set in control, dust and solution treatments were 36%, 21% and 33%, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of brix in control, dust and solution treatments, were 20%, 7% and 15%, respectively. The researches revealed that dust could reduce photosynthesis and consequently the amount of brix in grapes (Chaurasia et al., 2013) which were in agreement with our study.

Effects of Different Concentrations of Cytokinin and Auxin Hormones on Yield and Yield Components of Grain Maize (Zea mays L.) in Salinity Conditions

D. Davani; M. Nabipour; H. Roshanfekr Dezfouli

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 69-80

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12433

Abstract

Background and Objectives Maize (Zea mays L.) belongs to the family of Poaceae and it is the third important cereal crop of the World after wheat and rice. Salinity is one of the major ... Read More Background and Objectives Maize (Zea mays L.) belongs to the family of Poaceae and it is the third important cereal crop of the World after wheat and rice. Salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. Maize is sensitive to salinity. Ba is one of the cytokinins known to significantly improve the growth of crop plants grown under salinity. IBA is also known to play a significant role in plant tolerance to salt stress. However, little information appears to be available on the relationship between salinity tolerance and auxin or cytokinins levels in plants. In this respect, the objective of this study was to study the effects of sprying of cytokinin and auxin hormones on yield and yield components of grain maize in saline conditions. Materials and Methods To study the effects of cytokinin (0, 75 and 100 mg.l-1) and auxin (0, 15, 20 mg.l-1) hormones on yield and its components of grain maize (Zea mays L.) under saline conditions, an experiment was conducted during 2013 in the research station of Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in a factorial design based on randomized complete design with three replications. Cytokinin (Benzyl Adenine, Merck) and Auxin (Indole-3-Butiric Acid, Merck) were sprayed on the entire plant in the evening. Data was analyzed using the SAS (Ver.9.1) and significance of the differences between the means was conducted using LSD test. Results Results of Analysis of Variance showed that the highest grain yield was obtained by application of cytokinin and auxin with concentrations of 100 and 20 mg.l-1, respectively. The characteristics of plant height, stem diameter, ear length, row number per Ear and biological yield increased by sprying 100 mg.l-1 cytokine. In the treatment of without spraying auxin, the highest kernel number per row was obtained by spraying cytokinin at 75 mg.l-1 while in the treatment spraying auxin at 15 and 20 mg.l-1 the highest kernel number per row was obtained by sprying 100 mg.l-1 cytokinin. In three levels of cytokinin, application of auxin increased 1000 kernel weight. The highest harvest index was obtained by application of auxin at 20 mg.l-1. Discussions It has been found that both auxin and cytokinin may have a role in mediating cell division in the endosperm during the grain-filling stage. Therefore, these hormones might regulate the grain capacity (sink size) for the accumulation of carbohydrates. It was found that IAA actively participated in the mobilization and accumulation of carbohydrates in seeds. Auxin and cytokinins hormones are also thought to be involved in regulating sink strength either by mediating the division and enlargement of endosperm cells or by controlling the import of assimilates to the sink. Results of this study demonstrated that sprying cytokinin at 100 mg.l-1 and auxin at 20 mg.l-1 reduced the effects of salinity on yield and increased the grain yield.

Relationship between accumulation of nitrogen compounds and sugars, and salt tolerance in rapeseed plant (Brassica napus L.)

V. Atlassi Pak; M. Nabipour; M. Meskarbashee

Volume 39, Issue 1 , June 2016, , Pages 1-1

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.11951

Abstract

Abiotic stresses, like salinity, cause an increase in nitrogen compounds such as proline and soluble proteins in plant. In order to investigate the role of these compounds in salt tolerance, ... Read More

Detection and Selection of Effective Traits on Grain Yield in Chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) Under Normal Moisture Condition

S.S. Moosavi; M.R. Abdollahi; F. Ghanbari; H. Kanouni

Volume 39, Issue 1 , June 2016, , Pages 119-131

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12046

Abstract

Background and Objectives Inequality of increasing population and food will be worse as soon as possible, because the human population is expected to increase to over 8 billion ... Read More Background and Objectives Inequality of increasing population and food will be worse as soon as possible, because the human population is expected to increase to over 8 billion by the year 2020 (Ashraf and Harris, 2006). Therefore, plant breeding is a permanent and economic method to solving the problem. Detection of effective traits on grain yield is an efficient approach to increase crop production. Among agronomy crops, chickpea plays vary important role in human life. KHalighi et al. (2011) showed that grain yield had a significant correlation with pod number per plant, seed number per plant, harvest index and biomass. In another research (Fayyaz and Talebi, 2009), the traits of number of pod and number of seed per plant were proposed as the most important traits for yield increasing in chickpea. Yucel et al. (2006) suggested that seed number per plant and pod number per plant have maximum direct effect on grain yield. Stepwise regression showed that the traits of biomass, harvest index and 100-kernel weight had great effect on chickpea grain yield, so the traits explained the main part of yield variance (Mardi et al, 2003). Detection and identifying the most effective traits on chickpea grain yield was the main objective of the current research. Materials and methods The experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications on 18 chickpea promising lines and two cultivars (as control) under normal moisture condition in 2011-2012. The experiment was conducted in agricultural and natural resources research center of Kurdestan, Iran. The traits of day to 50 percent flowering, day to 50 percent podding, day to maturity, relative water content, number of sub-branches, number of main branches, seed number per plant, pod number per plant, plant height, 100- kernel weight, grain yield, harvest index and biomass were measured. Correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis, and path analysis were used for identifying the best genotypes and traits in the current experiment. Phenotypic coefficient variation, genotypic coefficient variation and broad sense heritability were estimated for all traits. Results The results showed that the traits of number of sub-branch per plant, number of pod per plant, number of main-branch per plant, seed number per plant, harvest index and biomass had the maximum, positive and significant correlation with grain yield, while the trait of day to 50% flowering had the maximum, negative and significant correlation with grain yield. Stepwise regression results indicated that the traits of number of sub-branch, biomass, harvest index and day to 50% flowering (with negative beta) were the most important effective traits on the mean of grain yield and explained 97.98% of yield variance. Path analysis results confirmed the obtained results. The path analysis results showed that the traits of number of sun-branch and biomass had the maximum positive direct effect on grain yield. 100-kerenl weight and plant height had the highest and lowest heritability respectively. The maximum genotypic coefficient of variance belongs to 100-kernel weight, number of sub and main branches respectively. Meanwhile, the trait of harvest index and biomass (by increasing the number of sub-branch) had the maximum indirect positive effect on yield. As a result, increasing the sub-branch number and decreasing of day to 50% flowering may be proposed as a useful strategy for yield increase under the current experiment condition. Discussion Grain yield is a quantitative trait with low broad sense heritability. Therefore, identifying the traits correlated with grain yield is a suitable strategy for improvement and indirect selection of grain yield. Stepwise regression and path analysis are an efficient and useful statistical approach for reaching were the above aim. According to results, the traits of number of sun-branch, number of main-branch and biomass recognized as the best suitable traits for indirect grain yield selection under normal moisture stress condition.

Effect of Potassium Supply on the Activity of Some Antioxidant Enzymes of Two Durum Wheat Cultivars under Salt Stress

S.M. Alavi matin; A. Rahnama; M. Meskarbashee

Volume 38, Issue 4 , March 2016, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.11828

Abstract

Abstract Potassium plays an important role in improving plant tolerance to a biotic stresses such as salt stress. In order to evaluate the effect of potassium on alleviating the adverse ... Read More

Study of Drought and Salinity Stress Effect on Some Physiological Characters of Two Canola (Brassica Napus L.) Varieties in Ahvaz

F. Yousefi; P. Hassibi; H. Roshanfekr; M. Meskarbashee

Volume 38, Issue 4 , March 2016, , Pages 25-34

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.11830

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the sole and combined effects of drought and salinity stresses on some physiological characters of two canola varieties in Ahvaz as outdoor ... Read More

The Effect of Ascorbic Acid and Sodium Nitroprusside Foliar Application on Photosynthetic Pigments and Some Traits of Spring Safflower under Water Deficit Stress

S. Arab; M. Baradaran Firouzabadi; H.R. Asghari

Volume 38, Issue 4 , March 2016, , Pages 93-104

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.11845

Abstract

Abstract Nowadays, the application of antioxidants and plant growth regulators is assumed to decrease the negative effect of different stresses. Ascorbic acid and Sodium nitroprusside ... Read More

Evaluation of water deficit stress tolerance induced by seed priming in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars

A. Eivazi; A. Najafi Par; S.H. Mousavi Anzabi; H. Ranji

Volume 36, Issue 3 , December 2013, , Pages 1-12

Abstract

To evaluate the effects of seed priming on inducing of water stress tolerance, an experiment was carried out under laboratory and field conditions in Satloo station of Agricultural ... Read More To evaluate the effects of seed priming on inducing of water stress tolerance, an experiment was carried out under laboratory and field conditions in Satloo station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in West Azerbaijan province at 2008-9 seasons. A factorial experiment was formed, with the first factor including four cultivars Zarrin and Shahriar (irrigated cultivars), Sardary and Azar (rainfed cultivars) and the second factor, hydro-priming, osmotic solutions (10% polyethylene glycol (8000), 2.5% KCL, 5% NaCl, 10% Urea, 4/0% Micro nutrient), plant growth regulators (1000 ppm Cycocel and 20 ppm Auxin) and non priming as a control. Treatments were arranged at laboratory in Completely Randomized Design and two separate experiments with Randomized Blocks Design under normal and water stress at field conditions with five replications. Irrigation was held at booting stage in water stress experiment. Results of analysis of variance showed that there were statistically significant differences for traits of plumule and radical lenghts and their dry weights, grain yield and its components, total dry matter and relative water content of lage feaf (P≤0.05). Pretreatment of Cycocel was allocated maximum plumule (17.8cm) and radical (17.2cm) lenghts and their dry weights (8.0 and 11.5mg, respectively). All priming treatments at four cultivars had more grain yield than control and at plant growth regulators were dominant and the highest variation percentage. Total dry matter (-10.7%), grain yield (-4.0%) and relative water content (-9.3%) at seed priming with potassium cholride had the lowest variation percentage under water stress than normal conditions. This pretreatment increased spike per squar meter in Shariar, Zarrin and Azar. Within cultivars, Azar with 0.89 susceptibility index was the most tolerance to drought stress. Traits of total dry matter, grain per spike and spike per squar meter observed positive significant correlations with grain yield at seed priming treatments, 0.91**, 0.92** and 0.79*, respectively. It seems that these traits could be used as an indirect criterion for selection of cultivars with high grain yield.

The effects of different levels of sodium chloride and mycorrhizal colonization on growth, P, K and Na uptake by saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

H. Nadian; M. Heidari; M.H. Gharineh; M.H. Daneshvar

Volume 36, Issue 2 , September 2013, , Pages 49-59

Abstract

The effect of different levels of salinity arising from sodium chloride on plant growth parameters, phosphorus, potassium and sodium uptake by saffron plant with and without mycorrhiza ... Read More

Comparison of wheat cultivars using indices of tolerance and susceptibility to terminal heat stress in Ahvaz

Ali Moshattati; S.A. Siadat; Kh. Alami-Saeid; A.M. Bakhshandeh; M.R. Jalal-Kamali

Volume 36, Issue 2 , September 2013, , Pages 61-73

Abstract

Many indices have been introduced to compare of tolerance and susceptibility of field crops to environmental stresses. In order to compare spring bread wheat cultivars using indices ... Read More

The evaluation of some physiological and biochemical variations of salt water irrigation tolerance in three canola genotypes

F Tahmasebi; P. Hassibi; M. Meskarbashee

Volume 36, Issue 2 , September 2013, , Pages 75-86

Abstract

The study of biochemical and physiological variations under salinity stress conditions may provide a means to understand effective factors in salinity stress conditions. In order to ... Read More

Effects of various periods of water logging surface stress in the different growth stages on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under Khuzestan environment

M. Khalafi; M.H. Gharineh; A. Bakhshandeh; E. Lakzadeh; G. Fathi

Volume 36, Issue 2 , September 2013, , Pages 87-97

Abstract

In order to study the effects of different levels of water logging at different growth stages on yield and yield components of barley WB-79-10, a field experiment was carried out using ... Read More

Quantity and quality improving of soybean yield by zinc and iron foliar application under drought stress

M. Jalili Sheshbahre; M. Movahhedi Dehnavi; S.M. Hashemi jazi

Volume 36, Issue 2 , September 2013, , Pages 111-122

Abstract

In order to study the effect of foliar application of zinc and iron on yield quantity and quality of Soybean (Glycine max (L.)) under drought stress, an experiment was carried out as ... Read More

The evaluation of water deficit effect on grain yield and physiological characteristics of three canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars

S.M. Hoseini; P. Hassibi; B. Andarzian

Volume 36, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 13-24

Abstract

To investigate water deficit stress influence on stem elongation, flowering stage and some physiological characters of three canola (Brassica napus) cultivars including total ... Read More To investigate water deficit stress influence on stem elongation, flowering stage and some physiological characters of three canola (Brassica napus) cultivars including total dry matter, grain yield, total soluble sugars and starch, proline and osmotic potential this study was carried out in the green house of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2008-2009 growing season. The experiment was factorial based on complete randomized design arrangement in three replications. The first factor comprised cultivars (including Hyola 308, Hyola 401 and RGS003) and the second factor was water deficit stress including water deficit in the early stem elongation to early-flowering stage (D1), early-flowering stage to early sac appearance (D2), early stem elongation to early sac appearance (D3) and normal irrigation conditions (D4). The results showed that the lowest and the highest reduction in shoot dry matter and grain yield was measured in Hyola 401 and Hyola308, respectively. The lowest shoot dry matter was in Hyola 308 (from the early stem elongation to early sac emergence stages) (22 grams per plant) and the highest shoot dry matter was in Hyola 401 (74 grams per plant) in normal conditions. In the stress conditions, shoot dry matter in all cultivars decreased. The amount of reduction during the flowering stage was more than early stem elongation stage showing more sensitivity of flowering stage to the stem elongation stage in water deficit stress. The interaction of water stress and variety showed significant differences in total soluble sugar, starch, proline, osmotic potential (P≤ 0.01), shoots dry matter and grain yield (P≤ 0.05). Furthermore, in the stress conditions participation in osmotic regulation process and reduction of negative effects of water deficit stress increased the amount of the total soluble sugars and proline of leaves. The lowest leaf osmotic potential (-2.23 Mpa) and the highest osmotic potential (-1.65 Mpa) were determined in Hyola 401, and Hyola 308 for D3 and D4 respectively. Decrease (become more negative) of osmotic potential because of more tolerance of Hyola 401 to water deficit stress was also assessed. According to the results of this study, Hyola 401, RGS003 and Hyola 308 were assessed for tolerance, semi tolerance and susceptibility to water deficit stress respectively.

Effects of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers on growth analysis of maize S.C. 704 with different irrigation regimes

A.A. Koliaei; G. Akbari; A. Rahnama; O. Armandpisheh; M.R. Labbafi Hossianabadi

Volume 36, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 79-88

Abstract

In order to study the influence of various irrigation regimes (drought stress), biological fertilizers (a combination of two Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms) and different ... Read More

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = A: Biotic and Abiotis Stress

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