Plant Productions - Articles List

Evaluation of Changes of Light Use Efficiency and Growth Indices of Rapeseed Cultivars under the Condition of no Irrigation and Increased Levels of Plant Density

Hana Aboodeh; Abdelmahdi Bakhshandeh; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Seyed Amir Moosavi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43064.2086

Abstract

IntroductionGrowth analysis serve a significant perspective on the yield and physiological aspects of crop plants. In the early stages of plant growth, the growth indicators, including ... Read More IntroductionGrowth analysis serve a significant perspective on the yield and physiological aspects of crop plants. In the early stages of plant growth, the growth indicators, including the leaf area index (LAI), the crop growth rate (CGR) of decreases, and then due to suitable vegetation conditions, the absorption of light radiation will be better, and the accumulation of plant dry matter also increases, and after that due to plant aging and yellowing, the number of leaves and LAI are reduced. The amount of light radiation absorbed by the plant varies during the crop growth period, which depends on the Leaf Area Index (LAI) and the arrangement of the leaves on the plant.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in the research farm of Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2021-2022. In this research, the effect of three factors of irrigation interruption, rapeseed genotypes and plant density was investigated in the form of factorial split with the base design of randomized complete blocks in three replications. The factor (no interruption of irrigation (control), interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering until the formation of 50% of the pod and interruption irrigation at the stage of pod formation until harvest the main factor, rapeseed cultivars Hayola 4815 and Aram and plant density per meter square (80, 110 and 140 plants per square meter) were considered as secondary factors.Result and DiscussionIrrigation interruption caused a decrease in growth indicators, including the amount of plant dry matter accumulation, leaf surface index, and leaf surface durability. The changes in harvest index and durability of leaf surface and accumulation of dry matter at the beginning of the development of leaves had a slow trend until a little before the appearance of inflorescences, but after that the slope of the mentioned parameters increased. During the experiment, changes in growth parameters including LAI, LAD, RGR, CGR and TDW were evaluated. At the beginning of the plant growth season, the growth rate of the product was low due to the lack of complete vegetation cover and proper light consumption efficiency. In all treatments, with the passage of time, the growth rate of the crop was gradually increasing and it reached the maximum value in the reproductive stages and then went through a decreasing process. The effects of stopping irrigation on dry weight were evident and the accumulation of dry matter was observed during the increasing time, which can be due to the increase in dry weight of stems, leaves and reproductive organs over time. Also the relative growth rate also showed an increasing trend with the increase of the leaf area index at first and then a decreasing trend.ConclusionThe highest amount of grain yield, active photosynthetic radiation and the lowest light consumption were assigned to Hayola 4815 genotype. Aram genotype had a high leaf area index and increasing the leaf area index too much in the plant causes more shading of plants on top of each other and young leaves turn into older leaves.

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The effect of manure and humic acid fertilizer on ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) under salinity stress

Mahboobeh Sardar; Mohammad Ali Behdani; Seyd vahid Eslami; Gholam Reza Zamani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42864.2075

Abstract

Introduction: Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important stresses, ... Read More Introduction: Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important stresses, it threatens cotton production in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the world, it is possible to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress through application of organic fertilizers (manure and humic acid). In addition, Organic inputs can guarantee both agricultural production and nature conservation. The current approach is to employ the organic compounds like manure and humic acid (that are cost-effective and eco-friendly) as an appropriate substitute for chemical fertilizers. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out to assess the effect of manure and humic acid application on some elements accumulation and ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) (cotton leaves) under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in the 2019-2020 cropping year in Beshravieh city in South Khorasan. The main plot included different levels of irrigation water salinity at three levels (2.5, 5.5 and 8.5 ds.m-1) and sub-plots consisted of a factorial combination of manure at two levels (0 and 20 t/h) and humic acid at two levels (0 and 200 gr/ 100 kg of seeds as priming). In order to measure the concentration of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) elements, it was done using a film photometer and chlorine concentration based on the method provided by Johnson and Ulrich (1995). In order to assess the cotton yield, the yield of two consecutive harvests were added together and was considered as the seed cotton yield of each experimental unit. Results and Discussion: The results of the present study illustrated that the salinity stress increased the concentration of Na+, and Cl- on cotton leaves and consequently decreased K+ concentration. The increase of salinity stress from 2.5 to 5.5 and 8.5 dS/m caused a significant concentration in yield. Manure application treatment increased Na+ (13.45%), K+ (2.67%), Cl- (18.30%) concentration in the plant leaves and seed cotton yield (13/90 %) compared to the no use of manure. Humic acid application treatment decreased Na+ (3.08%), Cl- (9.78%) concentration and increased K+ concentration (4.17%) and cotton yield (9/15 %) and improved the growth conditions compared to the treatment of no use of humic acid. The application of manure (before planting) and humic acid (as priming treatment) increased the seed cotton yield by improving the accumulation of beneficial elements in the leaves under salinity stress conditions. Conclusion: Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the application of manure and humic acid (priming) moderated the negative effects of salinity stress on plant yield. In addition, manure and humic acid can be used as an effective and alternative fertilizer in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and salinity stress in hot and dry climates. Therefore, manure and humic acid (organic fertilizers) are recommended to be applied under (environmental stresses) salinity stress conditions to mitigate the effects of salt stress and obtain a greater higher yield.

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Effect of waterlogging at the three-leaf stage stress on the growth and some physiological characteristics of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Seyed Bashir Fazeli; Moosa Meskarbashee; Afrasyab Rahnama

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42792.2072

Abstract

Background and objectives: Wheat is one of the most important crop plants in the world. waterlogging stress causes serious damage to the wheat crop wheat crop worldwide annually, and ... Read More Background and objectives: Wheat is one of the most important crop plants in the world. waterlogging stress causes serious damage to the wheat crop wheat crop worldwide annually, and it is likely that these damages are increasing with climate change. In many cases, waterlogging stress occurs for various reasons in the initial stages of the growth of this plant. There are many reports about the existence of differences in waterlogging stress tolerance in different cultivars and genotypes of wheat, but so far these differences have not been fully exploited. This research was designed and carried out to investigate the effect of waterlogging stress on the dry matter yield of shoot system, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, the activity level of antioxidant enzymes, the concentration of malondialdehyde and carotenoid content.Materials and methods: Floods will increase as a result of climate change and in some areas will have a negative impact on wheat production. plants are obligate aerobic organisms and they need to absorb oxygen from their surroundings to complete their life cycle, growth, reproduction and competition. with 215 million hectares, wheat has the largest area of cultivated plants in the world, waterlogging stress usually damages winter wheat during Seedling establishment and tillering. a field experiment in the form of a split plot design, based on randomized complete blocks in 3 replications accomplished. Stress was applied at the three-leaf stage and at three levels, control (no waterlogging stress), mild stress (48 hours) and severe stress (120 hours) as the main factors. Cultivars and genotypes were also included as secondary factors. Plants were cultivated in pots and grown in open space (outdoor), the water level was maintained about five centimeters above the soil level during the stress period.Results: Mild and severe waterlogging stress resulted in a decrease of 14.06 and 38.37 percent of shoot dry matter, respectively, which was significant in all cultivars and genotypes. Different cultivars and genotypes showed different responses to waterlogging stress. to better understand the reasons for these differences, among 11 cultivars and 10 genotypes, Mehrgan and Sarang cultivars and ms 93-16 and ms 93-6 genotypes were selected to study some physiological traits. waterlogging stress led to a decrease photosynthetic pigments , an increase in the malondialdehydeconcentration and an increase in the antioxidant enzymes activity ,and in these cases, the differences between these cultivars and genotypes were obvious. there were also differences between severe stress and mild stress, for example, in all studied cultivars, only severe stress could lead to a significant increase in peroxidase enzyme activity, but in the case of catalase, mild stress tolerant cultivars also led to a significant increase.Conclusion: In general, cultivars that had a higher level of antioxidant enzyme activity when faced with waterlogging stress were able to pass through the stress period with less damage to the cell membrane structure (according to the concentration of malondialdehyde) and photosynthetic pigments and showed a lower percentage reduction in dry matter. Mehrgan cultivar had the highest dry matter yield compared to other cultivars and genotypes in all three stress levels, despite the severe decrease in shoot system dry matter yield.

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Evaluation of salinity tolerance of some native ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum L.) populations of Iran

Atieh Drayabeigi; Faezehossadat Abtahi; Hossein Salehi Arjmand

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42680.2069

Abstract

Evaluation of salinity stress tolerance of some native ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum L.) populations of IranAtiyeh Daryabeigi1, Faezehossadat Abtahi 2* and Hossein Salehi Arjmand31- ... Read More Evaluation of salinity stress tolerance of some native ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum L.) populations of IranAtiyeh Daryabeigi1, Faezehossadat Abtahi 2* and Hossein Salehi Arjmand31- M.Sc. in Horticulture (Medicinal Plants), Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak, Iran.2*- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak, Iran.3- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak, Iran.AbstractIntroductionToday, one of the most important environmental stresses that become a great threat to agricultural activities around the world is soil salinity. The salinity issue is more in arid and semi-arid climate finding hardy plants should be a priority. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of salinity stress on morphophysiological and biochemical traits of some populations of ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum L.).Materials and MethodsIn this study, the effects of salinity stress on two levels (control and 100 mM NaCl) as the first factor and 10 populations of ajwain (Shiraz, Isfahan, Hamedan, Zahedan, Tabriz, Mashhad 1, Mashhad 2, Yazd, Ahvaz, Arak) as the second factor as factorial and the basis of a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications (n =3) were evaluated in the research greenhouse of Department of Medicinal Plans of Arak University in pot conditions in 2019. In each experimental unit, a few seeds were sown, after emergence, additional seedlings were thinned to prevent competition, so that in each pot, finally, four strongest and uniform seedlings were kept. Until the seedlings reached the size of 20 cm, salinity treatment was done by irrigation with 500 ml of 100 mM NaCl solution. 186 days after planting the seeds, plants were sampled and harvested to study the morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of T.copticum L. The obtained data were statistically tested by analysis of variance (GLM) using SAS software Version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA,1990). Duncan’s new multi range test was applied for means comparison and significant differences among employed treatments at P <0.05 and 0.01 using SPSS software Version 16 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA). The parameters, including minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. In order to identify some of the main factors to reduce the number of effective traits in differentiating populations, principal component analysis (PCA) was used. In order to have a simple structure and better interpretation of the results of the analysis, the data was rotated by Varimax procedure. Also, the two- dimensional plot was generated using the first and second principal components (PC1and PC2) with PAST software.Results and discussionThe results showed that salinity caused a significant decrease in plant height, fresh weight of aerial parts, dry weight of aerial parts and relative water content, while salinity caused a significant increase in leakage of electrolytes, phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Salinity stress had no effect on the content of photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, b, total, and carotenoids. The highest height and fresh weight were related to the populations of Hamedan and Mashhad 1, respectively. Also, the lowest mean value of height and fresh weight was related to Arak population. No significant difference was observed among the investigated populations in any of the physiological traits, and only significant difference was observed in the antioxidant capacity, the highest of which was related to the population of Arak and the lowest was related to the population of Mashhad 1. The interaction between population and salinity was not significant in any of the traits. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA), the highest value of standard deviation was related to the flavonoid and the lowest value of the standard deviation was related to the trait of total dry weight of aerial parts.ConclusionSalinity negatively affects the growth and physiological responses of the plants. The results also showed that ajwain is classified as a relatively salt tolerant species, although there are significant differences between its populations.Keywords: Salinity stress, Flavonoids, Antioxidant capacity, Ajwain.

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Effects of potassium silicate on some morphological and physiological traits of dichondra (Dichondra repens) cover plant grown under water deficit

Mahdieh Niazbal; Sepideh Kalatejari; Foad Fatehi; Marjan Diyanat

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 505-517

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.38291.2061

Abstract

IntroductionDichondra repens is a low growing, creeping perennial that spreads by underground runners. This plant is usually planted instead of lawn in warm areas and is also suitable ... Read More IntroductionDichondra repens is a low growing, creeping perennial that spreads by underground runners. This plant is usually planted instead of lawn in warm areas and is also suitable as a cover to fill the gap between the pavements and for planting in rock gardens. Soil drought is one of the major abiotic factors that limit crop growth and productivity worldwide. Drought stress triggers production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative damage to proteins, membrane lipids and other cellular components. Silicon (Si) is the second most prevalent element after oxygen in the soil. The beneficial effect of the silicon is well documented for several agricultural crops. Materials and MethodsThe present study was conducted to assess the effect of potassium silicate on growth characteristics of Dichondra repens under water deficit as factorial in a completely randomized design in 2018. Water deficit was applied in three levels (100%, 66% and 33% Field capacity) and potassium silicate in four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/l). Data analysis was performed with SAS software. Mean data were compared with Duncan test at 5% level. Plant height was measured from the collar to the tip of the plant with a caliper. To measure the fresh weight of the shoot, the plant was weighed after harvesting with a digital scale. To measure the roots, the roots were gently removed from the soil and weighed with a digital scale. Leaf chlorophyll was measured by Arnon (1949) method at 480, 663 and 645 nm with a spectrophotometer. Catalase activity was measured by Eising and Gerhardt (1989) method. Measurement of superoxide dismutase activity by Dhindsa et al. (1982) was performed. Potassium concentration was measured by flame photometry. Elliott and Snyder (1991) method was used to measure leaf silicon concentration. Results and DiscussionPlant height decreased by 38% in 33% field capacity and non-use of potassium silicate interaction in comparison of 100% field capacity and 200 mg/l potassium silicate interaction. Potassium silicate 200 and 100 mg/l increased chlorophyll content in 100 and 66% of field capacity. Catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes showed the highest activity in 33% field capacity and 200 mg/l potassium silicate interaction and 33% field capacity and no potassium silicate interaction, respectively. The lowest relative leaf water content was observed in 33% field capacity and no potassium silicate interaction and there is no significant difference between it and potassium silicate at 50 mg/l. The highest amount of potassium was observed in the treatment of 66% of field capacity and 50 mg/l of potassium silicate, which was not significantly different from the interaction of 100% of field capacity and 100 mg/l of potassium silicate. The highest amount of silicon was observed in treatment of 100% of field capacity and 200 mg/l of potassium silicate, which was significantly different from other treatments. ConclusionTreatment of 100% field capacity and potassium silicate at 200 mg/l was identified as the most efficient treatment in improving the growth characteristics of dichondra. So with proper management 66% field capacity and 100 mg potassium silicate treatment can be replaced with 100% field capacity potassium silicate at 200 mg/l.

The Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Producing ACC-Deaminase, IAA, Siderophore and Phosphate Solubilization on Growth Indices, Chlorophyll, Proline and Protein in Alfalfa at Different Levels of Salinity

Seyed Hassan Tafaroji; Seyed Ali Abtahi; Mojtaba Jafarinia; mehdi ebadi

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 375-384

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40265.2018

Abstract

IntroductionAgriculture practices involve the extensive utilization of chemical fertilizers that lead to several impacts, namely groundwater pollution, eutrophication, and production ... Read More IntroductionAgriculture practices involve the extensive utilization of chemical fertilizers that lead to several impacts, namely groundwater pollution, eutrophication, and production of greenhouse gases. These ultimately lead to environmental pollution and pose several health risks. With this respect, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) consist of a diverse collection of rhizobacteria that occur in the rhizospheric zone and interact with plant roots. Moreover plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a heterogeneous group of bacteria found in the rhizosphere, associated with roots and root surfaces or living freely in the soil and influencing plant growth directly or indirectly. A large number of bacteria is reported to contribute to plant growth, including species of Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Burkholderia, Bacillus, and Serratia. Additionally, several reports indicate the application of ACC-deaminase-producing PGPR in facilitating plant growth and inducing tolerance in various abiotic stresses, namely (1) salt stress, (2) drought stress, (3) heat stress, (4) chilling stress, etc. The present study was performed to screen PGPR strains with different PGP traits in calcareous soils under salinity condition and to use such PGPR strains as biological inoculation. Materials and MethodsIn this study, 45 rhizospheric soil samples were collected from different crops in agricultural farms and placed in plastic bags, and transported to a laboratory, where it was refrigerated at 4 ° C until further use. To obtain a solution of 10-4 to 10-6 dilutions, one milliliter of suspension was serially diluted and 100 microliters of this suspension solution were spread onto the sterile nutrient agar medium. plates were incubated at 28±2°C for 48 hours in a BOD incubator. Rhizobacterial isolates with a different morphological appearance and fast growth on agar plates were randomly selected and purified by repetitive streaking on the fresh medium. After purification, these PGPR isolates were screened for PGP traits. Isolates with phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, IAA production and ACC-deaminase production were screened and finally three isolates were selected for molecular identification and pot experiments. Results and DiscussionIn this research, a total of 45 rhizospheric soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of different plants. 181 isolates were purified and isolated. In the initial screening, some of them were characterized by phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and indole acetic acid (IAA) production. In the secondary screening, superior isolates were selected in these three growth-promoting traits, and in the ACC-deaminase production test, all three isolates were able to produce this enzyme. Molecular identification of the isolates was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique and the isolates belonged to Bacillus Cereus, Pseudomonas Syringae and Pseudomonas Alcaliphila which were registered in the NCBI database. In greenhouse experiments, inoculation of Pseudomonas Alcaliphila showed the best performance shoot length, shoot dry weight, chlorophyll production, crude protein production of alfalfa (medicago sativa L.) and lowest proline production under salinity stress, while inoculation of Pseudomonas Syringae had better yield at root length and root dry weight. ConclusionExtremely cost-effective methods such as applications of microorganisms with PGPR activities can enhance plant growth, speed up seed germination, improve seedling emergence, and protect plants. In conclusion, the applied plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) bacterial SF1050 strain (Pseudomonas Alcaliphila) proved to be a potential candidate for improving alfalfa crops in salinity conditions. Nevertheless, it is suggested to validate the current results by conducting field trials.

Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers and Salicylic Acid Spraying on Yield and Some Physiological Traits of Wheat Under Drought Stress

Fatemeh Chaharlang Badil; khosrow Azizi; Hamid Reza Eisvand; Ali heidar Nasrollahi; Ahmad Ismaili

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 397-408

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40567.2026

Abstract

IntroductionWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important and strategic crops worldwide. Drought stress is one of the important and abiotic stresses that reduces the growth ... Read More IntroductionWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important and strategic crops worldwide. Drought stress is one of the important and abiotic stresses that reduces the growth and yield of plants.in arid and semi-arid regions. Today, the economic damage and destructive effects of the environment due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture are known worldwide, and it is obvious that a suitable alternative must be found for these fertilizers. Currently, biofertilizers are used as an alternative to chemical fertilizers based on the principles of sustainable agriculture and stress tolerance of plants. Salicylic acid is a natural phenolic compound that is involved in reducing the harmful effects of abiotic environmental stresses and regulating vital physiological processes in plants. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out to assess the effect of fertilizer nutrition and foliar application of salicylic acid on wheat tolerance of Chamran 2 cultivar to drought stress experiment as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design in the 2019-2020 crop year in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University in three replications was performed The experimental site was located at a latitude 33°26′ N, a longitude 45°17′ E, and an altitude of 1210 m with a semi-arid climate, mean annual precipitation of 462.8 mm, mean annual evaporation of 1842.52 mm, and mean annual temperature of 16.6 °C .Main plot includes irrigation levels in two levels of without stress (100% of field capacity) and drought stress (50% of field capacity) and sub-plots including fertilizer in five levels including no use of biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer, application of 100% chemical fertilizer, seed inoculation of nitroxin biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer, seed inoculation of mycorrhizal + 50% chemical fertilizer, (simultaneous use of biofertilizers (nitroxin + mycorrhiza) + 50% chemical fertilizer, and foliar application treatment at two levels (foliar application with water and foliar application with a concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid). Results and DiscussionThe results showed that drought stress increased grain protein and malondialdehyde and decreased other evaluated traits. Fertilizer nutrition and salicylic acid foliar application treatment alone increased the evaluated traits and decreased malondialdehyde content compared to the no use of biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer and no foliar application of salicylic acid. Combined treatment of fertilizer (nitroxin + mycorrhiza) + 50% chemical fertilizer and salicylic acid could reduce the effect of drought stress on the traits evaluated in this study on wheat of Chamran 2 cultivar. As a result can this treatment suggested to the farmer in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers in the cultivation of this wheat variety under drought stress conditions. ConclusionIn general, it can be concluded that the application of biofertilizers (nitroxin + mycorrhiza) + 50% chemical fertilizer and salicylic acid foliar application can be used as an effective and alternative fertilizer to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and water shortage in Khorramabad for sustainable agriculture. As a result, this treatment can be recommended to the farmer to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in the cultivation of this wheat cultivar under drought stress conditions.

Identification of different drought patterns of dryland wheat in the northwest of Iran by APSIM model

Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; Hamed Eyni-Nargeseh

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 435-446

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40869.2036

Abstract

IntroductionImproving crop yields can meet the projected demand in developed and developing countries as a key and promising solution. To increase dryland wheat production in arid and ... Read More IntroductionImproving crop yields can meet the projected demand in developed and developing countries as a key and promising solution. To increase dryland wheat production in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, researchers and crop breeders need to understand the drought pattern (in terms of time and intensity) occurring in wheat agro-systems because depending on the time and intensity of drought stress, drought stress impacts on different processes and genes of crops. To accurately study the drought pattern of dryland wheat and different cultivars adapted to these conditions, researchers need to design multi-environmental field experiments, which are time-consuming and costly. Under these circumstances, some essential information is limited in the field experiments, especially when done for only a few years, and basically does not indicate fluctuations in the target environments. In contrast, the modeling and simulation approach is a useful method for comprehensive environmental impact assessment. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to identify and study different drought patterns in 8 locations including Ardebil, Khalkhal, Maragheh, Marand, Meshginshahr, Sarab, Tabriz, and Urmia in the northwest of Iran. APSIM model was used to simulate the growth and development of dryland wheat in the study locations. The long-term climatic included minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, and radiation (1980 to 2016) collected from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. These data were used as input to the crop growth simulation model. Water supply and demand index was used to determine different drought patterns. This index is obtained by dividing soil water content to plant water demand (WSDR). After calculating the water supply and demand index for each year and region, the CLARA clustering method was used to classify and group the index. The number of groups obtained by CLARA method was equal to the type of drought patterns of dryland wheat. Results and DiscussionThe results showed 4 different drought patterns during the dryland wheat growing season in the study locations. Drought pattern 1 showed no drought stress or mild drought stress throughout the growing season of dryland wheat. Under drought pattern 2, drought stress started before flowering and ended during seed filling. For drought pattern 3, water stress started from the time of germination but removed during the vegetative growth period. Drought pattern 4 started in the early stages of growth and continued until the end of the dryland wheat growing season. The frequency of occurrence of 1, 2, 3, and 4 drought patterns was 27.8%, 26%, 8% and 38.2%, respectively. On average across locations, transpiration was 160, 137.1, 31, and 86.7 mm for 1, 2, 3, and 4 drought patterns during the wheat growing season. Also, a significant difference was observed among different drought patterns in terms of biomass that biomass under drought patterns 1, 2, 3, and 4 was equal to 13411, 10076, 2097 and, 6435 kg ha-1, respectively. Grain yield under drought pattern types 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 3738.7, 2949.7, 694.6, and 1456.2 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest percentage of light and mild drought patterns (1 and 2) was related to Marand region with 100% and Sarab region experienced more severe drought patterns (3 and 4) than other regions (88.2%). Under different locations and drought patterns, on average across years, the highest grain yield was simulated for Marand under drought pattern 1 (4759 kg ha-1) and the lowest was recorded for Urmia under drought pattern 3 (208.8 kg ha-1). ConclusionIn general, the simulation results showed that 4 different types of drought patterns were observed during the dryland wheat growing period in the study locations. The frequency of occurrence of 4 drought patterns was various in the study locations and the grain yield varied under the drought patterns. However, the highest occurrence was related to drought pattern 4, under which drought stress begun in the early stages of growth and lasted until the end of the dryland wheat growing season. Accordingly, it is suggested to consider various strategies such as using cultivars with short maturity period to avoid drought stress at the end of the season and using cultivars with high resistance to drought stress (especially in the flowering period).

The Effect of Dehydration Stress on Yield, Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Hybrids Obtained From Crossbreeding of Commercial Potato Cultivars

Mohammad Reza Vesali; Reza Baradaran; Davood Hassanpanah; Mohammad Javad Soqa al-Islami

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 241-252

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.32122.1862

Abstract

IntroductionPotatoes are a plant sensitive to water stress and are a rich source of carbohydrates, essential nutrients such as fiber, vitamins, minerals, proteins and antioxidants. ... Read More IntroductionPotatoes are a plant sensitive to water stress and are a rich source of carbohydrates, essential nutrients such as fiber, vitamins, minerals, proteins and antioxidants. Drought is one of the most common tensions that has always threatened the production of agricultural products and has affected a large area of the world. Therefore, due to the scarcity of water resources, it is necessary to increase water consumption efficiency in the agricultural sector and to pay more attention to water control and storage methods, including irrigation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dehydration stress on yield, quantitative and qualitative traits of hybrids obtained from crosses of commercial potato cultivars in Ardabil province. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of dehydration stress on yield, quantitative and qualitative traits of hybrids resulting from cross-breeding of commercial potato cultivars for two years (2017-97) in the greenhouse of Zare Gostar Arta Agricultural Company in Ardabil province. Split plot experiment Based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The main factor included three levels of irrigation (100, 85 and 70% of the plant's water requirement) and the sub-factor included 12 potato hybrids that were the result of crossing four cultivars Losta, Banba, Spirit and Agria as parents. Statistical calculations were performed using Sas 9.1 and Mini-tab 16 statistical software. Results and DiscussionThe results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference in terms of all evaluated traits except main stem diameter, tuber dry matter percentage, tuber specific gravity and tuber starch percentage. In terms of bilateral effect of irrigation levels × cultivars, except for tuber dry matter percentage, tuber specific gravity and tuber starch percentage, significant differences were observed in other traits. Treatment of 100% water usable in the swamp (a Luca × Esprit♂) with an average of 53.56 tons per hectare maximum tuber yield and treatments of 85% water usable in the confluence (♀ Luca × Esprit×) and 65% water usable in the swamp (uc Luca × Esprit♂) with an average of 49.75 and 50.39 tons per hectare, respectively, had the lowest tuber yield. Crossing No. 10 (baBanba × Esprit♀) with an average of 21.52% had the highest percentage of dry matter and along with crosses No. 1, 7 and 9 were in the top group. The results of correlation between the evaluated traits in these three conditions separately showed that in all three water conditions the correlation between tuber yield and tuber weight per plant was positive and significant and at irrigation levels of 100, 85 and 65, respectively ( r= 0.98**, 0.99** and 0.99 **). Percentage of tuber dry matter, tuber specific gravity and percentage of tuber starch had a significant negative correlation with tuber yield and tuber weight per plant at 85% of usable water stress. ConclusionWith this in mind, Cross No. 10 (baBanba × Esprit♀) is recommended among the crosses under evaluation for processing (chips).

The Effect of Sugarcane Residue Compost on Growth and Grain Yield of Triticale under Drought Stress

Seyed Naser Safi; Ali Moshatati; Mohamad Hosein Gharineh; aydin khodaei joghan

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 253-266

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36017.1961

Abstract

IntroductionTriticale is a commercial cereal with a vast potential to feed human and animal. This plant can be cultivated in poor soils that are not suitable for wheat production. In ... Read More IntroductionTriticale is a commercial cereal with a vast potential to feed human and animal. This plant can be cultivated in poor soils that are not suitable for wheat production. In irrigation cutoff stress conditions, reduces growth and yield and yield components of triticale. One of the most important ways to reduce the negative effect of drought stress on plant is using compost fertilizer in the soil. Using compost fertilizer in agricultural soils lead to increase nutrient elements and conserving the soil water. Generally, compost fertilizer of sugarcane residues, improves moisture storage and physical and chemical conditions of the soil. So that sugarcane residue compost fertilizer contributes to preserving the moisture storage of the soil and to supply the nutrients required by the plant. In this study, the most important aim is to study the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on triticale yield and yield components under irrigation cutoff stress condition in Mollasani region, Ahwaz, Kuzestan province. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on growth, yield and yield components of triticale under drought stress conditions, a field experiment using a split-plot arrangement accomplished in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan (in 31º N, 48º E, 35 Km north-east of Ahwaz, and 20 m above the sea level) during 2018-2019 growing season. Experimental factors include four levels of drought stress (complete irrigation, irrigation cutoff from spike emergence to physiological maturity, irrigation cutoff from pollination stage to physiological maturity and irrigation cutoff from milky-dough stage to physiological maturity) as a main factor in main plots and five amounts of sugarcane residues compost (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-1) as a sub factor in sub-plots. Results and DiscussionAnalysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress, sugarcane residue compost and their interaction on the measured traits were significant. Mean comparison showed that the maximum amount of triticale traits was obtained in full irrigation and the lowest amount was observed in drought stress from spike emergence to physiological maturity. Also, with increasing the amount of sugarcane residue compost, the amount of traits increased and reached a maximum at the level of 40 t ha-1. Mean comparison of grain yield under the interaction of drought stress and sugarcane residue compost showed that the highest grain yield (4288 kg ha-1) was under full irrigation and 40 t.ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest grain yield (1134 kg ha-1) was obtained in drought stress from spike emergence to physiological maturity and non-use of sugarcane residue compost. In the conditions of drought stress caused by the interruption of irrigation, the vegetative and reproductive growth of the plant is reduced, which causes a decrease in yield components and ultimately leads to a decrease in seed yield. On the other hand, the use of compost fertilizer reduces the effect of stress by preserving water and providing nutrients needed for plant growth and leads to an increase in seed yield. ConclusionGenerally, the results showed that drought stress conditions decreased growth, grain yield and yield components of triticale but using sugarcane residues compost fertilizer decreased the negative impact of drought stress conditions on measured traits. Also, in areas with irrigation shortage or lack of rainfall at the beginning of flowering stage, 40 tons per hectare of sugarcane residues compost fertilizer is recommended for maintaining grain yield.

Effect of Methanol Spraying on some Morphophysiological Characteristics, Yield and Yield Components of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under Drought Stress Conditions

Hamed Javadi; Seyyed Gholam Reza Moosavi; Mohammad Javad Seghatoleslami; Ali Reza Ebrahimi; Mohammad Kozegar

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 29-40

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33127.1888

Abstract

IntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the five important oil plants of Iran. Water deficit stress is one of the most important limiting factors in sunflower cultivation. ... Read More IntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the five important oil plants of Iran. Water deficit stress is one of the most important limiting factors in sunflower cultivation. Methanol is used to deal with environmental stresses, especially dehydration. Preventing or reducing light respiration, delaying leaf senescence, increasing photosynthetic activation period and leaf area duration index and increasing CO2 fixation are among the roles of methanol application in plants. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of methanol spraying on some morphophysiological characteristics, yield and yield components of sunflower under drought stress conditions. Materials and MethodsThis field experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Birjand, Iran, in 2017. The main plots included two irrigation levels (irrigation after 80 and 160 mm evaporation form class A pan). On the other hand, the sub- plots included five levels of methanol spraying; control (spraying with water), 7, 14 and 21% v/v. Statistical analysis was performed using MSTATC software. Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level of probability was used to compare the means. Results and DiscussionResults showed that deficit irrigation reduced stem diameter, number of grains per head and kernel/husk weight ratio. Methanol spraying also increased the number of grains per head. Also, methanol spraying improved most of the studied traits under two irrigation treatments. So that under drought stress conditions, foliar application with 28% volumetric methanol increased plant height (9.9%), stem diameter (5%) and leaf number per plant (14.7%). Compared with control, foliar application with 14% and 21% volumetric methanol increased SPAD by 8% and 34.7%, respectively and also, increased 1000-grain weight (12%), grain yield (27.9%) and biological yield (23.4%). According to the results, under optimum irrigation conditions, maximum sunflower grain yield was obtained with 28% volumetric methanol spraying, but under drought stress conditions, spraying with 21% volume methanol was the best one. ConclusionThe results showed that foliar application of methanol under optimum and also deficit irrigation conditions did not affect the percentage and yield of sunflower oil seed, but increased grain yield. Maximum grain yield under optimum irrigation was obtained with 28% volumetric spraying, which was 27% more than control. Also, the results showed that under arid and semi-arid conditions of Birjand, deficit irrigation with using methanol (21% volumetric) produces acceptable grain yield.

Effect of Biochar and Hydrogel on Morphophysiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Common Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) under Drought Stress

Shayesteh Ghias; Mostafa Shirmardi; Heidar Meftahizadeh; Maryam Dehestani Ardakani

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 67-80

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36030.1962

Abstract

IntroductionDrought and low organic carbon content are two main problems for agriculture in arid and semiarid regions. Drought stress is responsible for at least 40% of crop losses ... Read More IntroductionDrought and low organic carbon content are two main problems for agriculture in arid and semiarid regions. Drought stress is responsible for at least 40% of crop losses in the world. The use of biochar (BC) and hydrogels can decrease adverse effects of drought on the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of BC and hydrogel application on morphophysiological and biochemical parameters of Salvia officinalis L. under drought stress (DS). Materials and MethodsA factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with three replicates was conducted in the research greenhouse of the Meybod industrial town in 1398/2018 to investigate the BC and hydrogel effects on the growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Salvia officinalis L. under drought stress condition. The BC and hydrogel was applied by mixing dry soil at rates of 0, 10, and 20 ton BC.ha-1, 100, and 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 with three DS levels of D1 (irrigation in 80% field capacity (FC) as no-stress conditions), D2 (irrigation in 60% FC as mild-stress conditions) and D3 (irrigation in 40% FC as severe-stress conditions). The growth responses were examined included morpho-physiological (i.e., chlorophyll content, leaf area, relative water content (RWC), ion leakage (IL), and phytochemical (i.e., antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC)) parameters. Results and DiscussionResults showed that drought stress significantly decreased growth parameters and RWC while increased IL, AA and TPC. Application of 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 and 20 ton BC.ha-1 significantly increased chlorophyll index, root and shoot dry weight compared to the control under severe stress condition. At mild stress, all treatments significantly reduced the root:shoot ratio compared to the control. However, in severe stress, only application of 10 and 20 ton BC.ha-1 significantly reduced this parameter compared to the control. In no stress and sever stress, use of 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 increased RWC in plant in comparison with control (15.9 and 5.1% respectively). Results indicated that 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 and 20 ton BC.ha-1 treatments significantly decreased IL and TPC in mild and sever stress conditions in comparison with control. All treatments significantly decreased AA in severe stress and control has the highest amount of AA in this level of drought. It seems that use of BC and hydrogel in soil increased soil water holding capacity and improve soil structure. In addition, BC contains various elements that can improve plant nutrition under drought stress. The amount of BC and hydrogel application is very important on the effectiveness of these amendments on the plant characteristics under stress conditions. ConclusionThe application of hydrogel and biochar could improve the growth indices, leaf relative water content and reduce the total phenol concentration and antioxidant capacity in the plant under drought stress. It seems that these amendments reduce the negative effect of drought stress on the plant by increasing the soil water holding capacity, improving the structure and increasing the availability of nutrients for the plant.

The Effect of Two Mycorrhiza Fungi Species on Biochemical Characteristic and Aerial Dry Biomass of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Under Cadmium Stress

Fariba Mohammadifard; Mohammad Moghaddam

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 81-94

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30809.1817

Abstract

IntroductionNowadays, soil pollution to various heavy metals is one of the most important environmental issues in human societies, which has adverse effects on soil and soil flora and ... Read More IntroductionNowadays, soil pollution to various heavy metals is one of the most important environmental issues in human societies, which has adverse effects on soil and soil flora and groundwater contamination. Among the heavy metals, cadmium with a half-life of about 20 years, its high mobility in the soil and absorption by the plant, has a significant toxicity that its presence in the food chain seriously threatens human health. A wide range of studies have shown that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi increases the resistance of many plants against heavy metals. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on biochemical properties of coriander under heavy metal stress, a pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouses at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 2 factors and 3 replications was conducted. The first factor was heavy metal in 4 levels of 0, 20, 40, 80 mg/kg nitrate cadmium soil and the second factor was mycorrhiza fungi in 3 levels without fungi and Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradicese application. The soil mixture included soil, leafy soil and sand in a ratio of 1: 1: 1. All traits were measured at flowering stage. The studied traits include aerial parts dry biomass, chlorophyll, b, a, electrolyte leakage, soluble carbohydrate, antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoids and proline. Data analysis using Minitab 17 software was done. Results and DiscussionThe results were showed that by increasing the concentration of cadmium, the amount of electrolyte leakage, soluble carbohydrate, antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoids and proline increased. However, with increasing cadmium concentration, the amount of dry biomass of aerial parts, chlorophyll, a, b and carotenoids decreased. So, with increasing cadmium concentration, the amount of aerial parts dry biomass of coriander decreased by 40% compared with the control. Based on this study, using of mycorrhizal fungi under cadmium pollution reduced the stress influence, so that the highest amount of aerial parts dry biomass was found in plants treated with mycorrhizal and without cadmium application. The lowest amount dry biomass of aerial parts was found in without mycorrhizal with highest nitrate cadmium concentration (80 mg/kg soil). The highest amount of proline, soluble carbohydrate, phenol, antioxidant activity, and total flavonoids was observed in plants which treated with the highest nitrate cadmium concentration (80 mg/kg soil) and Glomus intraradicese application. ConclusionSo that inoculated plants with mycorrhizal fungi had drier biomass of aerial parts than plants without mycorrhiza. According to the results of this study, in the conditions of environmental stresses such as cadmium stress, the use of mycorrhizal fungi reduces its destructive effects, which can be used as a management solution in heavy metal contaminated areas. In general, the results of this study showed that application of Glomus mosseae fungus in cadmium stress has a better effect on the traits and its application is recommended in this condition.

Effect of Waterlogging Stress on Yield and Yield Components and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Mung Bean Cultivars in Ahvaz Conditions

Seyed Bashir Fazeli; Afrasyab Rahnama; Payman Hassibi

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 95-108

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30538.1805

Abstract

IntroductionMung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world. This nitrogen-stabilizing plant has rapid growth and a short growth period, leading to improved ... Read More IntroductionMung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world. This nitrogen-stabilizing plant has rapid growth and a short growth period, leading to improved soil fertility. Mung bean is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia due to its high adaptation range. Plants are obligate aerobic organisms and thus depend on O2 to grow and compete successfully with neighbouring plants in natural environments. Waterlogging stress is one of the most important factors limiting the planting of mung bean under Ahvaz conditions. Materials and MethodsIn order to study the effects of waterlogging stress on some agronomic and physiological characteristics of two Mung bean cultivars, a pot experiment was conducted as split factorial in a completely randomized block design with three replications in the field. The main plots were different growth stages consisted of vegetative growth stage, the beginning of flowering, grain filling stage, and three growth stages. The combination of stress levels (control and waterlogging stress) and two Mung bean cultivars (Hindi and Omrani) were as subplots. Results and DiscussionWaterlogging was caused to decrease significantly dry matter and grain yield in both cultivars at each growth stages, In Hindi cultivar, the highest grain yield reduction was observed at flowering stage and the least difference was observed in waterlogging stress at all three growth stages. In Omrani cultivar, the highest grain yield reduction was observed in waterlogging stress at all three growth stages, and the least grain yield decrease at flowering stage. Overall, the reductions in dry weight and grain yield were higher in Omrani than Hindi cultivar at three growth stages. Therefore, in stress-prone areas such as Ahvaz where summer plants such as Mung bean are exposed to waterlogging stress at different growth stages, Hindi cultivar is suggested for cultivation. Waterlogging stress did not show a significant effect on grain weight and grain number per pod, but significantly reduced the number of pods per plant. The number of pods per plant was significantly more important in determining yield and had a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.846 **) with grain yield. The reason of difference between two cultivars was the better physiological compatibility of Hindi cultivar under stress conditions, including higher levels of photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments contents. When plants were treated only with waterlogging stress in one growth stage, the Omrani cultivar could compensate some damages due to its indeterminate growth and phenological flexibility, as the period of pod formation was longer in this cultivar. SPAD value had the highest correlation with grain yield (r=0.707**) compared to other photosynthesis-related traits and could be used as a marker trait for selection of tolerant cultivars because of its ease, speed, cheapness and the possibility to measure this trait in the field. ConclusionThe results indicated that mung bean yield decrease in response to waterlogging stress, depending on growth stages, and experimental duration. The reductions in grain yield was impacted by the growth stage subjected to waterlogging stress. Moreover, the Hindi cultivar seems to be more tolerant to waterlogging in Khuzestan region

Investigation of the Growth and Physiological Reactions of Kochia Plant to Simultaneous Stress of Salinity and Cadmium

Mohadeseh Shamsaddin Saied; Nasibeh Pourghasemian

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 459-474

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36646.1967

Abstract

IntroductionNowadayes, due to the increasing use of phosphorus fertilizers in agricultural lands, the salinity of the soil ,along with contamination with heavy elements such as cadmium, ... Read More IntroductionNowadayes, due to the increasing use of phosphorus fertilizers in agricultural lands, the salinity of the soil ,along with contamination with heavy elements such as cadmium, has increased sharply. Plants' response to a particular stress is different from when they experience multiple stresses simultaneously. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the simultaneous effect of salinity and cadmium stresses on morphological and physiological characteristics of Kochia. Materials and MethodsFor this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in the educational-research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Valiasr University of Rafsanjan in 1397/2019. Experimental factors included four different levels of salinity stress (0, 6, 12 and 18 dS/m) and cadmium concentration in soil (0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg soil). The studied traits included dry weight of branches, stems and leaves, RWC, concentration of chlorophyll a, b and a + b, enzymes activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, the concentration of cadmium, iron, zinc, manganese, calcium and magnesium. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that due to increasing salinity to 18 dS/m the dry weight of branches, leaf and stem dry weight and leaf area, RWC, concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids decreased by 56.8, 48.01, 50, 46.09, 21, 53.76, 56.91, 53.75 and 51.21 percent, respectively. By increasing the cadmium concentration to 10 mg/L, the dry weight of lateral branches, leaves, stems and leaf area decreased by 24.32, 31.89, 28.45 and 41.24%, respectively, but the concentration of leaf cadmium compared to the control treatment 1.7 times increased. The activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase enzymes in treatment of 18 dS/m salinity alongside with 10 mg/L cadmium were 1.83, 1.4 and 4.7 times higher than the control treatment, respectively. Leaf iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased by 73.07%, 51.51, 51.8%, 0.17 and 0.26% with increasing salinity stress to 18 dS/m, respectively, and with increasing cadmium concentration to 10 mg/L increased iron concentration by 37.32% and zinc and magnesium concentrations decreased by 28.70 and 0.12%, respectively. The highest dry matter of Koshia in salinity and cadmium stress treatments belonged to the control treatment and the lowest dry matter were obtained from 18 dS / m salinity and 10 mg / kg cadmium in soil. ConclusionThe results of the present study revealed that in Kochia in the presence of cadmium stress, the concentration of cadmium in the leaves and shoots increased and this indicates the potential of this plant for phytoremediation (removal of heavy metals by the plant) from saline soils contaminated with cadmium. Kochia's proper performance in high cadmium accumulation appears to be due to the detoxification of cadmium in cells. The presence of salinity along with cadmium increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which is probably one of the plant's solutions to stress. Decreased nutrients due to increased cadmium and salinity stress can be a reason for reduced yield and lead researchers to the direction that in the face of these stresses, nutrients can be used as fertilizer so that the plant does not suffer from nutrient deficiencies.

Evaluation of Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Response to Different Irrigation Regimes and Spraying of Zn and Mn Nano-Fertilizers

Majid Ghanbari; Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli; Kamran Mansour Ghanaei-Pashaki; Parniyan Talebi-Siah Saran

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 475-488

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33041.1886

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an annual plant belonging to the genus Helianthus and Astraceae (Kazi et al., 2002). Among abiotic stresses, drought stress is ... Read More AbstractIntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an annual plant belonging to the genus Helianthus and Astraceae (Kazi et al., 2002). Among abiotic stresses, drought stress is considered to be the most influential type of stress in the production of oil seeds in the world and can greatly reduce production on many arable lands. One of the primary effects of drought is the reduction of water content of plant tissues (Ghanbari et al., 2016). Nutrient spraying is one of the common methods of supplying nutrients to higher plants, whose efficiency is greater than soil fertilizer use when soil conditions are poor (Hay and Porter, 2006). Mn, as an activating factor in many enzymes, especially the enzymes involved in photosynthetic processes in plants. Manganese deficiency reduces growth, causing necrosis, and early fall of leaves (Tewari et al., 2005). Zn acts as part of the enzyme structure or as a cofactor. It is used to make RNA, DNA metabolism of carbohydrates, oils and proteins (Shahrokhi et al., 2012). To investigate the effect of Zn Nano-fertilizer in combination with Mn Nano-fertilizer on improving sunflower resistance under water deficit conditions by measuring changes in yield, yield components and biochemical properties of sunflower were studied here to see the reults Materials and MethodsThis research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Lahijan Agricultural Jihad Research Farm in 2019. Factorial combinations of four treatments of water deficit stress (15% (un-stressed control), 30% (mild stress), 45% (moderate stress) and 60% (severe stress) of FC depletion) and four spraying (Control (distilled water), Zn, Mn and Zn+Mn Nano-fertilizer) with 4 mg.l-1 concentration were examined. Drip irrigation (T-tape) applied the row length in each experimental plot was 6 m, 50 cm apart. The distance between the plots and between the repetitions was 1 and 3.5 m, respectively. Results and DiscussionThe results revealed that the interaction between irrigation regime and spraying was significant in harvest index, peroxidase, seed protein, seed oil and oil yield; in other traits the main effects were significant. Co-application of Zn and Mn Nano-chelates in panicle and stem diameter, grain yield, photosynthesis rate and protein yield increased by 26.69, 29.77, 34.37, 61.30 and 57.17%, respectively. Spraying of zinc and manganese nano-chelates also improved grain yield and protein yield by 17.86 and 36.68%, respectively, under severe stress conditions. ConclusionIn general, it can be concluded that the application of Zn and Mn Nano-fertilizers is effective in increasing grain yield, protein and oil yield and photosynthesis under stress conditions and it is very effective in resistance to sunflower plant by reducing the activity of stress enzymes and reducing severe yield loss. Finally, co-application of zinc and manganese Nano-fertilizers depending on the stress areas is recommended for optimal performance under drought stress condition.

Comparison of Physiological Indices in Response to Cold Stress in Wild Tomato (Solanum habrochaites) for Screening of Cold Tolerant Lines

Zahra Nemati; seyed hosein nemati; Amin Mirshamsi Kakhki; Jafar Nabati

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 395-406

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31274.1833

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionMany plants grown at low temperature exhibit different adaptation strategies involving physiological, ecological and morphological processes. Solanum lycopersicum ... Read More AbstractIntroductionMany plants grown at low temperature exhibit different adaptation strategies involving physiological, ecological and morphological processes. Solanum lycopersicum L. is affected by cold stress at all stages of growth; however, wild tomato species such as S. habrochaites rapidly improve after exposure to the cold stress through various changes in physiological processes. In this study, the short-term stress method was used for rapid screening and cold tolerance selection of tomato lines instead of long-term stress at 4 °C. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Iran in 2018. Experimental factors included two levels of cold stress (0 and 2 °C) and three tomato lines (LA1777, LA3969 and LA4024). In the study, electrolyte leakage, MDA, anthocyanin, phenol, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH, total soluble carbohydrate content, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II and the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX were measured. Results and DiscussionAccording to the results of this experiment, LA1777 line showed the lowest leaf wilting after exposure to low temperatures. There was a significant difference between these lines in terms of electrolyte leakage. Under cold stress conditions, lowest electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) were obtained from wild line LA1777 that compared to sensitive line LA4024. LA1777 and electrolyte leakage at LA4024 at 0 and 2˚C were 14 and 11% higher than LA1777, respectively. Inhibition of DPPH radical activity of tolerant line LA1777 were higher than sensitive line LA4024 at 0 and 2 °C (43 and 45% respectively). Anthocyanin content of LA1777 and LA3969 lines were 49% higher than LA4024 at 0 °C. Under cold stress, the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX significantly increased in wild line LA1777, indicating better hydrogen peroxide scavenging system. After cold stress, LA1777 and LA3969 had the highest maximum efficiency of photosystem II, respectively, in light-adapted conditions (F'v / F'm), which may be due to higher cell membrane stability. The results showed that instead of long-term cold stress at 4˚C, the short-term stress method can be used for rapid screening of tomato lines for cold tolerance selection. Assessment of physiological parameters such as chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, MDA level, DPPH radical scavenging, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes showed that these indices can be used to detect cold stress and to quantify the stress in tomato lines. ConclusionBased on our data, we conclude that this short-term stress method is a useful method for rapid assessment of tomato chilling tolerance. The physiological parameters used in this study showed adequate difference between tomato lines.

Effect of Gamma Amino Butyric Acid on Morpho-Physiological Traits and Seed Yield of Quinoa under Salinity Stress

Abdol-Amir Hatami; Roghaye Aminian; Sudabeh Mafakheri; Morteza Soleimani Aghdam

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 559-572

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.35988.1960

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionSalinity and accumulation of salts in the soil are among the most important non-biological stresses that limit agricultural production in arid and semi-arid ... Read More AbstractIntroductionSalinity and accumulation of salts in the soil are among the most important non-biological stresses that limit agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. To minimize the effects of stress foliar application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can make a differencw. Therefore, due to the adverse effects of salinity stress on the growth and yield of many plants, including quinoa, it is necessary to use methods to increase plant resistance to improve growth, production, and crop yield. The present study was conducted to study the effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on reducing the effects of salinity stress and improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of quinoa. Materials and MethodsTwo-factor factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications, was conducted during 2018-2019 in the research greenhouse of Imam Khomeini International University in Qazvin, Iran. The experimental factors included salinity of irrigation water at three levels (0, 8 and 16 dS / m sodium chloride) and GABA at five levels (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mM). Quinoa seeds were obtained from the Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute. After seedling establishment in the four-leaf stage, salinity was applied by adding sodium chloride to irrigation water. Some morphological and physiological traits such as main stem diameter, number of spikes per plant, grain yield, 1000-seed weight, harvest index; SPAD, leaf relative water content, leaf water loss and membrane stability percentage were also measured. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that salinity had a reducing and significant effect on plant growth and development indices. Application of gamma-amino butyric acid improved the traits of SPAD, plant height, stem length, number of spikes, and harvest index. Therefore, foliar application of GABA under salinity stress conditions is recommended as a compatible osmolyte that reduces salinity damage in quinoa. The salinity × GABA interaction was significant for all traits except relative water loss, SPAD index, plant height and number of spikes per plant. At salinity of 16 dS / m, the best GABA treatment increased the leaf relative water content (10%), membrane stability index (29%), stem diameter (11%), 1000-seed weight (37%), grain yield (36 %), plant dry weight (70%), potassium content (58%), potassium to sodium ratio (168%) and decrease in sodium content (117%) compared to non-use of GABA conditions. The maximum leaf SPAD index (39.88), the highest plant height (55.15 cm), and the highest number of spikes per plant (15.03) were obtained in plants treated with 10 mM GABA. ConclusionQuinoa is a plant with very high nutritional value that can be an important part of our diet in a near future. The results of this study revealed that although this plant has a high resistance to salinity, increasing the salinity of irrigation water may cause a significant reduction in its growth and development. On the other hand, the use of GABA as a natural factor that improves plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, proved influential to greatly compensate for the damage caused by saline water and significantly increased the resistance of quinoa to salinity.

Investigating the Effect of Mycorrhizal Arbuscular Fungus and Vermiculus Solubilizing on Morphological and Physiological Traits of Gazania under Drought Stress Conditions

Leila Moradi Dastjerdi; Sepideh Kalateh jari; Foad Fatehi; Marzieh Ghanbari Jahromi

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 195-210

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.29791.1773

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionDrought is one of the major environmental constraints that limits plant growth and productivity more than any other environmental factors. Recent Mycorrhizal arbescular ... Read More AbstractIntroductionDrought is one of the major environmental constraints that limits plant growth and productivity more than any other environmental factors. Recent Mycorrhizal arbescular application to affeviate drought stress in many plants has been reported. Vermiwash can be used in two forms of foliar application or drench. It contains several enzymes, plant growth hormones, vitamins and macro and micro nutrients which can enhance plants tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, as well as crop yield efficiency. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate Mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi and Vermiwash foliar application on Gazania (Gazania rigens L.) growth and flowering characteristics under drought stress a greenhouse experiment with factorial design was conducted based on complete randomized blocks by considering three factors including MA fungi in two levels (incubation with MA and non- incubated plants), Vermiwash foliar application in four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 ppm) and imposing drought stress in three levels (irrigation based on 40, 70 and 100% field capacity) with three replications in the greenhouse and laboratory of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Tehran University in 2018. Studied traits involved plant height, number and leaf area, flower diameter and number, aerial fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll and carotenoid amount, N, P and K quantity of leaves. Analysis of variance’s results indicated that the influence of main effect of droughtt stress, MA and Vermiwash on the measured traits were considerably functional. Results and DiscussionThe maximum value of leaf’s carbohydrate was achieved in drought stress with the high severity in 40% of FC witch was 32.46 mg/gr. MA caused elevation in macro elements amount of the leaves. Foliar application of Vermiwash increased flower number and dimention and macro elements amounts as well. Among the Vermiwash treatments, foliat application of 200 ppm treatment reduced the negative effects of drought stress on plants. Comparison of the mean of dual effect of vermicompost in drought stress showed that the highest plant height in 200 ppm Vermiwash was 100% irrigation and the lowest value was in 50 ppm Vermiwash in irrigation 40% of field capacity. The lowest amount of chlorophyll a was observed in 40% water capacity and no Mycorrhizal fungi application. The highest leaf carbohydrate content was observed in irrigation treatments with 40% and 200 ppm Vermiwash. Conclusionvegetative growth decreased with increasig drought stress intensity from optimal irrigation level to severe stress. The use of Mycorrhiza and Vermiwash was positive compared to the control (Non-use), consumption of 100 and 200 ppm Vermiwash has better performance than other levels. Gazania responds to intense stress with more intensity than mild stress. It is recommended to prevent severe stress during the plant growth period. In this regard, the use of symbiotic fungi as well as Vermiwash foliar application (100 and 200 ppm) can help maintain plant growth by increasing plant tolerance to increasing stress intensity.

Evaluation of the Interactive Effects of Nitrogen Sources and Sodium Bicarbonate on The Growth and Some Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Garlic in Hydroponic System

Mahdiyeh Shojaei Khanisi; Hamid Reza Roosta; Mahmoudreza Roozban; Hamidreza Soufi

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 221-234

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31011.1821

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionSoil salinity and alkalinity seriously affect about 932 million hectares of land globally, reducing productivity in about 100 million hectares in Asia. Plants in ... Read More AbstractIntroductionSoil salinity and alkalinity seriously affect about 932 million hectares of land globally, reducing productivity in about 100 million hectares in Asia. Plants in alkaline soil must cope with physiological drought and ion toxicity, and also maintain intracellular ion balance and regulate pH outside the roots. Alkaline stress result into decrease in chlorophyll concentration, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate and inhibite the growth of plant. Nitrogen sources affect the pH of nutrition solution, which can affect plant growth, so nitrate increases the pH of nutrient solution while ammonium decreases pH of nutrition solution. Materials and MethodsIn order to evaluate the effect of nitrogen sources on vegetative growth, physiological and chlorophyll fluorescence of white and purple garlic genotypes under sodium bicarbonate stress, an experiment was carried out as factorial base on completely randomize desigen with three factors; sodium bicarbonate at three levels (0, 10 and 20 mM), nitrogen sources (5 mM ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate in nutrient soulotion) and genotypes (white and purple) with three replications in 2017 in Greenhouse of Faculty of a Agriculture, University of Vali-e-asr Rafsanjan. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that shoot and root fresh and dry weight decreased by increasing sodium bicarbonate from 10 mM to 20 mM in nutrient solution and application of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate sources decreased the negative effect of sodium bicarbonate on shoot and root fresh and dry weights. Among nitrogen sources, ammonium sulfate produced the highest soluble sugar content in both garlic genotypes. Proline content was enhanced by increasing sodium bicarbonate concentration in nutrient solution. The highest photosynthetic pigments were absorbed in plant that nourished by ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, respectively. The sources of nitrogen, sodium bicarbonate and their interaction had no significant effect on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, but genotype had significant effect on these traits. ConclusionAccording to the results of this experiment, the use of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate sources has a better performance on growth and yield of garlic under bicarbonate stress conditions.

The effect of synthesis nanosilver by plant extract on morphological and antioxidant properties of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) under salinity stress

Hanieh Shahraki; Nafiseh Mahdi Nezhad; Barat Ali Fakheri

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 103-114

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.29011.1746

Abstract

Introduction:Salinity stress is one of the environmental factors limiting the growth of plantsand has a negative effect on their physiological processes. The harmful effects of salinity ... Read More Introduction:Salinity stress is one of the environmental factors limiting the growth of plantsand has a negative effect on their physiological processes. The harmful effects of salinity appear in plants in various ways such as death or reduction of production. Artichoke is a plant with lowdemand and resistance to salinity. The Artichoke is a perennial plant; the height of the stem is about 2 meters. Its leaves are wide, long and white in color. One of the pillars of sustainable agriculture is the use of nano fertilizersin crop ecosystems to remove or reduce the use of chemical input. Using nano fertilizers Compared to traditional fertilizerscan lead to benefits like efficiency and quality increase due to high absorption velocity, prevention of leaking waste, availability even during growth and complete absorption by plants because of appropriately fast nutrition release, reduction of plants toxicity and any other stress deriving from high concentration of local salty areas in soil, yield increase due to efficient nutrition condition of plants. Salinity stress disturbs nutritional balance in plants. Iron is one of the essential elements in plants. The balanced consumption of this element increases the yield and quality of plants.Using micronutrients through soil or sprayingimproves plant growth under stress conditions. Foliar application of elements, which prevents soil contamination, is a useful method for rapidly absorbing elements in plants.Material and methods:In order to investigate the effects of salinity and nanosilver on morphological and physiological traits of artichoke, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in the greenhouse of Zabul University Institute. Salinity stress in 3 levels (0, 6, and 12 mM) and nanosilver spraying in 3 levels (0, 40, and 80 mM) were considered as treatments. The nanosilver spraying was performed at seedling stage (6-8 leaves).The control was distilled water. Application of salinity stress began in the seedling stage and continued until sampling. Sampling and evaluation of the fresh weight plant, and fresh and dry weight of root were done at the beginning of the flowering. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed by SAS software (version 9.1) based on all data. Then means of results were compared with LSD test at P < 0.05 level.Results and discussion:The main effects of salinity stress, nanosilver and their interaction on all traits were significant at 1% probability level. Maximum numbers of leaves (5 numbers), fresh weight of plant, fresh and dry weight of root (8.82, 5.93, 0.64 g per plant, respectively) and plant height were obtained by using nanosilver and lack of salinity.Conclusion:Nanosilver foliar application reduced the effects of salinity and increased the physiological and morphological characteristics of Artichoke.

Comparison of Salinity Tolerant of Three Cultivars of Commercial Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

Zahra Jamaati; Maryam Dehestani-Ardakani; Ali Momenpour; Mostafa Shirmardi

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 129-142

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.29239.1752

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an economically important commercial fruit plant species belonging to the family of Punicaceae. Saline irrigation ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an economically important commercial fruit plant species belonging to the family of Punicaceae. Saline irrigation water is currently one of the most severe limiting factors in the cultivation area. In recent years, nearly 7% of the global cultivated lands are affected by salinity, and soil salinization aggravating has been a more significant threat to the healthy and sustainable development of agriculture worldwide. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the effects of salt stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics in pomegranate cuttings to better understand the salt resistance of pomegranate and offer a reference for pomegranate cultivation on saline lands. Materials and MethodsA pot experiment was conducted for nine months to evaluate and compare three Iranian cultivar salinity tolerance of commercial pomegranate in 2017-2018. The experiment was arranged in factorial based on a completely randomized design with two factors included water salinity in 5 levels of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 dSm-1 and three commercial pomegranate genotypes (‘Shishehcap Ferdos,’ ‘Malas Saveh’ and ‘Malas Yazdi’) in 4 replications and generally with 60 pots. At the end of the experiment, the vegetative yield and fresh and dry weight of leaves, ion leakage, relative water content, chlorophyll a, b and total were also measured. In addition, leaves were analyzed for Na+, K+, Cl–, and Na/K ratio elements. ResultsResults showed that cultivar and salinity levels were affected by morphological and physiological characteristics, and concentration of nutritional elements. In all the three studied cultivars, an increase in the salinity levels led to a significant decrease in the growth characteristics, the relative water content of leaves, and chlorophyll. Moreover, the percentage of leaf necrosis, fall, and ion leakage increased considerably. Also, with increasing salinity levels, Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- significantly increased. In the highest level of salinity (9 dS.m-1), the maximum growth characteristics, fresh and dry weight of leaves, green leaves, the relative water content of leaves, chlorophyll, and potassium, and the lowest percentage of leaf necrosis, ion leakage, Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- were obtained in a cultivar of ‘Malas Yazdi.’ DiscussionGenerally, among the investigated cultivars, ‘Malas Yazdi’ and ‘Malas Saveh’ were the highest and the lowest tolerants, respectively. Our study showed that the adverse effects on physiological and morphological indexes aggravated over stress time. We inferred that it was one of the mechanisms for pomegranate alleviating the detrimental effects of salt stress. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation and utilization of pomegranate plants on saline soil.

The Effect of Plant Growth Stimulous Bacteria and Amino Acids Application on Plant Characteristics, Yield Components and Quality Characteristics of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. CV Agria)

mohammad dadashzadeh; Elnaz Farajzadeh Memari Tabrizi

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 397-408

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28009.1696

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Biofertilizers are now one of the most important inputs to increase agricultural production. The use of biofertilizers in potato production ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Biofertilizers are now one of the most important inputs to increase agricultural production. The use of biofertilizers in potato production could reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers. On the other hand, previous studies have shown that the spraying of amino acids not only improves the growth and yield of plants, but also improves the activity of useful microorganisms. Materials and Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of application of biofertilizers (non-application of fertilizers, application of pseudomonas, application of azotobacter, and application of azospirilium) and spraying of amino acids (non-spraying of amino acids, spraying with 2.5, and 3.75 g /L) on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of potatoes. The study was carried out in Malek Azad University as a split plot based on the randomized complet block design with three replications in 2018. The studied traits in this study included the number of tubers per plant, length of tuber, number of tubers per plant, mean weight of tuber, tuber yield per m2, nitrogen percentage, phosphorus percentage, and tuber protein percentage. Results Based on the results of this study, all traits except the percentage of phosphorus, the interaction of two factors such as biofertilizer, and the spraying of amino acids did not have a significant effect, but each of the studied factors had a significant effect on the growth and yield of potatoes. The yield of potato plants affected by spraying with a concentration of 3.75 g / l of water increased by 44.6% due to an increase in the average weight of the tubers (7.7%) and the number of produced tubers (32.2%) was in the bush. The application of biofertilizer increased the yield of both functional components, the average weight of the tuber and the number of tubers on potato tuber yields. Azotobacter application treatments and Azosperilium application increased the potato tuber yield by 29.6 and 34.1%, respectively. Potato leaf area was not affected by amino acid spraying, but the biofertilizer had a positive effect on this trait. The percentage of protein in potato tubers also increased by the influence of amino acid spraying and the application of bio-fertilizer. Discussion Both spraying agents of amino acids and biofertilizer had a positive effect on the dry weight of potato leaves. Improving the assemilation of carbon dioxide in leaves due to the use of amino acids and biofertilizers was probably due to increased potato growth and yield. The results of this study showed that soluble treatments with a concentration of 3.75 g / L of water, application of Azotobacter and application of Azospirilium could have an effective role in increasing potato yield.

Evaluation of the Biochemical Reaction of Sunflower Seedlings to Selenium Levels in Saline Conditions

Masoumeh Abedini; Gader Habibi; Samad Arezoomand

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 443-454

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28539.1722

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity is one of the detrimental environmental factors that limit the productivity of crop plants worldwide. Most of the crop plants are ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity is one of the detrimental environmental factors that limit the productivity of crop plants worldwide. Most of the crop plants are sensitive to salinity. Selenium (Se) has not been classified as a plant essential element, but its role as a beneficial element and its ability in amelioration of different environmental stresses has been reported in different plant species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Se on sunflower plants under salt stress conditions. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design by three replications in a hydroponic system with a temperature regime of 25/18°C, photoperiod of 14 h, and relative humidity of 70% in a growth chamber. Seeds were germinated in petri-dishes and then uniform 3-day old seedlings were transferred to 50% Hoagland solution. One week after pretreatment, plants were transferred to 100% Hoagland solution and treated with selenium) sodium selenate; 0, 5, and 10 µM) and salinity (sodium chloride; 50 and 100 mM) for two weeks. Plant's shoots were harvested 15 days after treatments, and frozen in liquid nitrogen until assays. Results The results indicated that salinity at both levels significantly increased the MDA as well as free phenol and decreased the flavonoids contents of plants. The anthocyanin, soluble sugars, and total protein contents and the activity of APX increased significantly in response to 50 mM of NaCl, while the proline, tannins, and lignin contents increased, but dry weight and height of shoot decreased significantly in response to 100 mM of NaCl. In non-saline condition, Se application at 5 µM decreased the flavonoids and lignin contents and increased the free phenols, shoot height, and POD activity significantly. Application of Se at 10 µM in non-saline conditions significantly increased the lignin and MDA contents and APX activity. In saline condition with 50 mM of NaCl, Se application at both two levels decreased the soluble sugars and APX activity, and at 10 µM decreased the lignin and increased the tannin contents significantly. In saline condition with 100 mM of NaCl, Se application at both two concentrations considerably decreased the proline, lignin, and tannin contents but increased the APX activity. Furthermore, a reduction in soluble sugars by application of 5 µM of Se was seen in plants that were in saline conditions with 100 mM of NaCl. Discussion According to the results of this study, salinity induced oxidative stress in sunflower, especially at 100 mM that was obvious by elevated level of MDA. Even though the Se application in saline condition could induce the notable changes in the phenolic compounds and promoted the activity of APX, it could not inhibit the MDA formation and dry weight falling in plants. Selenium application in non-saline conditions also could not result to the considerable benefits in sunflower plants.

Genetic Diversity Study of Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) Genotypes for Agro-morphological Traits Under Normal and Drought Stress Conditions

Ali Saremi-Rad; Khodadad Mostafavi

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 227-240

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.27588.1671

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesAs the world's population grows, increasing demand for edible oils is inevitable. In addition to plant genetics, environmental variability plays ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesAs the world's population grows, increasing demand for edible oils is inevitable. In addition to plant genetics, environmental variability plays a key role in plant yield. Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses that reduce the productivity of sunflower and other crops. Understanding the nature of phenotypic traits that improve performance under stress conditions and identifying the complex physiological and genetically mechanisms is fundamental to plant stress. Improving drought tolerance and increasing water productivity in plants is one of the most important goals of the breeders. Gaining knowledge of the amount of phenotypic and genetic parameters in the plant species for genetic and plant breeding studies is very important for the exact selection of the genotypes according to the objectives of the breeding programs. Understanding the nature of morphological, physiological, genetic and molecular mechanisms under the influence of drought tolerance can play an important role in the development of drought tolerant genotypes for cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas. The main aims of this study included investigation of genetic diversity of sunflower germplasm (to understand the relationships between morphological traits and their heritability) and accurate identification of the most important traits that affect the sunflower yield in each of the normal conditions and drought stress. Materials and MethodsAn experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in normal and drought stress conditions in 2014 growing season on 12 sunflower genotypes in a research field of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch. Each block consisted of 12 plots and each plot contained five rows. Each row was 5 meters length with 60 cm spacing, and plant spacing on rows was 20 cm. The studied traits included grain yield, seed length, seed width, seed diameter, leaf length, leaf width, plant height and stem diameter. ResultsThe results of combined analysis of variance confirmed the significant diversity among genotypes for most traits. Grain yield showed higher values for parameters of genetic efficiency, genotypic and phenotypic variation coefficients under drought stress and non-stress conditions compared to other traits. While the highest percentage of heritability in the normal condition belonged to grain yield, it belonged to plant height in the stress conditions. Plant height, leaf width, stem diameter and leaf length showed the highest change in terms of traits in stress conditions compared to normal conditions. Dendrograms derived from cluster analysis classified genotypes into three groups based on studied traits under both drought stress and non-stress conditions. According to the cluster analysis, under drought stress condition, the Sor and Progress genotypes were identified as tolerant genotypes and, in contrast, genotypes of Favorite, Record, SHF81-90, Master and Lakomka were recognized as sensitive genotypes. DiscussionIn the combined analysis of variance the significance of the environmental effect shows that drought stress has significantly affected all traits. Therefore, the applied stress reveals the differences between the cultivars and the evaluation of the cultivars in the stress environment can lead to the selection of suitable cultivars. The effect of genotype was not significant for some traits, which suggests that the selection of cultivars for these traits is complex because the differences between the cultivars are not clearly defined. Selection is more reliable for traits that are significant, such as grain yield. The interaction between genotype and environment also increases the complexity of selection, which was significant only for plant height in this study. The high coefficient of phenotypic variation for traits indicates that the expression of these traits is greatly affected by the environment. Also, the high coefficient of genotypic and phenotypic variation for some traits indicates the wide range of changes for these traits. In general, the correspondence of the phenotypic coefficient and the genotypic coefficient in some traits indicates that the environmental effects on trait expression are negligible. However, when the phenotypic variation coefficient is higher than the genotypic variation coefficient, it indicates a high environmental effect. The low difference between the phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation for some traits suggests that these traits are more controlled by genetic factors. Therefore, the selection of parents for these traits is appropriate for hybridization programs.

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = A: Biotic and Abiotis Stress

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