Plant Productions - Articles List

Evaluating the Effect of Pendimethalin Herbicide Residue on Wheat and Barely

Taj Mohammad Khajavi; Zeinab Avarseji; Ebrahim Gholam Alipour Alamdari; Abbas Biabani

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 483-494

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.25477.1589

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Nowadays, herbicides are crucial for modern agricultural systems. Yet, improper application of herbicides will have dangerous consequences. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Nowadays, herbicides are crucial for modern agricultural systems. Yet, improper application of herbicides will have dangerous consequences. For example, there will be crop damage due to long lasting herbicide residue or herbicide drift on neighbor crops if applied on non-target species. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the sensitivity of wheat and barley to pendimethalin residue by using bioassay. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate soil residue of pendimethalin, experiments with completely randomized designs were carried out in the greenhouse at Faculty of Agricluture and Natural Resources of Gonbad Kavous University. In this experiments, different doses of pendimethalin (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75 and 100 % of recommended dose) were applied on wheat and barley in order to measure the dry weight of root and shoot of crops. The concentration of herbicides was made by dilution of stock solvent. Three/four-parameter log-logistic curves were used for fitness of the data. Results Results indicated that almost all data followed the three-parameter logarithm logistic curve. Results of separate fitness of data showed that the residue of pendimethalin always caused reduction of dry weight of the evaluated crops. Fifty percent reduction of shoot dry weight of wheat and barley was obtained from 400.5 and 623.05 g.a.i.ha-1 of pendimethalin and the ED50 values of root dry weight of wheat and barley were 65.88 and 269.66 g.a.i.ha-1 of pendimethalin, respectively. Discussion Generally, the results of simultaneously fitted data shows that wheat is always more sensitive to pendimethalin rather than barley. Based on results, even the very little portion of herbicides can cause damage to crops, thus, considering the sensitive crop in rotation is so important since this residue can stay active even in two-season crops and make crop injuries. The selection between 3 and 4 Logarithm logistic model was based on: 1. Lack of fit test significance 2. Significance of estimated parameters, especially the parameters and the way of distribution of data around the curve (graphical observation).

Comparison of Carbohydrates and Delta12 and delta15 Genes Expression in Tetra and Hexa Ploid Wheat under Cold Acclimation and Cold Stress

Leila Nejadsadeghi; Reza Maali-Amiri; Hasan Zinali khangah

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 387-400

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22457.1481

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Plant cells often increase cold tolerance by reprogramming their genes expression, which results in adjusted metabolic alternations, a process ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Plant cells often increase cold tolerance by reprogramming their genes expression, which results in adjusted metabolic alternations, a process enhanced under cold acclimation (CA). In this study, responses of Carbohydrate alteration and delta12 and delta15 genes expression to cold stress (CS) phases were comparatively studied in three genotypes of bread and durum wheat differing in sensitivity. Two of them (Norstar, bread wheat and Gerdish, durum wheat) were tolerant to CS and the other one, SRN (durum wheat) was sensitive to CS. Materials and Methods Seeds of Norstar (hexaploid, bread wheat) and the two genotypes of Gerdish and SRN (tetraploid, durum wheat) provided by Dryland Agriculture Research Institute (DARI) of Iran were soaked in distilled water and then germinated in Petri dishes on filter paper for 72 h at 25 C in a thermostat. Subsequently, the seedlings were planted in pots. The cooling regime adopted in our experiments allowed us to differentiate the examined genotypes in terms of their tolerance to CS. In our experiment, the plants were moved from control conditions immediately into the acclimated temperature of 4–5 ºC for 14 days with the same photoperiod and irradiance. Leaf samples of genotypes were harvested and analyzed after 14 days under these conditions. After 14 days of CA, the plants were placed into a climatic chamber chilled preliminary to 0 ºC. During further treatments, the temperature was lowered gradually to -5 C (at the rate of 0.5 ºC min-1 ), and the plants were incubated at this temperature for 12 and 24 h. Total cellular RNA was extracted by Biozol method (Fersion Pooyesh, Tehran, Iran) using 80 mg FM leaflets. Applying fermentase reverse transcriptase enzyme instruction, the first strand of cDNA was produced after DNase treatment. Primers were designed using primer 3 to obtain 18–21 bp length. Carbohydrate extraction and determining the carbohydrate concentration were done by 80% ethanol and the AOAC method, respectively. Results These responses confirmed the existence of a wide range of genetic capacity in durum wheat to increase cold tolerance particularly in Gerdish. The findings of the present study showed that under experimental treatments, the carbohydrate content significantly changed so that cold stress in acclimated plants increased sucrose, glucose and fructose contents particularly in Norstar and Gerdish as compared to the SRN plants. Increasing expression of delta12 and delta15 genes under cold stress in Norstar and SRN genotypes in comparison with SRN indicates the capacity of cells in increasing cold stress. Discussion The results may be a sign for associating other metabolite or enzyme activities to create relative tolerance against cold-induced oxidative stress. Also, these responses showed high genetic diversity for cold tolerance in durum. Eventually, assessing the dynamics of cell responses after CS without CA phases could profitably be a novel path in plant stress response investigations in the short run.

Effect of Plant Density on Some Physiological and Phenological Indices of Oat (Avena sativa L.) Genotypes in Climatic Conditions of Ahvaz

Maryam Dolatabadi; Payman Hassibi; Habibolah Roshanfekr Dezfuli; Behzad Sorkhi

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 415-428

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24683.1561

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives This study aimed at determining growth indices and temperature requirements at different stages of plant growth in order to optimize the ecology ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives This study aimed at determining growth indices and temperature requirements at different stages of plant growth in order to optimize the ecology of plants to increase yield due to the availability of appropriate access to many agro technological issues, including appropriate planting dates, timely irrigation, appropriate time of harvesting, proper time to control the pests and diseases, the selection the appropriate cultivars, and achieving the highest yield of crops. The study also aimed at determining the growth indices and the growth rate of oat based on the BBCH scale. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during 2013-2014 growing season. Five oat genotypes (V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5) were grown under three different planting densities (including 300, 400, and 500 plants.m-2) using factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Growing Degree Days (GDD) of the different growing stages, according to the BBCH scale, and the daily temperature were calculated. Several physiological traits such as CGR, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), SPAD value and total dry matter yield were evaluated. Results The treatments had different effects on growth indices and physiological traits such as plant growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilasion rate (NAR), leaf chlorophyll content, chlorophyll meter number, and dry matter yield. The results of the mean comparison showed that V2 had the highest level of NAR, RGR, CGR and TDW among oat genotypes, with an average of 1.40 g.m-2.day-1, 0.0015 g. g-1.da, 6.34 g.m-2.day and 39.87 g.m-2.day respectively, at a density of 300 plants / m2. In contrast, V1 had the lowest total dry matter yield with an average of 22.95 g.m-2 day. Among the genotypes, V2 had the lowest growth period with a density of 300 plants.m-2 with an average of 162 days of planting and 1899 days of growth (GDD in degrees C) and V4 had the highest growth period among the studied genotypes at a density of 500 plants.m-2 with the average of 175 days of sowing and 2178 days of growth. Discussion Reducing CGR at high densities can result in reduced photosynthetic energy in the growth of organs, or increased respiration or poor nutritional transmission of the growth of leaves from the root (Moradpour et al. 2013). Because of the decreasing RGR trend and the increasing density, dry matter accumulation was mainly attributed to undifferentiated tissues, as well as the shading of leaves on each other. Moreover, the increase in the age of the leaves can be considered effective in this decrease. Reductions in NAR during the increase in density can be attributed to the rapid addition of assimilates to seeds and the aging of the leaves. Considering the results of this research, it is suggested that using a GDD scale can lead to better at the growing season by estimating the time table as well as the time of phenological stages of oat in order to manage agricultural production, and therefore to determine the necessary conditions for plant growth.

Estimation of Yield Gap of Rice by Comparative Performance Analysis (CPA) in Amol and Rasht Regions

Ebrahim Habib; Yosoof Niknezhad; Hormoz Fallah; Salman Dastan; Davood Barari Tari

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 551-562

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26083.1607

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of more than half of the world’s population and has an important role in feeding, income and ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of more than half of the world’s population and has an important role in feeding, income and job creation in the world, especially Iran. Yield gap analysis provides little estimation of increased production capacity which is an important component in designing food-providing strategy in regional, national and global scales. The existing heated discussions regarding food security have increased the number of necessary studies that estimate the quantity of yield gap and the reasons behind it through appropriate statistical methods in Iran and the rest of the world. It seems that by defining the effectiveness of each management parameter regarding the amount of presented yield gap and, consequently, the farmer’s knowledge on that matter the distance between actual yield and attainable yield can be reduced. In this research, estimation of potential yield, yield gap, and determining yield restricting factors and each of their portions in creating rice yield gap have been investigated. Materials and Methods Research was done in 100 paddy fields in Amol and Rasht regions in 2016 and 2017. All managerial practices from nursery preparation to harvest for local rice cultivars were recorded through fields monitoring. Field selection was done in a way that included all main production procedures with variation in management viewpoint. To define yield model, the relationship between all measured variables and the final model was designed by controlled trial and error method, which could quantify the effect of yield limitations. The average yield was calculated by placing the observed average variables (Xs) in the fields under study in the yield model. Thereafter, by putting the best observed value of the variables in the yield model the maximum obtainable yield was calculated. The difference between these two has been considered yield gap. Different procedures of the software SAS version 9.1 were used for analysis. Results Data analysis revealed that from 155 variables under study, the final model in Amol and Rasht regions with seven and six independent variables was chosen. In Amol yield model, maximum and average yield were 4798 and 6505 kg ha-1, respectively that estimated yield gap was 1707 kg ha-1. In Rasht yield model, maximum and average yield were 4443 and 6377 kg ha-1, respectively, which estimated that yield gap was 1934 kg ha-1. In Amol region, the amount of increased yield related to transplanting date, top-dressing and nitrogen after flowering variable was 364, 292 and 416 kg ha-1 which equals to 21, 17 and 24 percent of total yield increase. In Rasht region, the yield increase related to the effect of potassium and nitrogen before transplanting, and N after flowering was 644, 325 and 730 kg ha-1 which equals to 33, 17 and 38 percent. Discussion According to the findings, we suggest that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimating the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each constraints yield variables. Furthermore, considering the fact that the calculated yield potential is reached through actual data in each paddy field, it is suggested that this yield potential is attainable.

Identification of resistant Avena ludoviciana Dur Accessions to ACCase Inhibitor Herbicides in Gonbad-E Kavus Wheat Fields and Mapping Their Distribution

S. Tatari; J. Gherekhloo; A. Siahmarguee; H. Kazemi

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 103-116

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.21015.1439

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Wheat is the most important crop in Iran and every year about 6.5 million ha of arable lands in the country is cultivated by this strategic crop. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Wheat is the most important crop in Iran and every year about 6.5 million ha of arable lands in the country is cultivated by this strategic crop. Weeds cause 23 to 30% reduction in yield of wheat annually. Winter wild oat is the most serious grass weed of wheat fields of Iran. Chemical method is the common way to weed control in wheat fields. ACCase inhibitors such as clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl and Fenoxaprop-P ethyl + Mefen pair di ethyl are widely used for control of grasses in this regard. Continuous application of herbicides with the same mode of action has resulted in developing herbicide resistant biotypes of weeds such as Avena ludoviciana. The objectives of the current study were: 1) to screen the collected accession of A. ludoviciana suspected to resistance to FOP herbicides, 2) to determine the resistance factor of resistant biotypes and 3) mapping distribution of resistant biotypes. Materials and Methods In order to survey Avena ludoviciana resistance to clodinafop-propargy, diclofop-methyl and Fenoxaprop-P ethyl+ Mefen pair di ethyl herbicides in wheat fields of Gonbad-e Kavus, several experiments were conducted in 2014 at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. (115 populations). The seed bioassay in Petri dish and pot experiment was conducted to determine resistance to acetyl coenzyme Acaboxylase inhibitors (ACCase), respectively. The seed bioassay experiment consisted of screening the suspected populations with discriminating concentration and concentration-response bioassay for resistant populations. Results In 48, 27 and 21 populations of A. ludoviciana were resistant to clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl and Fenoxaprop-P ethyl + Mefen pair di ethyl herbicides. Resistance accessions indicated varying degrees of resistance to tested herbicides. Based on EC50, the lowest and highest resistance to Clodinafop-propargyl herbicide was shown in Accessions of 74 and 6 with resistance factors of 1.99 and 31.42, respectively. Also for Diclofop- methyl herbicide, EC50 values from 2.88 for accession of 103 (with 1.34 resistanc factor) to 16.02 for accession of 91 (with 7.45 resistance factor) were different. In addition, EC50 estimatedfor Fenoxaprop-P ethyl + Mefen pair di ethyl herbicide was different from 0.124 to 0.86 for 20 and 6 accessions, respectively. Checking the distribution map of resistance accessions showed these accessions had uniform distribution in this city. Discussion Based on these observations, the existence of cross-resistance to herbicides was proved in some of the collected accessions. The results of this study can be used to correct programs designed to manage weeds herbicide resistance and prevent of the development of the plants in other areas.

Genetic Analysis of Grain Yield, Grain Yield Components and some Phonological Traits of Triticale Genotypes.

a Naderi

Volume 39, Issue 3 , December 2016, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12060

Abstract

Background and Objectives Triticale is a crop species resulting from a plant breeder's cross between wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale). Plant breeders originally wanted to include the ... Read More Background and Objectives Triticale is a crop species resulting from a plant breeder's cross between wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale). Plant breeders originally wanted to include the combination of grain quality, productivity, and disease resistance of wheat with the vigor and hardness of rye. Triticale is mainly introduced as a crop which is more adapted under low-potential condition than the wheat and other small cereals. Triticale could be used as a feed grain. As a feed grain, triticale is already well established and of high economic importance. The aim of a triticale breeding program is mainly focused on the improvement of quantitative traits, such as grain yield, nutritional quality and plant height, as well as traits which are more difficult to improve, such as earlier maturity and improved test weight. In order to study the relationship between grain yield and its related traits and to select high yielding lines of triticale, this research was carried-out in a low-potential condition. Material and Methods This research was conducted in Ahvaz Agricultural Research station during 2013-2014 cropping season, with 36 lines, using α-lattice design with two replications. Fertilizers were used based on soil test results. Each line was planted in six 6-meter rows with 0.2 meter spacing in Nov.8 and irrigation was done immediately. Days from germination to heading, physiological maturity and ripening stages, and grain yield and its components were determined. Genetic variation coefficient was calculated based on GC={[(Vg-Ve)/r]/M}×100, equation in which GC, Vg, Ve, r and M are genetic variation coefficient, phenotype variance, variance of error, replication and mean trait, respectively. Data were analyzed using MSTATC software. Results Results indicated that genotypes were significantly different for all traits. Ranges of days from germination to ear emergence and physiological maturity were 89-103 and 129-141 respectively. T he highest grain yield (4790 Kg.ha-1) and grain crop growth rate (14.1 g.m-2.day-1) was belonged to line No.29. The highest genetic variation coefficients were obtained from days from germination to ear emergence (43.6%) and biological yield (36.4%). Range of mean grain yield was 1898-4652 Kg/ha and lines No,:5, 8, 15, 17, 20, 22, 23, 26 and 29 with grain yields 4494, 3748, 3820, 3777, 3757, 3717, 4007, 3780 and 4651 Kg.ha-1 respectively, were selected for advanced trails. Discussions Regarding high similarity among grain yields with both grain growth rate (95%) and biological yield (86%) in cluster analysis and high genetic variation of the mentioned traits, the lines with both high biological yielding and grain growth rate were evaluated as the optimum genetic sources for breeding programs of triticale. Lines with both traits have capability to accumulate high amount of dry matter and to allocate a large proportion of this dry matter to grains.

Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Yield and Yield Components of Corn Hybrid (540) under Water Stress Condition

Seyed Mohamad Reza Ehteshami; mehdi Ramezani

Volume 39, Issue 3 , December 2016, , Pages 51-64

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12049

Abstract

Background and Objectives Maize is the most important grain crop that has great economic importance and is grown worldwide. The largest areas under maize in Iran are in the regions ... Read More Background and Objectives Maize is the most important grain crop that has great economic importance and is grown worldwide. The largest areas under maize in Iran are in the regions with semidry and dry climates. Bio-fertilizers differ from chemical and organic fertilizers in the sense that they are cultures of special bacteria which do not directly supply any nutrients to crops. The phenomena of fixation and precipitation of P in soil caused a low efficiency of soluble P fertilizers such as superphosphate. The studies on the application of biofertilizers as replacements or supplements to mineral nutrients in the crop production show economic and ecological justification of their broad practical application and commercialisation of biofertilizers. Given the importance of water and fertilizer in agriculture, research leading to improvements in water efficiency and the use of chemical fertilizers is essential. Material and Methods In order to investigate the effect of growth promoting bacteria and different levels of phosphorus chemical fertilizer on grain yield and yield components of corn hybrid (540) under humidity different regimes, an experiment was conducted as Line source based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural Education Center of Shahid Naseri in Karaj during 2012 and 2013. Line source was applied to four levels of irrigation (not stress, mild stress, moderate stress, severe stress). Phosphorus factor was in five levels including the application of 100% triple super phosphate fertilizer and without biofertilizer, 75% recommended chemical fertilizers with biofertilizer, 50% recommended chemical fertilizers with biofertilizer, 25% recommended chemical fertilizers with biofertilizer, biofertilizer and without chemical fertilizers, too. Results The results of the experiment showed the significant effect of fertilizer treatments on all traits both in the first and second years. In comparison, the effect of different levels of phosphorus fertilizers was investigated by the application of 100% phosphorus fertilizer and without inoculation it had the highest grain yield under non-stress conditions, while with increasing of stress intensity, grain yield in 75% recommended chemical fertilizers with biofertilizer treatment under mild stress, moderate stress and severe stress conditions was 2.1%, 5.5% and 35.8 % higher than the same treatment in similar circumstances, respectively. Discussions The result of the experiment showed that the use of plant growth promoting bacteria with a good percentage of the phosphorus chemical fertilizer, while increasing the efficiency of chemical fertilizers and soil conservation, improved grain yield under water stress conditions. The positive effect of bio-fertilizer may also be due to optimum soil pH which facilities maximum utilization of applied micronutrients to crops. Also, use of Biosuper biofertilizer had positive effects on all traits.

Effect of Potassium Supply on the Activity of Some Antioxidant Enzymes of Two Durum Wheat Cultivars under Salt Stress

S.M. Alavi matin; A. Rahnama; M. Meskarbashee

Volume 38, Issue 4 , March 2016, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.11828

Abstract

Abstract Potassium plays an important role in improving plant tolerance to a biotic stresses such as salt stress. In order to evaluate the effect of potassium on alleviating the adverse ... Read More

The effect of potassium on cadmium distribution and accumulation in differen t organs of durum wheat

S. Larki; A. Rahnama; A. Aynehband

Volume 38, Issue 3 , December 2015, , Pages 79-92

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11455

Abstract

Understanding of the mechanisms affecting root uptake, transport and grain deposition of cadmium can successfully improve the success of breeding programs aiming to produce low cadmium ... Read More

Effect of plant-derived smoke extrat on some under- ground and above-ground traits of winter wheat

S.S. Moosavi; M.R. Abdollahi; H. Mazahery laghb; B. Mehrshad

Volume 37, Issue 1 , June 2014, , Pages 81-92

Abstract

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of plant-derived smoke extract on some under-ground and above-ground traits of two winter cultivars of wheat (Pishgam and Navid) ... Read More

Effect of putresine and nutrients foliar application on some physiological characters of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) bread cultivars in Ahvaz

M.S. Emadi; P. Hassibi; A.R. Azimi

Volume 37, Issue 4 , March 2014, , Pages 107-118

Abstract

To study the effect of putresine and some essential nutrients foliar application on yield and physiological characters of wheat, an experiment was conducted during 2010-2011 growing ... Read More

Responses of bread wheat genotypes to heat stress during grain filling period under Ahvaz conditions

M. Mojtabaie Zamani; M. Nabipour; M. Meskarbashee

Volume 37, Issue 4 , March 2014, , Pages 119-130

Abstract

In order to study the effect of heat stress during grain filling period on yield, yield components, grain filling rate and duration, a field experiment was carried out during 2010-2011 ... Read More

Effect of integrated nutrient management and weed competition on efficiency and potential of accumulation and remobilization of dry matter in wheat main stem internodes

S. Ghalambaz; A. Aynehband; A. Moezzi

Volume 37, Issue 4 , March 2014, , Pages 131-144

Abstract

In order to study the effect of integrated chemical and biological fertilizer in competition with weeds on accumulation and remobilization of dry matter, a field study was conducted ... Read More

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = A: Cereals

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