Plant Productions - Articles List

Study of yield and yield components of camelina (Camelina sativa L.) under water deficit stress conditions with the application of zeolite and wood vinegar

Amirmohammad Abedi; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy; Ali Heidarzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46482.2155

Abstract

Introduction: The agricultural sector bears the responsibility of ensuring food security through domestic production and natural resource conservation. Oilseeds are among the essential ... Read More Introduction: The agricultural sector bears the responsibility of ensuring food security through domestic production and natural resource conservation. Oilseeds are among the essential food items that require a significant amount of water. Introducing Camelina plant as a suitable alternative with characteristics compatible with unfavorable environmental conditions and low requirements for water and nutrients can serve as an effective solution for diversifying cultivation and meeting the country's oil needs. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to investigate the yield and yield components of Camelina under zeolite and wood vinegar application in water deficit stress conditions. The experiment was carried out in 2023 in a split-plot factorial design with three replications at the Agricultural Faculty Farm of Tarbiat Modares University. The factors examined included irrigation regimes at four levels: optimal irrigation, mild water stress, moderate water stress, and severe water stress, corresponding to 20, 40, 60, and 80 percent of available water capacity after depletion (absorption in the root zone or evaporation), followed by irrigation to field capacity. These regimes were studied in main plots, combined with two levels of zeolite application (no application and 8 tons per hectares) and four levels of wood vinegar application (0, 5000, 10000, 15000 ppm) in subplots in a factorial combination. Results and Discussion: According to the results, it can be concluded that the use of zeolite and foliar spraying of wood vinegar in optimal irrigation conditions can have significant improvements in all the measured traits. Also, in moderate and severe irrigation conditions, these effects become more significant. But it should be noted that in severe irrigation, no significant effects of zeolite were observed, while the use of wood vinegar with a concentration of 10,000 ppm can have significant improvements in some plant characteristics, such as grain yield and harvest index. Overall, these results show that the use of zeolite and wood vinegar can be used as effective methods in improving the performance of plants, especially in low water conditions. According to the results, it can be concluded that the use of zeolite and foliar spraying of wood vinegar in optimal irrigation conditions can have significant improvements in all the measured traits. Also, in moderate and severe irrigation conditions, these effects become more significant. But it should be noted that in severe irrigation, no significant effects of zeolite were observed, while the use of wood vinegar with a concentration of 10,000 ppm can have significant improvements in some plant characteristics, such as grain yield and harvest index. Overall, these results show that the use of zeolite and wood vinegar can be used as effective methods in improving the performance of plants, especially in low water conditions. According to the results, it can be concluded that the use of zeolite and foliar spraying of wood vinegar in optimal irrigation conditions can have significant improvements in all the measured traits. Also, in moderate and severe irrigation conditions, these effects become more significant. But it should be noted that in severe irrigation, no significant effects of zeolite were observed, while the use of wood vinegar with a concentration of 10,000 ppm can have significant improvements in some plant characteristics, such as grain yield and harvest index. Overall, these results show that the use of zeolite and wood vinegar can be used as effective methods in improving the performance of plants, especially in low water conditions. Conclusion: For increasing seed yield and biological yield, moderate water stress along with zeolite application is recommended as the most cost-effective treatment. In severe water stress conditions, the application of wood vinegar foliar application at 10000 ppm concentration is recommended to enhance seed yield and biological yield.

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Effects of different levels of humic acid and limitation in irrigation on the growth and functional characteristics of the medicinal plant Lallemantia iberica L.

Masoud Fattahi; Akbar Saljoghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47380.2190

Abstract

Introduction Humic acid is a principal component of humic substances, which increasing cell membrane permeability, increasing photosynthesis and respiration rates, enhancing mineral ... Read More Introduction Humic acid is a principal component of humic substances, which increasing cell membrane permeability, increasing photosynthesis and respiration rates, enhancing mineral uptake and enhancing protein synthesis. The effects of Humic acid on the physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of plants under drought stress have been, including the growth parameters, osmotic regulation, antioxidase activity (such as the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) and photosynthesis parameters. Also, drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that adversely influences the growth and production of crops and disturbs plant water relationships, reducing leaf size, root growth and root multiplication. Plants exhibit various physiological and biochemical responses to drought stress at cellular and whole organism levels. The results of some study indicated that the appropriate concentration of humic acid could effectively alleviate the damage of drought stress on plants. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on germination characteristics, as well as the effect of different levels of humic acid and water deficit on some characteristics of the medicinal plant of lallemantia, two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the characteristics of germination of lallemantia under the influence of five levels of drought stress including 0 potential, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2 and -1.6 MPa in the form of a completely randomized design with 4 replications in the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture Shahrekord University was evaluated. In the second experiment, in order to investigate the different levels of humic acid and water deficit stress on some characteristics of the lallemantia, a field experiment was conducted in the form of a split plot in the form of a completely randomized block design in three replications. The treatments included four irrigation levels of 50, 70, 90 and 110 mm evaporation, from the evaporation pan surface as the main factor and four humic acid levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15 liters per hectare as secondary factors. Results and Discussion The results showed that the percentage and speed of germination and fresh weight of lallemantia seedlings decreased due to drought stress levels and the root length increased. Also, in the results of the field experiment, it was observed that the number of flowers, inflorescences, seeds per plant, seed yield, and the amount of biomass were affected by the simple effects of drought stress and humic acid treatments, and drought stress decreased them, while the use of humic acid increased them. As a result of drought stress, the percentage of mucilage increased and the yield of essential oil decreased. Also, the use of humic acid increased the yield of essential oil compared to the control. In general, the use of humic acid, especially at a concentration of 15 liters per hectare, increased the seed yield and the medicinal properties of the lallemantia plant. In general, the use of humic acid, especially at a concentration of 15 liters per hectare, increased the seed yield and the medicinal properties of the lallemantia plant. Conclusion humic acid is an alicyclic ring, and a hydrophilic group, such as a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, or a carbonyl group is bonded to enhance the water retention of the plant. Humic acid can be used directly on plants at low concentrations to enhance plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake, thus constituting a popular category of plant biostimulants. Our findings further illustrated that humic acid can relieve the damage of drought stress because humic acid also has the effect of stabilizing the plasma membrane system by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and participating in cell osmotic regulation. Our findings may help to elucidate of the effects of humic acid on lallemantia plant under drought stress and provide substantial guidance for the use of humic acid in agricultural production.

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Effect of humic acid and seaweed extract application on some biochemical traits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoaWilld.) in the condition of interruption of irrigation in two places of Kermanshah province

Ghobad Mohamadpoor; salim farzaneh; saeed khomari; seyedeh yalda Raeisi Sadati; Raouf Seyed Sharifi; Behrooz Smaielpoor; kianoosh azashab

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46890.2168

Abstract

Introduction: Due to its high protein content, the balance of essential amino acids such as lysine and plant tryptophan with great nutritional value, quinoa can be a suitable substitute ... Read More Introduction: Due to its high protein content, the balance of essential amino acids such as lysine and plant tryptophan with great nutritional value, quinoa can be a suitable substitute for rice, so the development and cultivation of this product is very important. Since our country is located in an arid and semi-arid region and the amount of evaporation and transpiration is higher than the amount of rainfall, the planted crops suffer from drought stress especially at the end of the season, so the use of natural fertilizers such as seaweed extract and humic acid can be suitable in adjusting the effect of stress. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate some biochemical indices of quinoa under the condition of irrigation interruption in two locations with hot climate (Qasar Shirin) and cold climate (Dalaho) in Kermanshah province in it was implemented as a split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design in the 2018-2018 crop year. The main plots of irrigation treatment were at three levels (complete irrigation, stop irrigation at the beginning of flowering and the beginning of seeding) and the sub-plots of foliar spraying at five levels of seaweed extract at two levels (2.5 g/L and 3.57 g/L), humic acid at two levels (3.75 g/L and 5 g/L) along with a control treatment (solution spraying with pure water).. Results and Discussion: The results showed that stopping irrigation caused a decrease in the concentration of photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid, the amount of protein and the relative water content of quinoa plant leaves compared to full irrigation. Also, under stress conditions, proline content and electrolyte leakage from the cell membrane, the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase increased. The use of seaweed extract and humic acid reduced the effect of irrigation interruption, so that the highest amount of chlorophyll a (1.760 mg/g), chlorophyll b (0.989 mg/g), carotenoid (0.291 mg/g), protein (1.40 mg/g) and the relative water content in foliar application was 3.75 g/L of seaweed extract. The effects of interruption of irrigation were greater in Qasr-Shirin hot location and the greatest effect of drought stress was observed in the phase of interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering. Conclusions: In general, these findings showed that foliar spraying with seaweed extract and humic acid can be used as an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy to reduce the adverse effects of irrigation interruption on Koshia plant. Conclusions: In general, these findings showed that foliar spraying with seaweed extract and humic acid can be used as an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy to reduce the adverse effects of irrigation interruption on Koshia plant.Conclusions: In general, these findings showed that foliar spraying with seaweed extract and humic acid can be used as an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy to reduce the adverse effects of irrigation interruption on Koshia plant.Conclusions: In general, these findings showed that foliar spraying with seaweed extract and humic acid can be used as an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy to reduce the adverse effects of irrigation interruption on Koshia plant.

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Effect of biological stimuli on Some Biochemical Characteristics of Fennel Plant under Cadmium Stress

Seyedeh Yalda Raeisi Sadati; Fereshteh Raeisi Sadati; Mir Reza Raeisi Sadati

Volume 47, Issue 3 , November 2024, , Pages 355-372

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46447.2152

Abstract

Introduction With the industrialization of societies in recent days, many toxic compounds have been released into the environment. Environmental pollution caused by heavy metals is ... Read More Introduction With the industrialization of societies in recent days, many toxic compounds have been released into the environment. Environmental pollution caused by heavy metals is one of the most important global factors of soil pollution that threatens food security. Medicinal plants are important economic plants and their products are widely consumed in the world and Iran. Since cadmium is known as the main element in causing various cancers, especially digestive cancer, it is necessary and important to investigate the effects of this toxic metal on the quantitative and qualitative properties of fennel. Using nano fertilizers in soil and nutrients can be a suitable solution to reduce the adverse effects of this heavy metal. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate some biochemical characteristics of fennel plant and the possibility of mitigating the effects of cadmium heavy metal stress by foliar spraying of selenium nanoparticles, algae extract and their interaction in greenhouse conditions in a factorial manner based on a randomized complete block experimental design with three replications in 2023-2024 was implemented. The first factor included the heavy metal cadmium chloride at two levels (control and 20 mg/kg of soil) and the second factor is foliar application at three levels (control, algal extract, and selenium nanoparticle with concentrations of 2 mg/L and 20 mg/L). Results The findings showed that under cadmium stress, the amount of malondialdehyde, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes, proline content and ion leakage percentage increased significantly, while the content of photosynthetic pigments decreased compared to the control. Also, the highest level of malondialdehyde concentration and activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes were observed in foliar spraying with algal extract under cadmium stress compared to the control. The synergistic effect of selenium nanoparticle and algal extract decreased ion leakage by 3.91% and increased proline and photosynthetic pigments by 16.73%, especially chlorophyll b by 33.11%. In other words, the adverse effects of cadmium stress have been reduced by strengthening the antioxidant and photosynthetic system of fennel plant by selenium nanoparticles and algae extract. Conclusions In general, foliar application of algal extract (concentration of 2 mg/L) due to the high content of macro and micro elements and antioxidant properties compared to selenium nanoparticles, has been able to inhibit free radicals by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and by reducing the electrolyte leakage, maintain the integrity of the membrane in the condition of cadmium stress.

Effects of salinity stress on some morpho-physiological traits and grain yield of quinoa cultivars under greenhouse conditions

Mojtaba Kaboodkhani; Hadi Salek Mearaji; Keyvan Aghaei; Afshin Tavakoli

Volume 47, Issue 2 , August 2024, , Pages 213-227

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46220.2145

Abstract

IntroductionSince plants cannot move, they face many environmental stresses. Salinity is a major threat to modern agriculture, causing inhibition and impairment of crop growth and development. ... Read More IntroductionSince plants cannot move, they face many environmental stresses. Salinity is a major threat to modern agriculture, causing inhibition and impairment of crop growth and development. Salinity stress affects all vital plant processes such as photosynthesis, protein and metabolism of fat in the plant, causing changes in morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular functions of the plant, which ultimately decreases plant yield. Due to high nutritional value and high resistance to abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) has been proposed to ensure food security in the world. Quinoa genotypes have different morphological and physiological mechanisms in terms of germination, growth and grain yield under salinity stress. Considering the differences in salinity resistance in different quinoa cultivars, this study was carried out for investigating the physiological responses and seed yield of three quinoa cultivars with different origins under salinity stress. Materials and MethodsThis experiment carried out as random complete block design with three replications in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Zanjan University during the year 2019. The experimental treatments included three salinity levels of 0, 15 and 30 dS m-1 and three quinoa varieties (Giza1, Titicaca and Q26) with different origins. First, soil with a ratio of 50% sieved farm soil, 30% sand and 20% rotted manure was added inside the 1 kg pots. Inside each pot, 10 seeds were planted then irrigated with desired concentrations of salinity. The temperature of the greenhouse during the day was 27±2 and at night 19±2 ˚C, and the relative humidity was 65-75%. After the seedlings were fully established, four plants were kept in each pot and the rest were removed. The volume of irrigation water was 400 cc for each pot with the desired concentration of salinity. In the following, the desired traits were measured based on the mentioned protocols in specific stages. After measuring the desired traits, variance analysis of the data was done with SAS software version 9.1, comparison of average data was done using Duncan's multiple range test (P>0.05). Results and DiscussionSalinity stress had a significant effect on all the traits studied except the potassium concentration of the root. Salinity reduced the plant height, leaf area, greenness index, grain yield, dry weight shoot and root, but salinity caused increase in the amount of sodium in the root, stem and leaves. The highest and lowest grain yields, with 0.87 and 0.56 g plant-1 were observed in the control and 30 dS m-1 salinity treatments, respectively. The Titicaca cultivar with 25.7 cm, had the lowest plant height. The highest shoot dry weight, stem sodium concentration, Na+/K+ ratio in root and Na+/K+ ratio in stem were observed in the Giza 1 cultivar. The Q26 cultivar had highest height of plant (33.8 cm), leaf area (3865.8 cm2plant-1), root sodium (0.30 mg.g-1 dry weight) and potassium (0.16 mg.g-1 dry weight) concentration, while it had the lowest Na+/K+ ratio in leaf with 0.67 mg.g-1 dry weight. Traits such as leaf potassium concentration and grain yield were similar among the studied cultivars. Also, cultivar Q26 had the lowest Na+/K+ ratio in the leaves with 0.67 mg.g-1 dry weight. The leaf greenness index in the control and salinity of 15 dS.m-1 was the same among all studied cultivars, but in the salinity of 30 dS.m-1, the Titicaca cultivar had the lowest amount. Among the studied cultivars, Giza 1 cultivar had the lowest root dry weight, while it had the highest Na+/K+ ratio in root and stem (8.27 and 3.6 mg.g-1 dry weight, respectively) among all salinity treatments. The Titicaca cultivar had the highest stem potassium concentration of all salinity levels in studied cultivars. Conclusions The results obtained from this research showed that high salinity concentrations decreased the grain yield of quinoa. In general, the results showed that the cultivars examined in this research (Giza1, Titicaca and Q26) were different from each other in terms of traits related to salinity resistance. The results showed that the origin of cultivars probably plays a role in the resistance to salinity. Also, despite the difference in the concentration of elements potassium, sodium and Na+/K+ ratio in the stem, root and leaf organs, and no significant difference was observed in terms of grain yield among the studied cultivars. Therefore, it is suggested to consider their origin in the selection of cultivars for future research.

The effects of biochar on the growth and some physiological characteristics of Artemisia dracunculus L. under salinity stress

Maehdiyeh Safavi; Maedeh Mohammadzadeh; lamia vojodimehrabani

Volume 47, Issue 2 , August 2024, , Pages 229-244

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47046.2173

Abstract

IntroductionArtemisia dracunculus L. is a perennial fragrant plant which is commonly used as a flavoring vegetable in many countries. The plant is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, ... Read More IntroductionArtemisia dracunculus L. is a perennial fragrant plant which is commonly used as a flavoring vegetable in many countries. The plant is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and health industries. The medicinal value of tarragon is due to the presence of essential oil, phenolics and flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, and alkaloids. In the last decade, due to climatic changes, salinity stress has become one of the most important biological problems, which causes a decrease in plant productivity. Salinity stress, by creating water and ionic imbalance, induces drought stress and increases the concentration of vacuolar sap. Moreover, the ionic toxicity and ionic competition in the cell membranes as a result of salt stress leads to programmed cell death. Therefore, it is important to find solutions to overcome or reduce the effects of salinity stress on plants. Biochar is an organic carbonic compound that can affect the physicochemical structure of the soil. Biochar, by increasing the absorption of nutrients, enhances the cation exchange capacity, and water holding capacity in the soil, improves the soil structure, and increases the plant access to the soil nutrients, and in this way helps to enhance the yield of the plant.Materials and MethodsTo investigate the effects of soil-based biochar (zero, 7, and 14% v) application and, NaCl salinity stress (zero, 75, and 150 mM) on the growth and some physiological traits of Artemisia dracunculus L.; a factorial experiment was conducted based on the completely randomized design with three replications during 2022 in Research Greenhouse of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. After adding biochar to the soil mixture, tarragon rhizomes were plantd in the pots. One month later, after complete stablishment of plants, salinity levels were imposed. The plants were maintained in the growing medium for 3 month. Later the plant parts were sampled for the traits measurement. Results and DiscussionPlant height, aerial parts dry weight, chlorophyll a, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, proline, sodium, and potassium content were influenced by the interaction effects of experimental treatments. The treatments without salinity and 75 mM NaCl salinity stress + the application of 14% (v) biochar caused an increase in the plant height and aerial part dry weight of the plant. The highest content of chlorophyll a was obtained in the treatment without salinity stress + both levels of biochar and 75 mM NaCl salinity stress + application of 14% (v) of biochar. The salinity stress )150 mM( in the condition of not using biochar increased the content of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and sodium content (35 mg g-1 DW) of the plant. The highest proline content was observed in 150 mM salinity stress with both levels of biochar application and non-application. The highest potassium content was obtained in the treatment without salinity stress with the application of 14% (v) of biochar, which showed a 71% increase compared to the control. The potassium-to-sodium ratio was affected by the main effect of biochar, and the use of 7 and 14% biochar increased the potassium-to-sodium ratio of the plant. The independent effects of salinity stress and biochar affected leaf relative water content, essential oil, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content. Seven and 14% biochar treatments increased the chlorophyll b content compared to the control. The application of 14% biochar raised the relative water content of leaves (17% increase compared to the control), and carotenoids. By increasing the salinity stress to 150 mM, the leaf-relative water content decreased by 22% compared to the control, and the highest leaf-relative water content was observed in the control. Both 75 and 150 mM salinity stress treatments increased carotenoid content. The top essential oil content was observed in 14% (v) of biochar, which showed a 76% increase compared to the control. 75 mM salinity stress increased the essential oil content as well. 18 components were identified in Artemisia dracunculus essential oil.Estragole (84.3-90.8%) was the dominant component of the essential oil, and the highest content of this compound was obtained in 150 mM NaCl salinity stress + 14% biochar application.The second component in terms of abundance was d-limonene (1.05-3.02%), and the highest content of this compound was observed in the 75 mM salinity stress + 7% (v) of biochar application. ConclusionThe overall results showed that 150 mM salinity stress hurts the growth and physiological characteristics of A. dracunculus, but the use of biochar at the rate of 14% improved the growth and physiological characteristics and even enhanced the dominant components content of essential oil under salt stress..

Evaluation of phenological characteristics, light consumption efficiency and growth indicators of rapeseed cultivars under the condition of no irrigation and increased levels of plant density

Hana Aboodeh; Abdelmehdi Bakhshandeh; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Seyed Amir Moosavi

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, , Pages 37-52

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43064.2086

Abstract

IntroductionGrowth analysis has a significant perspective on the function of agricultural plants. In the early stages of plant growth, the growth indicators, including the leaf area ... Read More IntroductionGrowth analysis has a significant perspective on the function of agricultural plants. In the early stages of plant growth, the growth indicators, including the leaf area index, the growth rate of the product decreases, and then due to suitable vegetation, the absorption of light radiation is better, and the accumulation of plant dry matter also increases, and after that Due to aging and yellowing, the leaves are reduced. The amount of light radiation absorbed by the plant varies during the growth period, which depends on the leaf surface index and the arrangement of the leaves of the plant. Material and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in the research farm of Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2021-2022. In this research, the effect of three factors of irrigation interruption, cultivars and density was investigated in the form of factorial split with the base design of randomized complete blocks in three replications. The factor (no interruption of irrigation (control), interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering until the formation of 50% of the pod and interruption irrigation at the stage of pod formation until harvest the main factor, rapeseed cultivars Hayola 4815 and Aram and plant density per meter square (80, 110 and 140 plants per square meter) were considered as secondary factors. Results and DiscussionIrrigation interruption caused a decrease in growth indicators, including the amount of plant dry matter accumulation, leaf surface index, and leaf surface durability. The changes in harvest index and durability of leaf surface and accumulation of dry matter at the beginning of the development of leaves had a slow trend until a little before the appearance of inflorescences, but after that the slope of the mentioned parameters increased. During the experiment, changes in growth parameters including LAI, LAD, RGR, CGR and TDW were evaluated. At the beginning of the plant growth season, the growth rate of the product was low due to the lack of complete vegetation cover and proper light consumption efficiency. In all treatments, with the passage of time, the growth rate of the crop was gradually increasing and it reached the maximum value in the reproductive stages and then went through a decreasing process. The effects of stopping irrigation on dry weight were evident and the accumulation of dry matter was observed during the increasing time. which can be due to the increase in dry weight of stems, leaves and reproductive organs over time. Also The relative growth rate also showed an increasing trend with the increase of the leaf area index at first and then a decreasing trend. ConclusionIt seems that the second-stage irrigation interruption treatment at a density of 80 plants per square meter and Haiola 4815 variety, by maintaining more green area through more leaf surface durability and lower light consumption in the condition of irrigation interruption at the end of the growing season, was able to achieve a higher RUE100 compared to other treatments. to dedicate The highest seed yield (1572.61 kg per hectare) was obtained from the density of 110 plants per square meter and Hayola variety 4815..

Evaluation of pear seedlings P.betulifolia for tolerance to lime-induced chlorosis

Mitra Mirabdulbaghi; Hamid Abdollahi; Mahyar Tavusi; Ali Rezaei

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, , Pages 53-64

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45717.2137

Abstract

Introduction The aim of this research is to introduce the superior characteristics of P.betulifolia pear rootstock in comparison to the commercial Pyrodwarf (control) in terms of leaf ... Read More Introduction The aim of this research is to introduce the superior characteristics of P.betulifolia pear rootstock in comparison to the commercial Pyrodwarf (control) in terms of leaf parameters {leaf-N, -K, -Mg, Ca, -Fe, -Zn and leaf-B content; leaf area; chlorophyll (SPAD-Value); Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F0:minimum fluorescence; FM: maximum; fluorescence and value of photochemical capacity of photosystem 2 (FV/FM)}, growth traits (shoot length, diameter of shoot) under active lime tolerance in heavy-textured to clayey soils. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in a factorial design within the construction of a completely randomized blocks design, using pots. The factors included: 1- Soils with lime in the range of 15% (texture: clay-loam), 20% (texture: clay), 25% (texture: loam), and 45% (texture: sandy loam). 2- Rootstocks P.betulifolia, Pirrodwarf (as a control). In total, the experiment was carried out on 120 units (5 different levels of soil lime * 2 non-grafted rootstocks * 3 replications * 4 trunk of each studied rootstock/). Data analysis was performed using SPSS and SAS software, involving mean comparisons using Duncan’s method and determining regression relationships.The preparation of pots was carried out as follows: initially, drainage holes were created at the bottom of plastic pots and covered with gravel. Then, a layer of sand and gravel was added to the depth of the pots, followed by the application of animal manure. At this stage, the soils under study, representing different combinations of texture and lime treatments, were added to the 3-kilogram pots. Each pot’s soil composition consisted of 1/3 sand and gravel, 1/3 animal manure, and the remaining being the specified soil samples. Prior to commencing the experiment, the soil samples underwent chemical analysis to determine their general characteristics, including total neutralizing value (TNV), saturation pH, electrical conductivity, soil texture, and organic matter content. In this research, the “Chlorosis Power Index” (CPI) was employed using the formula: CPI = 10000 * (active lime) / (Fe, ppm) ² to estimate the intensity of chlorosis resulting from soil liming for the studied rootstocks. The iron content, extracted as active iron (Fe, ppm) ² using ammonium oxalate, was reported in milligrams per liter, while CPI was reported in milligrams per kilogram. Results P.betulifolia rootstock, compared to the control rootstock Pyrodwarf, showed lower sensitivity to the soil’s “Chlorosis Power Index.” Negative and significant regression relationships between the increase in the soil’s “Chlorosis Power Index” and the investigated traits were not observed in the P.betulifolia rootstock. Conclusion Notably, P.betulifolia demonstrated superior features, including active lime soil tolerance up to 45% lime (sandy loam texture and alkaline pH), in terms of leaf uptake of nutrients such as potassium, boron, total iron, and active iron, chlorophyll content, and growth traits like leaf length, leaf width, height, and trunk diameter.

Effect of foliar application of amino acids on some physiological processes of oil rapeseed (Brassica Napus L.) under late-season drought stress conditions

Esmaeil Fayaz; ALI SOROOSHZADEH; Ali Heidarzadeh

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, , Pages 65-83

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45873.2138

Abstract

Introduction Oil rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) stands out as a precious oilseed plant cultivated globally, ranking as the third major source of oil production. The cultivation of this ... Read More Introduction Oil rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) stands out as a precious oilseed plant cultivated globally, ranking as the third major source of oil production. The cultivation of this plant is expanding due to its notable nutritional and economic advantages. However, the arid and semi-arid climate of Iran poses a challenge to rapeseed cultivation, particularly with the occurrence of water deficit stress towards the end of the season. Various strategies are employed to mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress and enhance plant tolerance. One effective method involves the application of biological stimulants, such as amino acids. These compounds can stimulate plant growth and development, under optimal conditions and stress. Amino acids play direct and indirect roles in physiological metabolism, facilitating nutrient exchange and structural activities. This includes the augmentation of photosynthetic pigment concentration, enhancement of photosynthesis rate, and increased protein synthesis, particularly under stress conditions. In consideration of the significance of oil and the role of rapeseed in oil production, along with the challenges posed by drought stress during the reproductive growth stages of rapeseed, this study was conducted to examine the impact of foliar application of amino acids on the physiological parameters of oil rapeseed under conditions of irrigation interruption at the end of the season. Materials and methods This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of amino acids on the physiological characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigments of oil rapeseed under withholding irrigation at the end of the season (reproductive growth stage) as factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University, during the 2022-2023 growing season. The investigated factors were three levels of irrigation (full irrigation during the season, withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage, withholding irrigation from pod forming) and five levels of foliar spraying (no foliar spraying, zero foliar spraying (distilled water), one, two and three grams of amino acids per liter) in stem elongation, flower-bud emergence, and flowering stages. The experimental plots included four planting rows and three meters in length. In the field, one week after the last foliar spraying, photosynthetic and transpiration rates and various fluorescence parameters were measured using a portable gas exchange and Mini-PAM device, respectively. Moreover, pigments (including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid) in the fresh plant samples were determined in the laboratory. After ensuring the normality of the residual of data, statistical analysis was performed using SAS software (version 4.9.) to compare the average data. The LSD test was used at the five percent level. Results Physiological and biochemical traits were adversely impacted by water deficit stress, as evidenced by the withholding of irrigation. This stress condition significantly decreased various characteristics, including maximum photosystem efficiency, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and levels of photosynthetic pigments. However, applying amino acids via foliar spray mitigated the adverse effects of drought stress. The results indicated that the photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, intercellular CO2/ambient CO2 ratio, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly influenced by the interaction between drought stress and foliar application of amino acids. The results indicated that the foliar application of two grams of amino acids per liter significantly increased various physiological parameters compared to the control group. Specifically, it resulted in a 22% enhancement in the photosynthesis rate, an 80% improvement in stomatal conductance, a 30% elevation in transpiration rate, a 40% rise in chlorophyll b, and a 27% increase in carotenoid levels. Conversely, the foliar spraying of one gram of amino acids per liter yielded the highest levels of chlorophyll a and the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II. These values were 20% and 5.5%, respectively, different from those observed in the control group. Also, the highest grain yield was obtained under withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage (1440 kg ha-1), withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage (2346 kg ha-1) and full irrigation during the season (4514 kg ha-1) with foliar application of 2 grams of amino acid per liter. Conclusion Based on the findings, the most favourable impact of foliar application of amino acids on the investigated traits was observed at a concentration of two grams per liter of water. Notably, the enhancement of these traits has a direct correlation with seed yield. Consequently, considering the substantial influence of these traits on the improvement of seed yield (22.4% and 61.4% under full irrigation and irrigation interruption conditions, respectively), the recommendation is to employ foliar spraying of two grams of amino acids per liter. This application is suggested to enhance rapeseed's physiological and biochemical characteristic across all three irrigation regimes, including full irrigation and interruption of irrigation from the flowering and budding stages.

The effect of manure and humic acid fertilizer on ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) under salinity stress

Mahboobeh Sardar; Mohammad Ali Behdani; Seyyd Vahid Eslami; Gholam Reza Zamani

Volume 46, Issue 4 , March 2024, , Pages 491-505

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42864.2075

Abstract

Introduction Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important ... Read More Introduction Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important stresses, it threatens cotton production in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the world, it is possible to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress through application of organic fertilizers (manure and humic acid). In addition, Organic inputs can guarantee both agricultural production and nature conservation. The current approach is to employ the organic compounds like manure and humic acid (that are cost-effective and eco-friendly) as an appropriate substitute for chemical fertilizers.Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out to assess the effect of manure and humic acid application on some elements accumulation and ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) (cotton leaves) under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in the 2019-2020 cropping year in Beshravieh city in South Khorasan. The main plot included different levels of irrigation water salinity at three levels (2.5, 5.5 and 8.5 ds.m-1) and sub-plots consisted of a factorial combination of manure at two levels (0 and 20 t/h) and humic acid at two levels (0 and 200 gr/ 100 kg of seeds as priming). In order to measure the concentration of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) elements, it was done using a flame photometer and chlorine concentration based on the method provided by Johnson and Ulrich (1995). In order to assess the cotton yield, the yield of two consecutive harvests were added together and was considered as the seed cotton yield of each experimental unit. Results and DiscussionThe results of the present study illustrated that the salinity stress increased Na+ and Cl- concentration in cotton leaves and consequently decreased K+ concentration. The increase of salinity stress from 2.5 to 5.5 and 8.5 dSm-1 caused a significant decrease in seed cotton yield. Manure application treatment increased Na+ (13.45%), K+ (2.67%), Cl- (18.30%) concentration in the leaves and seed cotton yield (13/90 %) compared to the no use of manure. Humic acid application treatment decreased Na+ (3.08%), Cl- (9.78%) concentration and increased K+ concentration (4.17%) and cotton yield (9/15 %) and improved the growth conditions compared to the treatment of no use of humic acid. The application of manure (before planting) and humic acid (as priming treatment) increased the seed cotton yield by improving the accumulation of beneficial elements in the leaves under salinity stress conditions. ConclusionBased on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the application of manure and humic acid (priming) moderated the negative effects of salinity stress on seed cotton yield. In addition, manure and humic acid can be used as an effective and alternative fertilizer in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and salinity stress in hot and dry climates. Therefore, manure and humic acid (organic fertilizers) are recommended to be applied under (environmental stresses) salinity stress conditions to mitigate the effects of salt stress and obtain a higher seed cotton yield.

Evaluation of salinity tolerance of some native ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum L.) populations of Iran

Atieh Drayabeigi; Faezehossadat Abtahi; Hossein Salehi Arjmand

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 251-262

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42680.2069

Abstract

IntroductionToday, one of the most important environmental stresses that become a great threat to agricultural activities around the world is soil salinity. The salinity issue is more ... Read More IntroductionToday, one of the most important environmental stresses that become a great threat to agricultural activities around the world is soil salinity. The salinity issue is more in arid and semi-arid climate finding hardy plants should be a priority. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of salinity stress on morphophysiological and biochemical traits of some accesions of ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum L.). Materials and MethodsIn this study, the effects of salinity stress on two levels (control and 100 mM NaCl) as the first factor and 10 accesions of ajwain (Shiraz, Isfahan, Hamedan, Zahedan, Tabriz, Mashhad 1, Mashhad 2, Yazd, Ahvaz, Arak) as the second factor as factorial and the basis of a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications (n =3) were evaluated in the research greenhouse of Department of Medicinal Plants of Arak University in pot conditions in 2019. In each experimental unit, a few seeds were sown, after emergence; additional seedlings were thinned to prevent competition, so that in each pot, finally, four strongest and uniform seedlings were kept. Until the seedlings reached 8-10 leaves, salinity treatment was done by irrigation with 500 ml of 100 mM NaCl solution. Plants were sampled and harvested to study the morphophysiological and biochemical traites of T.copticum L. in the flowering stage. The obtained data were statistically tested by analysis of variance (GLM) using SAS software Version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, 1990). Duncan’s new multi range test was applied for means comparison and significant differences among employed treatments at P <0.05 and 0.01 using SPSS software Version 16 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA). The parameters, including minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. In order to identify some of the main factors to reduce the number of effective traits in differentiating populations, principal component analysis (PCA) was used. In order to have a simple structure and better interpretation of the results of the analysis, the data was rotated by Varimax procedure. Also, the two- dimensional plot was generated using the first and second principal components (PC1and PC2) with PAST software. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that salinity caused a significant decrease in plant height, fresh weight of aerial parts, dry weight of aerial parts and relative water content, while salinity caused a significant increase in leakage of electrolytes, phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Salinity stress had no effect on the content of photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, b, total, and carotenoids. The highest height and fresh weight were related to the populations of Hamedan and Mashhad 1, respectively. Also, the lowest mean value of height and fresh weight was related to Arak population. No significant difference was observed among the investigated populations in any of the physiological traits, and only significant difference was observed in the antioxidant capacity, the highest of which was related to the population of Arak and the lowest was related to the population of Mashhad 1. The interaction between population and salinity was not significant in any of the traits. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA), the highest value of standard deviation was related to the flavonoid and the lowest value of the standard deviation was related to the trait of total dry weight of aerial parts. ConclusionSalinity negatively affects the growth and physiological responses of the plants. The results also showed that ajwain is classified as a relatively salt tolerant species, although there are significant differences between its accesions.

Effect of waterlogging stress at the three-leaf stage on the growth and some physiological characteristics of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Seyed Bashir Fazeli; Moosa Meskarbashee; Afrasyab Rahnama Ghahfarokhi

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 279-292

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42792.2072

Abstract

IntroductionWheat is one of the most important crop plants in the world. Waterlogging stress causes serious damage to the wheat crop wheat crop worldwide annually, and it is likely ... Read More IntroductionWheat is one of the most important crop plants in the world. Waterlogging stress causes serious damage to the wheat crop wheat crop worldwide annually, and it is likely that these damages are increasing with climate change. In many cases, waterlogging stress occurs for various reasons in the initial stages of the growth of this plant. There are many reports about the existence of differences in waterlogging stress tolerance in different cultivars and genotypes of wheat, but so far these differences have not been fully exploited. This research was designed and carried out to investigate the effect of waterlogging stress on the dry matter yield of shoot system, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, the activity level of antioxidant enzymes, the concentration of malondialdehyde and carotenoid content. Materials and MethodsFloods will increase as a result of climate change and in some areas will have a negative impact on wheat production. Plants are obligate aerobic organisms and they need to absorb oxygen from their surroundings to complete their life cycle, growth, reproduction and competition. With 215 million hectares, wheat has the largest area of cultivated plants in the world, waterlogging stress usually damages winter wheat during Seedling establishment and tillering. a field experiment in the form of a split plot design, based on randomized complete blocks in 3 replications accomplished. Stress was applied at the three-leaf stage and at three levels, control (no waterlogging stress), mild stress (48 hours) and severe stress (120 hours) as the main factors. Cultivars and genotypes were also included as secondary factors. Plants were cultivated in pots and grown in open space (outdoor), the water level was maintained about five centimeters above the soil level during the stress period. Results and DiscussionMild and severe waterlogging stress resulted in a decrease of 14.06 and 38.37 percent of shoot dry matter, respectively, which was significant in all cultivars and genotypes. Different cultivars and genotypes showed different responses to waterlogging stress. to better understand the reasons for these differences, among 11 cultivars and 10 genotypes, Mehrgan and Sarang cultivars and ms 93-16 and ms 93-6 genotypes were selected to study some physiological traits. Waterlogging stress led to a decrease photosynthetic pigments, an increase in the malondialdehydeconcentration and an increase in the antioxidant enzymes activity, and in these cases, the differences between these cultivars and genotypes were obvious. There were also differences between severe stress and mild stress, for example, in all studied cultivars, only severe stress could lead to a significant increase in peroxidase enzyme activity, but in the case of catalase, mild stress tolerant cultivars also led to a significant increase. ConclusionIn general, cultivars that had a higher level of antioxidant enzyme activity when faced with waterlogging stress were able to pass through the stress period with less damage to the cell membrane structure (according to the concentration of malondialdehyde) and photosynthetic pigments and showed a lower percentage reduction in dry matter. Mehrgan cultivar had the highest dry matter yield compared to other cultivars and genotypes in all three stress levels, despite the severe decrease in shoot system dry matter yield.

Effects of potassium silicate on some morphological and physiological traits of dichondra (Dichondra repens) cover plant grown under water deficit

Mahdieh Niazbal; Sepideh Kalatejari; Foad Fatehi; Marjan Diyanat

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 505-517

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.38291.2061

Abstract

IntroductionDichondra repens is a low growing, creeping perennial that spreads by underground runners. This plant is usually planted instead of lawn in warm areas and is also suitable ... Read More IntroductionDichondra repens is a low growing, creeping perennial that spreads by underground runners. This plant is usually planted instead of lawn in warm areas and is also suitable as a cover to fill the gap between the pavements and for planting in rock gardens. Soil drought is one of the major abiotic factors that limit crop growth and productivity worldwide. Drought stress triggers production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative damage to proteins, membrane lipids and other cellular components. Silicon (Si) is the second most prevalent element after oxygen in the soil. The beneficial effect of the silicon is well documented for several agricultural crops. Materials and MethodsThe present study was conducted to assess the effect of potassium silicate on growth characteristics of Dichondra repens under water deficit as factorial in a completely randomized design in 2018. Water deficit was applied in three levels (100%, 66% and 33% Field capacity) and potassium silicate in four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/l). Data analysis was performed with SAS software. Mean data were compared with Duncan test at 5% level. Plant height was measured from the collar to the tip of the plant with a caliper. To measure the fresh weight of the shoot, the plant was weighed after harvesting with a digital scale. To measure the roots, the roots were gently removed from the soil and weighed with a digital scale. Leaf chlorophyll was measured by Arnon (1949) method at 480, 663 and 645 nm with a spectrophotometer. Catalase activity was measured by Eising and Gerhardt (1989) method. Measurement of superoxide dismutase activity by Dhindsa et al. (1982) was performed. Potassium concentration was measured by flame photometry. Elliott and Snyder (1991) method was used to measure leaf silicon concentration. Results and DiscussionPlant height decreased by 38% in 33% field capacity and non-use of potassium silicate interaction in comparison of 100% field capacity and 200 mg/l potassium silicate interaction. Potassium silicate 200 and 100 mg/l increased chlorophyll content in 100 and 66% of field capacity. Catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes showed the highest activity in 33% field capacity and 200 mg/l potassium silicate interaction and 33% field capacity and no potassium silicate interaction, respectively. The lowest relative leaf water content was observed in 33% field capacity and no potassium silicate interaction and there is no significant difference between it and potassium silicate at 50 mg/l. The highest amount of potassium was observed in the treatment of 66% of field capacity and 50 mg/l of potassium silicate, which was not significantly different from the interaction of 100% of field capacity and 100 mg/l of potassium silicate. The highest amount of silicon was observed in treatment of 100% of field capacity and 200 mg/l of potassium silicate, which was significantly different from other treatments. ConclusionTreatment of 100% field capacity and potassium silicate at 200 mg/l was identified as the most efficient treatment in improving the growth characteristics of dichondra. So with proper management 66% field capacity and 100 mg potassium silicate treatment can be replaced with 100% field capacity potassium silicate at 200 mg/l.

The Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Producing ACC-Deaminase, IAA, Siderophore and Phosphate Solubilization on Growth Indices, Chlorophyll, Proline and Protein in Alfalfa at Different Levels of Salinity

Seyed Hassan Tafaroji; Seyed Ali Abtahi; Mojtaba Jafarinia; mehdi ebadi

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 375-384

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40265.2018

Abstract

IntroductionAgriculture practices involve the extensive utilization of chemical fertilizers that lead to several impacts, namely groundwater pollution, eutrophication, and production ... Read More IntroductionAgriculture practices involve the extensive utilization of chemical fertilizers that lead to several impacts, namely groundwater pollution, eutrophication, and production of greenhouse gases. These ultimately lead to environmental pollution and pose several health risks. With this respect, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) consist of a diverse collection of rhizobacteria that occur in the rhizospheric zone and interact with plant roots. Moreover plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a heterogeneous group of bacteria found in the rhizosphere, associated with roots and root surfaces or living freely in the soil and influencing plant growth directly or indirectly. A large number of bacteria is reported to contribute to plant growth, including species of Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Burkholderia, Bacillus, and Serratia. Additionally, several reports indicate the application of ACC-deaminase-producing PGPR in facilitating plant growth and inducing tolerance in various abiotic stresses, namely (1) salt stress, (2) drought stress, (3) heat stress, (4) chilling stress, etc. The present study was performed to screen PGPR strains with different PGP traits in calcareous soils under salinity condition and to use such PGPR strains as biological inoculation. Materials and MethodsIn this study, 45 rhizospheric soil samples were collected from different crops in agricultural farms and placed in plastic bags, and transported to a laboratory, where it was refrigerated at 4 ° C until further use. To obtain a solution of 10-4 to 10-6 dilutions, one milliliter of suspension was serially diluted and 100 microliters of this suspension solution were spread onto the sterile nutrient agar medium. plates were incubated at 28±2°C for 48 hours in a BOD incubator. Rhizobacterial isolates with a different morphological appearance and fast growth on agar plates were randomly selected and purified by repetitive streaking on the fresh medium. After purification, these PGPR isolates were screened for PGP traits. Isolates with phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, IAA production and ACC-deaminase production were screened and finally three isolates were selected for molecular identification and pot experiments. Results and DiscussionIn this research, a total of 45 rhizospheric soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of different plants. 181 isolates were purified and isolated. In the initial screening, some of them were characterized by phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and indole acetic acid (IAA) production. In the secondary screening, superior isolates were selected in these three growth-promoting traits, and in the ACC-deaminase production test, all three isolates were able to produce this enzyme. Molecular identification of the isolates was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique and the isolates belonged to Bacillus Cereus, Pseudomonas Syringae and Pseudomonas Alcaliphila which were registered in the NCBI database. In greenhouse experiments, inoculation of Pseudomonas Alcaliphila showed the best performance shoot length, shoot dry weight, chlorophyll production, crude protein production of alfalfa (medicago sativa L.) and lowest proline production under salinity stress, while inoculation of Pseudomonas Syringae had better yield at root length and root dry weight. ConclusionExtremely cost-effective methods such as applications of microorganisms with PGPR activities can enhance plant growth, speed up seed germination, improve seedling emergence, and protect plants. In conclusion, the applied plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) bacterial SF1050 strain (Pseudomonas Alcaliphila) proved to be a potential candidate for improving alfalfa crops in salinity conditions. Nevertheless, it is suggested to validate the current results by conducting field trials.

Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers and Salicylic Acid Spraying on Yield and Some Physiological Traits of Wheat Under Drought Stress

Fatemeh Chaharlang Badil; khosrow Azizi; Hamid Reza Eisvand; Ali heidar Nasrollahi; Ahmad Ismaili

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 397-408

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40567.2026

Abstract

IntroductionWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important and strategic crops worldwide. Drought stress is one of the important and abiotic stresses that reduces the growth ... Read More IntroductionWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important and strategic crops worldwide. Drought stress is one of the important and abiotic stresses that reduces the growth and yield of plants.in arid and semi-arid regions. Today, the economic damage and destructive effects of the environment due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture are known worldwide, and it is obvious that a suitable alternative must be found for these fertilizers. Currently, biofertilizers are used as an alternative to chemical fertilizers based on the principles of sustainable agriculture and stress tolerance of plants. Salicylic acid is a natural phenolic compound that is involved in reducing the harmful effects of abiotic environmental stresses and regulating vital physiological processes in plants. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out to assess the effect of fertilizer nutrition and foliar application of salicylic acid on wheat tolerance of Chamran 2 cultivar to drought stress experiment as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design in the 2019-2020 crop year in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University in three replications was performed The experimental site was located at a latitude 33°26′ N, a longitude 45°17′ E, and an altitude of 1210 m with a semi-arid climate, mean annual precipitation of 462.8 mm, mean annual evaporation of 1842.52 mm, and mean annual temperature of 16.6 °C .Main plot includes irrigation levels in two levels of without stress (100% of field capacity) and drought stress (50% of field capacity) and sub-plots including fertilizer in five levels including no use of biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer, application of 100% chemical fertilizer, seed inoculation of nitroxin biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer, seed inoculation of mycorrhizal + 50% chemical fertilizer, (simultaneous use of biofertilizers (nitroxin + mycorrhiza) + 50% chemical fertilizer, and foliar application treatment at two levels (foliar application with water and foliar application with a concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid). Results and DiscussionThe results showed that drought stress increased grain protein and malondialdehyde and decreased other evaluated traits. Fertilizer nutrition and salicylic acid foliar application treatment alone increased the evaluated traits and decreased malondialdehyde content compared to the no use of biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer and no foliar application of salicylic acid. Combined treatment of fertilizer (nitroxin + mycorrhiza) + 50% chemical fertilizer and salicylic acid could reduce the effect of drought stress on the traits evaluated in this study on wheat of Chamran 2 cultivar. As a result can this treatment suggested to the farmer in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers in the cultivation of this wheat variety under drought stress conditions. ConclusionIn general, it can be concluded that the application of biofertilizers (nitroxin + mycorrhiza) + 50% chemical fertilizer and salicylic acid foliar application can be used as an effective and alternative fertilizer to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and water shortage in Khorramabad for sustainable agriculture. As a result, this treatment can be recommended to the farmer to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in the cultivation of this wheat cultivar under drought stress conditions.

Identification of different drought patterns of dryland wheat in the northwest of Iran by APSIM model

Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; Hamed Eyni-Nargeseh

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 435-446

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40869.2036

Abstract

IntroductionImproving crop yields can meet the projected demand in developed and developing countries as a key and promising solution. To increase dryland wheat production in arid and ... Read More IntroductionImproving crop yields can meet the projected demand in developed and developing countries as a key and promising solution. To increase dryland wheat production in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, researchers and crop breeders need to understand the drought pattern (in terms of time and intensity) occurring in wheat agro-systems because depending on the time and intensity of drought stress, drought stress impacts on different processes and genes of crops. To accurately study the drought pattern of dryland wheat and different cultivars adapted to these conditions, researchers need to design multi-environmental field experiments, which are time-consuming and costly. Under these circumstances, some essential information is limited in the field experiments, especially when done for only a few years, and basically does not indicate fluctuations in the target environments. In contrast, the modeling and simulation approach is a useful method for comprehensive environmental impact assessment. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to identify and study different drought patterns in 8 locations including Ardebil, Khalkhal, Maragheh, Marand, Meshginshahr, Sarab, Tabriz, and Urmia in the northwest of Iran. APSIM model was used to simulate the growth and development of dryland wheat in the study locations. The long-term climatic included minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, and radiation (1980 to 2016) collected from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. These data were used as input to the crop growth simulation model. Water supply and demand index was used to determine different drought patterns. This index is obtained by dividing soil water content to plant water demand (WSDR). After calculating the water supply and demand index for each year and region, the CLARA clustering method was used to classify and group the index. The number of groups obtained by CLARA method was equal to the type of drought patterns of dryland wheat. Results and DiscussionThe results showed 4 different drought patterns during the dryland wheat growing season in the study locations. Drought pattern 1 showed no drought stress or mild drought stress throughout the growing season of dryland wheat. Under drought pattern 2, drought stress started before flowering and ended during seed filling. For drought pattern 3, water stress started from the time of germination but removed during the vegetative growth period. Drought pattern 4 started in the early stages of growth and continued until the end of the dryland wheat growing season. The frequency of occurrence of 1, 2, 3, and 4 drought patterns was 27.8%, 26%, 8% and 38.2%, respectively. On average across locations, transpiration was 160, 137.1, 31, and 86.7 mm for 1, 2, 3, and 4 drought patterns during the wheat growing season. Also, a significant difference was observed among different drought patterns in terms of biomass that biomass under drought patterns 1, 2, 3, and 4 was equal to 13411, 10076, 2097 and, 6435 kg ha-1, respectively. Grain yield under drought pattern types 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 3738.7, 2949.7, 694.6, and 1456.2 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest percentage of light and mild drought patterns (1 and 2) was related to Marand region with 100% and Sarab region experienced more severe drought patterns (3 and 4) than other regions (88.2%). Under different locations and drought patterns, on average across years, the highest grain yield was simulated for Marand under drought pattern 1 (4759 kg ha-1) and the lowest was recorded for Urmia under drought pattern 3 (208.8 kg ha-1). ConclusionIn general, the simulation results showed that 4 different types of drought patterns were observed during the dryland wheat growing period in the study locations. The frequency of occurrence of 4 drought patterns was various in the study locations and the grain yield varied under the drought patterns. However, the highest occurrence was related to drought pattern 4, under which drought stress begun in the early stages of growth and lasted until the end of the dryland wheat growing season. Accordingly, it is suggested to consider various strategies such as using cultivars with short maturity period to avoid drought stress at the end of the season and using cultivars with high resistance to drought stress (especially in the flowering period).

The Effect of Dehydration Stress on Yield, Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Hybrids Obtained From Crossbreeding of Commercial Potato Cultivars

Mohammad Reza Vesali; Reza Baradaran; Davood Hassanpanah; Mohammad Javad Soqa al-Islami

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 241-252

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.32122.1862

Abstract

IntroductionPotatoes are a plant sensitive to water stress and are a rich source of carbohydrates, essential nutrients such as fiber, vitamins, minerals, proteins and antioxidants. ... Read More IntroductionPotatoes are a plant sensitive to water stress and are a rich source of carbohydrates, essential nutrients such as fiber, vitamins, minerals, proteins and antioxidants. Drought is one of the most common tensions that has always threatened the production of agricultural products and has affected a large area of the world. Therefore, due to the scarcity of water resources, it is necessary to increase water consumption efficiency in the agricultural sector and to pay more attention to water control and storage methods, including irrigation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dehydration stress on yield, quantitative and qualitative traits of hybrids obtained from crosses of commercial potato cultivars in Ardabil province. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of dehydration stress on yield, quantitative and qualitative traits of hybrids resulting from cross-breeding of commercial potato cultivars for two years (2017-97) in the greenhouse of Zare Gostar Arta Agricultural Company in Ardabil province. Split plot experiment Based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The main factor included three levels of irrigation (100, 85 and 70% of the plant's water requirement) and the sub-factor included 12 potato hybrids that were the result of crossing four cultivars Losta, Banba, Spirit and Agria as parents. Statistical calculations were performed using Sas 9.1 and Mini-tab 16 statistical software. Results and DiscussionThe results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference in terms of all evaluated traits except main stem diameter, tuber dry matter percentage, tuber specific gravity and tuber starch percentage. In terms of bilateral effect of irrigation levels × cultivars, except for tuber dry matter percentage, tuber specific gravity and tuber starch percentage, significant differences were observed in other traits. Treatment of 100% water usable in the swamp (a Luca × Esprit♂) with an average of 53.56 tons per hectare maximum tuber yield and treatments of 85% water usable in the confluence (♀ Luca × Esprit×) and 65% water usable in the swamp (uc Luca × Esprit♂) with an average of 49.75 and 50.39 tons per hectare, respectively, had the lowest tuber yield. Crossing No. 10 (baBanba × Esprit♀) with an average of 21.52% had the highest percentage of dry matter and along with crosses No. 1, 7 and 9 were in the top group. The results of correlation between the evaluated traits in these three conditions separately showed that in all three water conditions the correlation between tuber yield and tuber weight per plant was positive and significant and at irrigation levels of 100, 85 and 65, respectively ( r= 0.98**, 0.99** and 0.99 **). Percentage of tuber dry matter, tuber specific gravity and percentage of tuber starch had a significant negative correlation with tuber yield and tuber weight per plant at 85% of usable water stress. ConclusionWith this in mind, Cross No. 10 (baBanba × Esprit♀) is recommended among the crosses under evaluation for processing (chips).

The Effect of Sugarcane Residue Compost on Growth and Grain Yield of Triticale under Drought Stress

Seyed Naser Safi; Ali Moshatati; Mohamad Hosein Gharineh; aydin khodaei joghan

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 253-266

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36017.1961

Abstract

IntroductionTriticale is a commercial cereal with a vast potential to feed human and animal. This plant can be cultivated in poor soils that are not suitable for wheat production. In ... Read More IntroductionTriticale is a commercial cereal with a vast potential to feed human and animal. This plant can be cultivated in poor soils that are not suitable for wheat production. In irrigation cutoff stress conditions, reduces growth and yield and yield components of triticale. One of the most important ways to reduce the negative effect of drought stress on plant is using compost fertilizer in the soil. Using compost fertilizer in agricultural soils lead to increase nutrient elements and conserving the soil water. Generally, compost fertilizer of sugarcane residues, improves moisture storage and physical and chemical conditions of the soil. So that sugarcane residue compost fertilizer contributes to preserving the moisture storage of the soil and to supply the nutrients required by the plant. In this study, the most important aim is to study the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on triticale yield and yield components under irrigation cutoff stress condition in Mollasani region, Ahwaz, Kuzestan province. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on growth, yield and yield components of triticale under drought stress conditions, a field experiment using a split-plot arrangement accomplished in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan (in 31º N, 48º E, 35 Km north-east of Ahwaz, and 20 m above the sea level) during 2018-2019 growing season. Experimental factors include four levels of drought stress (complete irrigation, irrigation cutoff from spike emergence to physiological maturity, irrigation cutoff from pollination stage to physiological maturity and irrigation cutoff from milky-dough stage to physiological maturity) as a main factor in main plots and five amounts of sugarcane residues compost (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-1) as a sub factor in sub-plots. Results and DiscussionAnalysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress, sugarcane residue compost and their interaction on the measured traits were significant. Mean comparison showed that the maximum amount of triticale traits was obtained in full irrigation and the lowest amount was observed in drought stress from spike emergence to physiological maturity. Also, with increasing the amount of sugarcane residue compost, the amount of traits increased and reached a maximum at the level of 40 t ha-1. Mean comparison of grain yield under the interaction of drought stress and sugarcane residue compost showed that the highest grain yield (4288 kg ha-1) was under full irrigation and 40 t.ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest grain yield (1134 kg ha-1) was obtained in drought stress from spike emergence to physiological maturity and non-use of sugarcane residue compost. In the conditions of drought stress caused by the interruption of irrigation, the vegetative and reproductive growth of the plant is reduced, which causes a decrease in yield components and ultimately leads to a decrease in seed yield. On the other hand, the use of compost fertilizer reduces the effect of stress by preserving water and providing nutrients needed for plant growth and leads to an increase in seed yield. ConclusionGenerally, the results showed that drought stress conditions decreased growth, grain yield and yield components of triticale but using sugarcane residues compost fertilizer decreased the negative impact of drought stress conditions on measured traits. Also, in areas with irrigation shortage or lack of rainfall at the beginning of flowering stage, 40 tons per hectare of sugarcane residues compost fertilizer is recommended for maintaining grain yield.

Effect of Methanol Spraying on some Morphophysiological Characteristics, Yield and Yield Components of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under Drought Stress Conditions

Hamed Javadi; Seyyed Gholam Reza Moosavi; Mohammad Javad Seghatoleslami; Ali Reza Ebrahimi; Mohammad Kozegar

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 29-40

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33127.1888

Abstract

IntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the five important oil plants of Iran. Water deficit stress is one of the most important limiting factors in sunflower cultivation. ... Read More IntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the five important oil plants of Iran. Water deficit stress is one of the most important limiting factors in sunflower cultivation. Methanol is used to deal with environmental stresses, especially dehydration. Preventing or reducing light respiration, delaying leaf senescence, increasing photosynthetic activation period and leaf area duration index and increasing CO2 fixation are among the roles of methanol application in plants. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of methanol spraying on some morphophysiological characteristics, yield and yield components of sunflower under drought stress conditions. Materials and MethodsThis field experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Birjand, Iran, in 2017. The main plots included two irrigation levels (irrigation after 80 and 160 mm evaporation form class A pan). On the other hand, the sub- plots included five levels of methanol spraying; control (spraying with water), 7, 14 and 21% v/v. Statistical analysis was performed using MSTATC software. Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level of probability was used to compare the means. Results and DiscussionResults showed that deficit irrigation reduced stem diameter, number of grains per head and kernel/husk weight ratio. Methanol spraying also increased the number of grains per head. Also, methanol spraying improved most of the studied traits under two irrigation treatments. So that under drought stress conditions, foliar application with 28% volumetric methanol increased plant height (9.9%), stem diameter (5%) and leaf number per plant (14.7%). Compared with control, foliar application with 14% and 21% volumetric methanol increased SPAD by 8% and 34.7%, respectively and also, increased 1000-grain weight (12%), grain yield (27.9%) and biological yield (23.4%). According to the results, under optimum irrigation conditions, maximum sunflower grain yield was obtained with 28% volumetric methanol spraying, but under drought stress conditions, spraying with 21% volume methanol was the best one. ConclusionThe results showed that foliar application of methanol under optimum and also deficit irrigation conditions did not affect the percentage and yield of sunflower oil seed, but increased grain yield. Maximum grain yield under optimum irrigation was obtained with 28% volumetric spraying, which was 27% more than control. Also, the results showed that under arid and semi-arid conditions of Birjand, deficit irrigation with using methanol (21% volumetric) produces acceptable grain yield.

Effect of Biochar and Hydrogel on Morphophysiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Common Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) under Drought Stress

Shayesteh Ghias; Mostafa Shirmardi; Heidar Meftahizadeh; Maryam Dehestani Ardakani

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 67-80

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36030.1962

Abstract

IntroductionDrought and low organic carbon content are two main problems for agriculture in arid and semiarid regions. Drought stress is responsible for at least 40% of crop losses ... Read More IntroductionDrought and low organic carbon content are two main problems for agriculture in arid and semiarid regions. Drought stress is responsible for at least 40% of crop losses in the world. The use of biochar (BC) and hydrogels can decrease adverse effects of drought on the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of BC and hydrogel application on morphophysiological and biochemical parameters of Salvia officinalis L. under drought stress (DS). Materials and MethodsA factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with three replicates was conducted in the research greenhouse of the Meybod industrial town in 1398/2018 to investigate the BC and hydrogel effects on the growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Salvia officinalis L. under drought stress condition. The BC and hydrogel was applied by mixing dry soil at rates of 0, 10, and 20 ton BC.ha-1, 100, and 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 with three DS levels of D1 (irrigation in 80% field capacity (FC) as no-stress conditions), D2 (irrigation in 60% FC as mild-stress conditions) and D3 (irrigation in 40% FC as severe-stress conditions). The growth responses were examined included morpho-physiological (i.e., chlorophyll content, leaf area, relative water content (RWC), ion leakage (IL), and phytochemical (i.e., antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC)) parameters. Results and DiscussionResults showed that drought stress significantly decreased growth parameters and RWC while increased IL, AA and TPC. Application of 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 and 20 ton BC.ha-1 significantly increased chlorophyll index, root and shoot dry weight compared to the control under severe stress condition. At mild stress, all treatments significantly reduced the root:shoot ratio compared to the control. However, in severe stress, only application of 10 and 20 ton BC.ha-1 significantly reduced this parameter compared to the control. In no stress and sever stress, use of 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 increased RWC in plant in comparison with control (15.9 and 5.1% respectively). Results indicated that 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 and 20 ton BC.ha-1 treatments significantly decreased IL and TPC in mild and sever stress conditions in comparison with control. All treatments significantly decreased AA in severe stress and control has the highest amount of AA in this level of drought. It seems that use of BC and hydrogel in soil increased soil water holding capacity and improve soil structure. In addition, BC contains various elements that can improve plant nutrition under drought stress. The amount of BC and hydrogel application is very important on the effectiveness of these amendments on the plant characteristics under stress conditions. ConclusionThe application of hydrogel and biochar could improve the growth indices, leaf relative water content and reduce the total phenol concentration and antioxidant capacity in the plant under drought stress. It seems that these amendments reduce the negative effect of drought stress on the plant by increasing the soil water holding capacity, improving the structure and increasing the availability of nutrients for the plant.

The Effect of Two Mycorrhiza Fungi Species on Biochemical Characteristic and Aerial Dry Biomass of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Under Cadmium Stress

Fariba Mohammadifard; Mohammad Moghaddam

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 81-94

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30809.1817

Abstract

IntroductionNowadays, soil pollution to various heavy metals is one of the most important environmental issues in human societies, which has adverse effects on soil and soil flora and ... Read More IntroductionNowadays, soil pollution to various heavy metals is one of the most important environmental issues in human societies, which has adverse effects on soil and soil flora and groundwater contamination. Among the heavy metals, cadmium with a half-life of about 20 years, its high mobility in the soil and absorption by the plant, has a significant toxicity that its presence in the food chain seriously threatens human health. A wide range of studies have shown that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi increases the resistance of many plants against heavy metals. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on biochemical properties of coriander under heavy metal stress, a pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouses at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 2 factors and 3 replications was conducted. The first factor was heavy metal in 4 levels of 0, 20, 40, 80 mg/kg nitrate cadmium soil and the second factor was mycorrhiza fungi in 3 levels without fungi and Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradicese application. The soil mixture included soil, leafy soil and sand in a ratio of 1: 1: 1. All traits were measured at flowering stage. The studied traits include aerial parts dry biomass, chlorophyll, b, a, electrolyte leakage, soluble carbohydrate, antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoids and proline. Data analysis using Minitab 17 software was done. Results and DiscussionThe results were showed that by increasing the concentration of cadmium, the amount of electrolyte leakage, soluble carbohydrate, antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoids and proline increased. However, with increasing cadmium concentration, the amount of dry biomass of aerial parts, chlorophyll, a, b and carotenoids decreased. So, with increasing cadmium concentration, the amount of aerial parts dry biomass of coriander decreased by 40% compared with the control. Based on this study, using of mycorrhizal fungi under cadmium pollution reduced the stress influence, so that the highest amount of aerial parts dry biomass was found in plants treated with mycorrhizal and without cadmium application. The lowest amount dry biomass of aerial parts was found in without mycorrhizal with highest nitrate cadmium concentration (80 mg/kg soil). The highest amount of proline, soluble carbohydrate, phenol, antioxidant activity, and total flavonoids was observed in plants which treated with the highest nitrate cadmium concentration (80 mg/kg soil) and Glomus intraradicese application. ConclusionSo that inoculated plants with mycorrhizal fungi had drier biomass of aerial parts than plants without mycorrhiza. According to the results of this study, in the conditions of environmental stresses such as cadmium stress, the use of mycorrhizal fungi reduces its destructive effects, which can be used as a management solution in heavy metal contaminated areas. In general, the results of this study showed that application of Glomus mosseae fungus in cadmium stress has a better effect on the traits and its application is recommended in this condition.

Effect of Waterlogging Stress on Yield and Yield Components and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Mung Bean Cultivars in Ahvaz Conditions

Seyed Bashir Fazeli; Afrasyab Rahnama; Payman Hassibi

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 95-108

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30538.1805

Abstract

IntroductionMung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world. This nitrogen-stabilizing plant has rapid growth and a short growth period, leading to improved ... Read More IntroductionMung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world. This nitrogen-stabilizing plant has rapid growth and a short growth period, leading to improved soil fertility. Mung bean is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia due to its high adaptation range. Plants are obligate aerobic organisms and thus depend on O2 to grow and compete successfully with neighbouring plants in natural environments. Waterlogging stress is one of the most important factors limiting the planting of mung bean under Ahvaz conditions. Materials and MethodsIn order to study the effects of waterlogging stress on some agronomic and physiological characteristics of two Mung bean cultivars, a pot experiment was conducted as split factorial in a completely randomized block design with three replications in the field. The main plots were different growth stages consisted of vegetative growth stage, the beginning of flowering, grain filling stage, and three growth stages. The combination of stress levels (control and waterlogging stress) and two Mung bean cultivars (Hindi and Omrani) were as subplots. Results and DiscussionWaterlogging was caused to decrease significantly dry matter and grain yield in both cultivars at each growth stages, In Hindi cultivar, the highest grain yield reduction was observed at flowering stage and the least difference was observed in waterlogging stress at all three growth stages. In Omrani cultivar, the highest grain yield reduction was observed in waterlogging stress at all three growth stages, and the least grain yield decrease at flowering stage. Overall, the reductions in dry weight and grain yield were higher in Omrani than Hindi cultivar at three growth stages. Therefore, in stress-prone areas such as Ahvaz where summer plants such as Mung bean are exposed to waterlogging stress at different growth stages, Hindi cultivar is suggested for cultivation. Waterlogging stress did not show a significant effect on grain weight and grain number per pod, but significantly reduced the number of pods per plant. The number of pods per plant was significantly more important in determining yield and had a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.846 **) with grain yield. The reason of difference between two cultivars was the better physiological compatibility of Hindi cultivar under stress conditions, including higher levels of photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments contents. When plants were treated only with waterlogging stress in one growth stage, the Omrani cultivar could compensate some damages due to its indeterminate growth and phenological flexibility, as the period of pod formation was longer in this cultivar. SPAD value had the highest correlation with grain yield (r=0.707**) compared to other photosynthesis-related traits and could be used as a marker trait for selection of tolerant cultivars because of its ease, speed, cheapness and the possibility to measure this trait in the field. ConclusionThe results indicated that mung bean yield decrease in response to waterlogging stress, depending on growth stages, and experimental duration. The reductions in grain yield was impacted by the growth stage subjected to waterlogging stress. Moreover, the Hindi cultivar seems to be more tolerant to waterlogging in Khuzestan region

Investigation of the Growth and Physiological Reactions of Kochia Plant to Simultaneous Stress of Salinity and Cadmium

Mohadeseh Shamsaddin Saied; Nasibeh Pourghasemian

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 459-474

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36646.1967

Abstract

IntroductionNowadayes, due to the increasing use of phosphorus fertilizers in agricultural lands, the salinity of the soil ,along with contamination with heavy elements such as cadmium, ... Read More IntroductionNowadayes, due to the increasing use of phosphorus fertilizers in agricultural lands, the salinity of the soil ,along with contamination with heavy elements such as cadmium, has increased sharply. Plants' response to a particular stress is different from when they experience multiple stresses simultaneously. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the simultaneous effect of salinity and cadmium stresses on morphological and physiological characteristics of Kochia. Materials and MethodsFor this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in the educational-research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Valiasr University of Rafsanjan in 1397/2019. Experimental factors included four different levels of salinity stress (0, 6, 12 and 18 dS/m) and cadmium concentration in soil (0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg soil). The studied traits included dry weight of branches, stems and leaves, RWC, concentration of chlorophyll a, b and a + b, enzymes activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, the concentration of cadmium, iron, zinc, manganese, calcium and magnesium. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that due to increasing salinity to 18 dS/m the dry weight of branches, leaf and stem dry weight and leaf area, RWC, concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids decreased by 56.8, 48.01, 50, 46.09, 21, 53.76, 56.91, 53.75 and 51.21 percent, respectively. By increasing the cadmium concentration to 10 mg/L, the dry weight of lateral branches, leaves, stems and leaf area decreased by 24.32, 31.89, 28.45 and 41.24%, respectively, but the concentration of leaf cadmium compared to the control treatment 1.7 times increased. The activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase enzymes in treatment of 18 dS/m salinity alongside with 10 mg/L cadmium were 1.83, 1.4 and 4.7 times higher than the control treatment, respectively. Leaf iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased by 73.07%, 51.51, 51.8%, 0.17 and 0.26% with increasing salinity stress to 18 dS/m, respectively, and with increasing cadmium concentration to 10 mg/L increased iron concentration by 37.32% and zinc and magnesium concentrations decreased by 28.70 and 0.12%, respectively. The highest dry matter of Koshia in salinity and cadmium stress treatments belonged to the control treatment and the lowest dry matter were obtained from 18 dS / m salinity and 10 mg / kg cadmium in soil. ConclusionThe results of the present study revealed that in Kochia in the presence of cadmium stress, the concentration of cadmium in the leaves and shoots increased and this indicates the potential of this plant for phytoremediation (removal of heavy metals by the plant) from saline soils contaminated with cadmium. Kochia's proper performance in high cadmium accumulation appears to be due to the detoxification of cadmium in cells. The presence of salinity along with cadmium increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which is probably one of the plant's solutions to stress. Decreased nutrients due to increased cadmium and salinity stress can be a reason for reduced yield and lead researchers to the direction that in the face of these stresses, nutrients can be used as fertilizer so that the plant does not suffer from nutrient deficiencies.

Evaluation of Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Response to Different Irrigation Regimes and Spraying of Zn and Mn Nano-Fertilizers

Majid Ghanbari; Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli; Kamran Mansour Ghanaei-Pashaki; Parniyan Talebi-Siah Saran

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 475-488

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33041.1886

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an annual plant belonging to the genus Helianthus and Astraceae (Kazi et al., 2002). Among abiotic stresses, drought stress is ... Read More AbstractIntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an annual plant belonging to the genus Helianthus and Astraceae (Kazi et al., 2002). Among abiotic stresses, drought stress is considered to be the most influential type of stress in the production of oil seeds in the world and can greatly reduce production on many arable lands. One of the primary effects of drought is the reduction of water content of plant tissues (Ghanbari et al., 2016). Nutrient spraying is one of the common methods of supplying nutrients to higher plants, whose efficiency is greater than soil fertilizer use when soil conditions are poor (Hay and Porter, 2006). Mn, as an activating factor in many enzymes, especially the enzymes involved in photosynthetic processes in plants. Manganese deficiency reduces growth, causing necrosis, and early fall of leaves (Tewari et al., 2005). Zn acts as part of the enzyme structure or as a cofactor. It is used to make RNA, DNA metabolism of carbohydrates, oils and proteins (Shahrokhi et al., 2012). To investigate the effect of Zn Nano-fertilizer in combination with Mn Nano-fertilizer on improving sunflower resistance under water deficit conditions by measuring changes in yield, yield components and biochemical properties of sunflower were studied here to see the reults Materials and MethodsThis research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Lahijan Agricultural Jihad Research Farm in 2019. Factorial combinations of four treatments of water deficit stress (15% (un-stressed control), 30% (mild stress), 45% (moderate stress) and 60% (severe stress) of FC depletion) and four spraying (Control (distilled water), Zn, Mn and Zn+Mn Nano-fertilizer) with 4 mg.l-1 concentration were examined. Drip irrigation (T-tape) applied the row length in each experimental plot was 6 m, 50 cm apart. The distance between the plots and between the repetitions was 1 and 3.5 m, respectively. Results and DiscussionThe results revealed that the interaction between irrigation regime and spraying was significant in harvest index, peroxidase, seed protein, seed oil and oil yield; in other traits the main effects were significant. Co-application of Zn and Mn Nano-chelates in panicle and stem diameter, grain yield, photosynthesis rate and protein yield increased by 26.69, 29.77, 34.37, 61.30 and 57.17%, respectively. Spraying of zinc and manganese nano-chelates also improved grain yield and protein yield by 17.86 and 36.68%, respectively, under severe stress conditions. ConclusionIn general, it can be concluded that the application of Zn and Mn Nano-fertilizers is effective in increasing grain yield, protein and oil yield and photosynthesis under stress conditions and it is very effective in resistance to sunflower plant by reducing the activity of stress enzymes and reducing severe yield loss. Finally, co-application of zinc and manganese Nano-fertilizers depending on the stress areas is recommended for optimal performance under drought stress condition.

Comparison of Physiological Indices in Response to Cold Stress in Wild Tomato (Solanum habrochaites) for Screening of Cold Tolerant Lines

Zahra Nemati; seyed hosein nemati; Amin Mirshamsi Kakhki; Jafar Nabati

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 395-406

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31274.1833

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionMany plants grown at low temperature exhibit different adaptation strategies involving physiological, ecological and morphological processes. Solanum lycopersicum ... Read More AbstractIntroductionMany plants grown at low temperature exhibit different adaptation strategies involving physiological, ecological and morphological processes. Solanum lycopersicum L. is affected by cold stress at all stages of growth; however, wild tomato species such as S. habrochaites rapidly improve after exposure to the cold stress through various changes in physiological processes. In this study, the short-term stress method was used for rapid screening and cold tolerance selection of tomato lines instead of long-term stress at 4 °C. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Iran in 2018. Experimental factors included two levels of cold stress (0 and 2 °C) and three tomato lines (LA1777, LA3969 and LA4024). In the study, electrolyte leakage, MDA, anthocyanin, phenol, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH, total soluble carbohydrate content, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II and the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX were measured. Results and DiscussionAccording to the results of this experiment, LA1777 line showed the lowest leaf wilting after exposure to low temperatures. There was a significant difference between these lines in terms of electrolyte leakage. Under cold stress conditions, lowest electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) were obtained from wild line LA1777 that compared to sensitive line LA4024. LA1777 and electrolyte leakage at LA4024 at 0 and 2˚C were 14 and 11% higher than LA1777, respectively. Inhibition of DPPH radical activity of tolerant line LA1777 were higher than sensitive line LA4024 at 0 and 2 °C (43 and 45% respectively). Anthocyanin content of LA1777 and LA3969 lines were 49% higher than LA4024 at 0 °C. Under cold stress, the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX significantly increased in wild line LA1777, indicating better hydrogen peroxide scavenging system. After cold stress, LA1777 and LA3969 had the highest maximum efficiency of photosystem II, respectively, in light-adapted conditions (F'v / F'm), which may be due to higher cell membrane stability. The results showed that instead of long-term cold stress at 4˚C, the short-term stress method can be used for rapid screening of tomato lines for cold tolerance selection. Assessment of physiological parameters such as chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, MDA level, DPPH radical scavenging, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes showed that these indices can be used to detect cold stress and to quantify the stress in tomato lines. ConclusionBased on our data, we conclude that this short-term stress method is a useful method for rapid assessment of tomato chilling tolerance. The physiological parameters used in this study showed adequate difference between tomato lines.

Volume 47 (2024)

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = A: Biotic and Abiotis Stress

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