Plant Productions - Articles List

Anatomical Changes in Root and Aerial Organs of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Yaghooti) Affected by Salinity

Maryam Keshavarzi; Mahmood Esna-Ashari

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 169-180

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.39886.2009

Abstract

IntroductionGrape is one of the most important horticultural crops and economically produced in world and Iran which is cultivated in a wide range of climatic conditions. Duo to the ... Read More IntroductionGrape is one of the most important horticultural crops and economically produced in world and Iran which is cultivated in a wide range of climatic conditions. Duo to the difficulties of cultivating grape is its relatively sensitive to salinity stress. Salinity can cause significant anatomical changes in the internal tissues of plant organs. The effect of using low-quality water on the anatomical structure of grapevine organs has not yet been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the structural behavior of roots, stems, leaves, petioles, and main veins of grape leaves in Yaghooti cultivar under progressive salt stress. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications during two consecutive years 2020-2021. Salinity treatment at four levels, including zero (control), 25, 50, and 100 mM NaCl on one year old rooted cuttings under greenhouse conditions. Plant various organs consisting of roots, stems, leaves, petioles, and main veins were microscopically investigated through the conventional methods of sampling, fixing, sectioning and staining. Results and DiscussionIn the stem, the epiderm thickness increased until 50 mM level, and decreased in 100 mM level. In 100 mM, sclerenchyma thickness, pith diameter, and vascular bundles number increased, while collenchymas thickness, cambium, phloem, metaxylem, protoxylem, and stem cortex decreased. In the root, cortex thickness reduced, but the vascular bundles’ thickness, their number, as well as pith and vascular cylinder diameters increased, and more periderm thickness as well as the centralization of xylem vessels toward pith tissue were observed. In the petiole, in 100 mM level, an increase in sclerenchyma thickness and vascular bundles number was observed along with a decrease in phloem thickness, cambium, metaxylem, protoxylem, and cortex. In the leaf and main vein, palisad parenchymal cells became smaller and denser with an increase in their number; furthermore, a decrease in spongy parenchymal cells thickness along with the increase of their intercellular space and the increase of epiderm thickness were observed. In addition, vascular bundles number, sclerenchyma thickness, and pith diameter increased, while the decrease of vascular bundles’ thickness and collenchymas thickness was found in the main vein. Moreover, a large number of salt crystals were observed in all the plant organs, especially in the roots. ConclusionOverall, the results of this study revealed that salinity stress caused changes in the anatomical structure of roots and various aerial organs in Yaghooti grapevine saplings. It appears that at a stress of 100 mM salinity, the increase of epiderm and sclerenchyma thickness in the aerial organs contributed to preventing transpiration and preserving water content. Besides, periderm thickness at the root as a physical barrier to further absorption, transport of soluble substances, and protection of vascular cylinders helped the plant to tolerate salinity conditions. In addition, a large number of vascular bundles were involved in the secondary uptake of salt in the surrounding parenchymal cells. Therefore, most of the anatomical changes in the studied organs can be considered as a kind of adaptation to increase the chances of the plant survival against salinity.

The Effect of Volck Mineral Oil Spraying on Flowering and Biochemical Characteristics of Two Olive Cultivars under Ahvaz Condition

Sara Davoodi; Shohreh Zivdar; Esmaeil Khaleghi

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 41-52

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.34536.1933

Abstract

IntroductionOlive (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen tree and one of the most important products of the horticultural section in Iran due to high nutritional value of its oil and fruits. ... Read More IntroductionOlive (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen tree and one of the most important products of the horticultural section in Iran due to high nutritional value of its oil and fruits. Adaptation of olive cultivars to the climatic conditions of different regions are not the same. The results of studies showed that special cultivars are recommended for each region. In tropical and subtropical climates with mild winter such as Ahvaz, the chilling requirement of olive trees is not completed. This condition has led to poor and insufficient flowering in some olive cultivars. Mineral oils, including volck oil are one of the most beneficial treatments to complete chilling requirement and bud break in fruit trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of two olive cultivars (Manzanilla and khaziri) to the application of volck mineral oil and studying their flowering and biochemical characteristics in Ahvaz condition. Materials and MethodsIn this experiment, the effect of volck mineral oil spraying [control (water spray), 1, 3, 5 %] on two olive cultivars were investigated. The experimental design was split plot arranged in complete block design with four replications. Measured traits included flowering characteristics such as the number of inflorescences in the branch, flowers in inflorescence, complete flowers, flowering days after treatments, percentage of flower fall, fresh and dry weight of flower and inflorescence. Biochemical properties such as bud carbohydrates and ABA, leaf proline and chlorophyll were measured. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that foliar application of 3 and 5 % volck oil caused flowering (31.8 and 28.7 days after treatment, respectively) in Manzanilla cultivar. Bud carbohydrate content increased significantly after tree spraying with volck oil in all of three concentrations. The highest content of bud carbohydrates (78.68 mg/g) was obtained in khaziri when treated with 3% volck oil. The use of volck oil was effective in increasing the ABA concentration in Manzanilla cultivar and its effect was as 3 and 5% volck oil (83.1 and 105.4 µg/g, respectively). The amount of proline in both cultivars increased until 60 days after applying three concentrations of volck oil. The levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll increased until 30 days after treatment and then were decreased. Volck oil (3%) can be used for flowering of Manzanilla cultivar in climatic conditions of Ahvaz. Based on the obtained results, it seems that the effect of volck oil on flowering and biochemical traits depends on the type and concentration of mineral oil and type of the cultivar. In the present study, flowering occurred when Manzanilla cultivar treated with mineral volck oil (3 and 5%) and the flowering traits were improved at 3% oil more than other treatments. ConclusionAccording to the obtained results, olive cultivars show different reactions to the use of Volck oil, and Volck oil with a concentration of 3% can be used for the flowering of Manzanilla cultivar in the weather conditions of Ahvaz.

Investigation of Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Drought and Salinity Stress Resistance Index in Pistachio Rootstocks Coexisted with Mycorrhiza Arbuscular

Masoud Fattahi; abdolrahman Mohammadkhani; Behroz Shiran; Bahram Baninasab; Rudabeh Ravash

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 587-600

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33219.1894

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionEnvironmental stresses are serious threats to agricultural production. Abiotic stress too is a serious threat to agricultural products. Pistachio is one of ... Read More AbstractIntroductionEnvironmental stresses are serious threats to agricultural production. Abiotic stress too is a serious threat to agricultural products. Pistachio is one of the most important agricultural products in Iran and United States and is grown in other countries as well. Pistachio has good yields in rain fed condition and increases the flush and quality of yield by irrigation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among the most useful microorganisms in soil, and most plants can become symbiotic with mycorrhiza, that help improve nutritional conditions and other functions such as photosynthesis and osmotic regulation under stress conditions. Materials and MethodsAMF, (Funneliformis mosseae) were grown using corn (Zea mays). Four pistachio rootstocks in symbiosis with mycorrhiza were subjected to drought and salinity stress in two separate experiments. Plants were divided randomly into three treatments (three replications and 6 plants per treatment), Treatments included drought, salinity, mycorrhiza and rootstock (In Shahrekord University 32 °21 N 50° 49 E, 2017-18). At the end of the experiment, the plants were harvested. Then all parts of the plant, including roots, shoots and leaves, were separated and weighted. The amount of phosphorus was measured using a spectrophotometer (UV-Vis Spectrometer) at a wavelength of 470 nm (Olsen et al., 1954). Data were evaluated by Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS 25.0.0. Results and DiscussionThe rootstock biomass in this experiment were influenced by different treatments (mycorrhiza, rootstock type and stress). P content of both leaves and root tissues of pistachio rootstocks was affected by both drought and salinity stress (Not shown in the data). Mycorrhiza increased root, stem and leaf fresh weight under drought and salinity stress and leaf area ratio and specific leaf area under salinity stress. Mycorrhiza-inoculated plants had lower phosphorus use efficiency and more tolerance to drought and salinity stresses. Growth indices and phosphorus use efficiency of root, leaf and total, decreased under both drought and salinity stresses. The Sarakhs rootstock was more salinity-sensitive than other rootstocks. In this research, pistachio rootstocks showed differences in biomass and biomass reduced under salinity and drought stress. Biomass reductions under abiotic stress (drought and salinity stress) conditions in previous studies on almond, peaches, olives, apple and pistachio fruit trees are also reported here. Biomass was higher in +M rootstocks, which could have been due to effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis on P absorption. The difference between rootstocks is related to rootstock absorption capacitywhich has to do with root condition. Therefore, rootstocks with better roots growth may develope root survival under stress condition. They can also be better in mineral uptake and more tolerant to stress statue, because the ability of plants to withstand stresses depends to a large extent on roots. ConclusionThe use of beneficial soil microorganisms is one of the best strategies contributing to sustainable agriculture and the environment. Among the most beneficial soil microorganisms with which plants may establish a symbiotic relationship are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF can improve soil physicochemical properties that generate plant growth and elevate the status of plants in terms of water and mineral nutrition, leading to improved plant growth maintenance. Based on these findings, AMF in symbiosis with pistachio rootstocks helped increase drought and salinity stress tolerance.

Effect of Different Media and Growth Regulators on Micropropagation of GF677

Mohammad Gerdakaneh; Hedieh Badakhshan; Maryam Mohamadi; Issa Arji

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 241-254

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27439.1667

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives GF677 is a widely used rootstock for peach, nectarine and almond. It is vigourous and adapts well to limestone soils and drought. Due to low ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives GF677 is a widely used rootstock for peach, nectarine and almond. It is vigourous and adapts well to limestone soils and drought. Due to low efficiency of propagation trough cutting, tissue culture is a good and fast method for propagation of disease-free plants of GF677. In vitro multiplication efficiency in GF677 is widely dependent on the type of culture medium and growth regulators. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the conditions required to optimize micropropagation methods for GF677 rootstock from nodal explants. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted during 2015 at the laboratory of plant tissue culture at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Kermanshah, using a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Sterile nodal explants were cultured onto different media of MS, WPM and B5 supplemented with benzyl adenine (BA) at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L. Elongated shoots of GF677 were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l IBA and 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/l BA for rooting. Factorial analysis of variance was carried out and differences between means were scored with LSD tests. Results The effect of different culture media (MS, B5 and WPM) and plant growth regulators (BA and IBA) on a number of shoots per proliferated explant of GF677 proved that the highest rate of adventitious shoot initiation, percentage of egeneration, shoot length and diameter, number and length of nodal, leaf number and multiplication was obtained in MS medium containing 1 mg/l BA + 0.5 mg/l IBA. Cytokinin stimulates the initiation and activity of axillary meristems, which result in shoot formation. This study showed that the number of shoots increased as concentration of BA increased to a certain amount. As concentration of BA increased to 1 mg/l, the number of shoots increased, too. It seems that there is a positive correlation between concentration of BA and the number of shoots to a certain concentration of BA. At concentrations higher than 1 mg/l BA the number of shoots increased. One of the possible reasons can be the reductive effect of higher concentrations of BA. Apparently, a certain amount of BA is required to obtain the best effect. Higher concentrations of BA cause formation of high amount of callus, which is not appropriate in tissue culture. The results of this experiment confirmed the positive influence of the growth regulator on the number of roots per shootlet. Among the various plant growth regulators used, the highest rate of rooting (33%) and the number of roots per shootlet (1.62) were obtained on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l IBA and 0.5 mg/l BA. The concentration of auxin during rooting period strongly influenced the quality of root system during the rooting period. Rooted plants were transferred to a combination of terrestrial environments, including perlite, sand and soil in the ratio of 1: 2: 1, respectively. Among rooted plantlets that were acclimatized and transferred to the potting mix successfully, 90% survived and grew naturally after strengthening and transferring to the soil. Discussion The shoot multiplications are influenced by the media and growth regulators. The MS medium gave the best results for the proliferation of cultures from explant among the tested media (MS, B5 and WPM). Growth regulators compounds have significant effects on different traits and these changes depend on type and concentration of hormone. Both cytokinin and auxins are important in micropropagation for GF677 rootstock.

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Effect of Salicylic Acid on the Quality Characteristics of Apple Fruit (Golden Delicious and Red Delicious) During Storage Period

Zahra Sedaghati; Fatemeh Nazoori; Seyed Hossein Mirdehghan

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 39-52

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24821.1577

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Apple has a long-term supply throughout the year because of its high storage capacity. Sometimes keeping this fruit in the cold storage room ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Apple has a long-term supply throughout the year because of its high storage capacity. Sometimes keeping this fruit in the cold storage room for a long time reduces the quality and marketability, thus making it unattractive for consumers. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural compounds to maintain fruit quality and extend its shelf life. Salicylic acid (SA), a widely distributed compound in plants, belongs to a group of phenolic compounds. It could be considered an endogenous plant growth regulator involved in the regulation of physiological processes and disease resistance mechanisms. Materials and Methods To solve this problem, the effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid on the storage of golden and red delicious apple fruits was examined at harvest, 45, 90, 135 and 180 days after storage. Treatments included no washing, distilled water, and salicylic acid 1, 2, and 3 mM for half and 1 hours in cold storage room at 1 ± 2° C. At the end of each storage period, traits such as fruit firmness, vitamin C, TSS/TA, phenol, mealy fruit, flavor (panel test), chilling index and antioxidant capacity were evaluated in three storage periods (0, 90 and 180 days after storage). A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was conducted. In both cultivars, harvest index coincided with 170 days after full bloom. Results Results showed that chilling injury, mealy and fruit ripening reduced by salicylic acid treatment and flavor maintained. Antioxidant capacity and phenol content increased by salicylic acid treatment during the storage, but no effect on vitamin C and fruit firmness was observed. During storage, maximum of chilling injury and flavor was related to yellow apple fruit and the maximum of tissue and skin firmness, vitamin C and antioxidant activity belonged to red apple cultivar. The use of 2 mM salicylic acid for half an hour was more effective than other treatments in preserving the quality and storage of fruit of both cultivars. Discussion The results of this study showed that at the end of the storage period the amount of mealy fruit and flavor increased, while skin and tissue firmness decreased significantly. The effects of salicylic acid include a decrease in mealy fruit and chilling injury, as well as an increase in phenolic compounds and maintenance of the antioxidant activity, flavor and TSS/TA, which ultimately increased shelf life of apple fruits. High quality and storage capacity were related to red rather than yellow apple.

Effect of Pomegranate Peel Extract, Rosmarinus and Artemisia Essential Oils on Vase Life of Cut Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium R.)

Masoumeh Ebrahimipour Bafghi; Maryam Dehestani-Ardakani; Jalal Gholamnezhad

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 129-143

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.25748.1596

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium R.) is one of the most popular cut flowers in the world. Stem end blockage and water stress are two ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium R.) is one of the most popular cut flowers in the world. Stem end blockage and water stress are two problems in shortening the vase life of cut Chrysanthemum. Essential oils are noble alternative substitutes for silver and chemical compounds because of their antimicrobial activities and environmentally friendly nature of the extracts. A pomegranate peel extract (PGE) was evaluated as a natural antifungal preparation for the control of postharvest rots. Materials and Methods This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pomegranatepeelextract of three cultivars (‘Shahvar dane sefid’, ‘Rabab dane ghermez’ and ‘Malas Poost Siah Yazdi’) in four concentration of 0, 15, 25 and 50 mg/l and Rosmarinous and Artemisia essential oils in four concentrations of 0, 25, 50 and 75 mg/l on vase life of cut chrysanthemum in a completely randomize design (CRD). Evaluated characteristics were consisted of vase life, stem end bacteria, petals water content, fresh weight loss, electrolyte leakage, protein content and peroxidase enzyme activity. Results According to the results, flowers treated by 15 mg/l pomogrante peel extract of ‘Shahvar dane sefid’ showed the highest effect on vase life of chrysanthemum with 34.10% higher than control. The lowest population of bacterial in stem end of flowers was obtqined by 25 mg/l Rosmarinus essential oil with 70.14% lower than control. By increasing the extract and essential oils concentrations, bacterial population in stem end of cut flower significantly increased, while peroxidase activity significantly decreased. The lowest fresh weight loss was observed in stems treated with 75 mg/l pomegranate peel extract of ‘Shahvar dane sefid’, 15 mg/l Pomogrante Peel Extract of ‘Rabab Daneh Ghermez’, 25 mg/l Artemissia essential oil and 25 and 50 mg/l Rosmarinous essential oil. The highest petals water content (75.66%) was obtained in 75 mg/l Rosmarinus essential oil. The lowest petals water content (44.66%) was obtained in 75 mg/l Artemisia essential oil. The lowest electrolyte leakage was observed in cut stem floweres that were treated by 15 and 25 mg/l pomegranate peel extract cv.’Malas Poost Siah Yazdi’. Discussion Generally, compared to control, all treatments were able to extend vase life and decrease fresh weight and microbial stem end of cut flowers. Also, among three pomegranate peel extracts, extracts of cv. ‘Shahvar dane sefid’ showed the highest effect on extending vase life, decreasing the fresh weight, electrolyte leakage and stem end bacteria, and thus, recommended for extending the vase life of cut flowers.

The Effect of Pollen Type of Some Walnut Genotypes on Fruit Set, and Fruit Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of MSG15, MKG23 and MKG24 as Seed Parents

Mousa Rasouli; Bahman Ershadi; Rouhollah Karimi

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 307-320

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22840.1498

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives To achieve optimal fruit set, economic productivity and targeted crossings in seedlings and grafted walnut orchards, the flowering time of ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives To achieve optimal fruit set, economic productivity and targeted crossings in seedlings and grafted walnut orchards, the flowering time of both male and female flowers and their overlapping is important. Since the walnut ovule longevity is limited, fertilization should occur at the shortest possible periods to lead to fruit set. Therefore, the evaluation of effective pollination periods and the needed time for the growth of pollen tube and ovule fertilization are important for successful fertilization. The aim of this study was to investigate the compatibility and the effect of pollen on some selected genotypes of walnut as pollinizers on the fruit set, fruit composition and the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the progeny derived from MSG15, MKG23 and MKG24 genotypes as maternal parents. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in 2016-2017 in the research garden of Malayer University in Hamedan province. In this study, female parents including MSG15, MKG23 andMKG24 were pollinated with pollinizers of MKG4, MKG5, MKG10, MKG13, MKG14, MSG15, MKG23 and MKG24. Some of the characteristics of the fruit and the kernel were also evaluated in the offspring resulting from controlled pollination. Results Based on the results, the cross between female parent genotype of MSG15 with pollinizers of MKG4 (%79.33), MKG5 (%81.67) and MSG15 (%79.67), female parent genotype of MKG23 with pollinizers genotypes of MKG5 (%83.67) and MKG10 (%62.67), female parent of MKG24 with pollinizer genotypes of MKG5 (%81.67) and MKG14 (%81.33) showed the highest fruit set. Also, female parent of MKG15 with pollinizers of MKG13 (%38.33), MKG23 (%37.33) and MKG24 (%38.33), female parent of MKG23 with pollinizer MKG24 (%40.00), female parent of MKG24 with pollinizers MKG10 (%42.33) and MKG23 (%42.33)showed the maximum flower abscission. Moreover, the highest percentage of kernel (%61.9) was found in combination cross of female parent of MSG15 with MKG5 pollinizers. The lowest fruit weight with husk (250 gr) and kernel fresh weight (50.5 gr) was found in combination cross of female parent MKG23 with pollinizer of MKG24. In addition, the lowest percentage of kernel (%28.98) was totally obtained in combination cross of female parent MSG15 with pollinizer of MKG24. Discussion The highest percentage of fruit was obtained in hybridization of maternal parent MSG15 with pollinizers MK4, MKG5, MSG15, and MKG23 as seed parents with pollinizers MKG5, MKG10, and MKG23 mother's parents with paternal parents MKG5 and MKG10. According to the results of this research, it is possible to use compatible and suitable genotypes introduced in this study in other walnut breeding programs.

Genetic Analysis of Some Genotypes and Varieties of Olive in Qom Province Using Morphological and ISSR Markers

Fereshteh Hosseini Gheydari; Zahra Tahernezhad

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 373-386

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.23698.1521

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most ancient tree crops which has been domesticated in the Middle East for about 6000 years. The ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most ancient tree crops which has been domesticated in the Middle East for about 6000 years. The romans enlarged its cultivation from the Greek islands throughout the Mediterranean basin, mainly along the African and European coasts as well as in the areas where large volumes of water have improved the climate. In the past, cultivar distinguishing approaches were based on morphological characteristics of leaf, fruit and stone. Recently, morphological traits with isozyme and DNA- based markers have been applied to the classification of cultivars. The aim of this study was the evaluation of morphological and molecular similarities between the new and the known cultivars of olive trees in the Fadak garden in Qom province in Iran. Materials and Methods In order to analyze genetic variations of olive tree genotypes in Qom province, the olive genotypes (Manzanilla, Sevilana, Mahzam, Arbequina, and Conservalia) and two superior cold resistant genotypes (Fadak and Tooba) were studied using morphological traits based on distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) guideline in the Fadak garden (Qom province, Iran) in 2013. In addition, a total genomic DNA was extracted from the leaves, and the PCR was carried out by a set of six inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers for amplification. Then, amplification products from ISSR primer tests were characterized on 2% agarose gels immersed in 1X TBE buffer. The gels were stained with ethidium bromide. The PCR fragments were scored for the presence or absence as 1 and 0, respectively. Results In this study, analysis of variance was performed on 12 quantitative traits. Results showed there were significant differences (p < 0.01, p < 0.001) between all the traits and Fadak and Tooba separated from other genotypes by comparing the means of the tests (Duncan multiple range method). According to the biplot graph (the first two components) in the PCA method by quantitative traits, Arbequina, Manzanilla and Tooba were included in one group, and Fadak and Tooba were distinctly separated from other genotypes. Also, according to the biplot graph (the first two components) in the PCA method by qualitative traits, the distance between Fadak and Tooba was low. In the molecular analysis, all ISSR markers (six primers) showed polymorphism. The total band range was 8-21 (with 14.66 as the average) and the PIC varied from 0.231 to 0.447 (0.309 average). Based on the PCA method, Tooba was utterly separated from other genotypes. Discussion In this study, Fadak and Tooba were completely different from other varieties using morphological traits and ISSR molecular markers. Fadak was found to be similar to Sevilana and Conservalia. There was a high similarity between Fadak and Tooba. Also, no similarity was observed between the results of morphological and molecular traits.

The Study of Changes in Phytochemical Compounds of Date Fruit cv. Barhee During Development and Ripening

Solaleh Najafi Marghmaleki; Mohamadhasan Mortazavi; Hossein Motamedi

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 563-574

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26170.1611

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Studying phytochemical changes of fruits is very important for plant physiologists and pomologists. Date is an important horticultural fruit ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Studying phytochemical changes of fruits is very important for plant physiologists and pomologists. Date is an important horticultural fruit in Iran mainly produced in southern regions. Barhee is considered one of the most important date palm cultivars. The fruit of cv. Barhee can be harvested and consumed at different maturation stages including Khalal, Rutab and Tamar. In the present study, the biochemical alterations of date fruit cv. Barhee during development and ripening stages were studied. Materials and Methods The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Sampling was done at Date Palm Research Institute Collection Orchard located in Ahvaz. First, fruits were harvested in five different developmental stages including late Kimri, Khalal, mainly Khalal, mainly Rutab, fully Rutab and Tamar. The fruits were then transferred to Quality Analysis Lab of Department of Horticultural Science at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Selected uniform fruits were used for the analysis of different phytochemical compounds. Chlorophyll, carotenoid, starch, soluble sugars, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity were analysed using spectrophotometric methods. The type and concentration of sugars, organic acids, and phenolics were assessed using HPLC. Also, vitamin C content was determined by titration againt DCIP dye. Results The results showed that soluble sugars increased significantly during ripening stages, and glucose and fructose were the main detected sugars for Barhee cultivar. The amount of sucrose was negligible. The acidity of the fruit increased at initial growth stages and then decreased gradually till Rutab stage. At the end of ripening process and at Tamar stage, the amount of organic acid content increased to 2.45 mg/g FW. Among the detected organic acids, acetic acid was dominant in Tamar stage, while in the earlier stages malic acid was considered the main organic acid. Other major investigated compounds, including flavonoids, chlorophylls, carotenoids, starch and vitamin C decreased during the development. Different compounds including p-cinamic, gintistic, gallic, chlorogenic, vanilic, caffeic, syringic and p-cumaric acids were detected by HPLC evaluation of phenolic acids. Among them, gallic acid was the dominant, and the trend was incremental during the development of fruit. Discussion Comparing the current results with published data for other date cultivars shows that there are considerable differences in biochemical compounds among different cultivars. In this cultivar, the increasing trend of accumulation of soluble sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity during ripening stages from late Kimri to Rutab and Tamar stage makes the fruit an important source of essential nutrients.

Effect of Salicylic Acid on Some Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Olive (Olea europaea cv. ‘Konservalia’) Under Water Stress

Narges Shafiei; Esmaeil Khaleghi; Noorollah Moallemi

Volume 42, Issue 1 , April 2019, , Pages 15-30

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22031.1477

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea) is one of the most important fruit trees in the pomology industry of Iran. Statistics shows that this fruit tree is cultivated ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea) is one of the most important fruit trees in the pomology industry of Iran. Statistics shows that this fruit tree is cultivated in more than of 102 thousand hectares of territory of Iran. Due to severe water shortages, it is necessary to make use of methods with objectives to reducing the negative effects of drought on plant and to increasing water use efficiency. Previous studies stated that plant growth regulators such as salicylic acid could apply to reducing the adverse effects of environmental stresses. Salicylic acid (SA) influences various physiological and biochemical functions in plants and has diverse effects on the tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous SA application on biochemical traits of ‘Konservalia' olive leaf under 100 %, 66 % and 33 % ETcrop by analyzing chlorophyll content, total soluble carbohydrate and proline. Materials and Methods The study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different levels of water deficit (100, 66 and 33 percent of evapotranspiration (ETcrop)) and four concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) on fresh and dry root weight, stem and leaf and leaf number, leaf area, stem diameter, leaf proline, total soluble sugars, chlorophyll content as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Two- year old olive trees (Olea europaea cv. ‘Konservalia’) were used. Seventy- plants were grown in 11 L pots, containing a mixture of field soil (73.2 % sand, 13.3 % silt and 13.5 % clay) and manure. Plants were sprayed with four concentrations of salicylic acid and irrigated every ten days, according to the amount of evatranspiration of plants (ETcrop). Parameters such as leaf proline and total soluble carbohydrates content, chlorophyll content were measured three times at intervals of once every 30 days after treatment. Data analysis was performed using MSTATC and SAS software and mean comparison was done by Duncan's multiple range test at 5 and 1 % probability Results The results showed that leaf proline and total soluble carbohydrates increased while chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a, b and total) decreased with increasing levels of water deficit. Results also showed that the interaction of salicylic acid and irrigation had a significant effect on fresh and dry root weight, stem and leaf, leaf area and plant height at p Discussion In this study, the role of SA in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as heat, heavy metal, and osmotic stress was reported. The results showed that 2 mM SA application alleviated the adverse effects of drought stress (66 and 33 % ETcrop) in young olive trees through the improvement of chlorophyll content, enhancing leaf total soluble carbohydrate and proline content which can lead to osmotic adjustment.

The Comparison of Some Effective Physiological Characters to Improve Cold Tolerance of Seeded and Seedless Grapevine Cultivars During the Dormancy and Growing Seasons

Mousa Rasouli; Parvaneh Rustaei; Arash Babaei

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 125-139

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.21713.1466

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives The best way to increase the tolerance of plants against stresses is to know the specific characteristics of the cultivars, which is needed ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives The best way to increase the tolerance of plants against stresses is to know the specific characteristics of the cultivars, which is needed both for planting in different climatic conditions and for breeding programs of these cultivars. For this reason, the exact study of the physiological traits of native cultivars of each region in the various stages of growing of grape is necessary. Materials and Methods Sampling was done in five times. During the dormancy season (Winter 2013) three times samplings of stems with buds were done and biochemical parameters of proline, electrolyte leakage and soluble sugar were measured. The aim of this study was to investigate some of the effective parameters of cold tolerance in five cultivars of grapevine including “Bidaneh Sefid”, “Bidaneh Ghermez”, “Lal”, “Sahebi” and “Fakhri” in a randomized complete block design (RBCD) with three replications. In the growing season (spring 2013) two times samplings were collected from the leaves of cultivars and biochemical parameters such as proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugars, photosynthesis pigments, total protein, activity of antioxidant peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes were measured. Results Result showed that there were significant differences between the cultivars in both winter and spring and in all considered characteristics. The winter cultivar of 'Fakhri' with minimal electrolyte leakage in all three times of sampling (33.12 µSiemens/gr Fw in January, 23.17 µSiemens/gr Fw in February and12.89 µSiemens/gr Fw in March) was more prepared to tolerate environmental stresses than other cultivars. In the spring, in both sampling times of spring season, cultivar of “Bidaneh Ghermez” with the least amount of malondialdehyde (3.7 µmol/gr FW in late April and 4 µmol/gr FW in early May) and the highest proline (10.27 µmol/gr FW late April and 7.39 µmol/gr FW in early May), and protein (respectively 0.26 mgr/gr FW late April and 0.23 mgr/gr FW in early May) were more prepared to tolerate environmental stresses than other cultivars that were examined in this study. The cultivar of “Lal” with the highest level of malondialdehyde (9.52 µmol/gr FW in late April and 4.52 µmol/gr FW in early May) showed lower relative stress endurance compared with other studied cultivars. In the winter, cultivar of 'Fakhri' had higher stress forbearance than other cultivars. Also, in the spring, cultivar of “Bidaneh Ghermez” had more and “Lal” had the lowest stress endurance than other cultivars that were examined in this study. Discussion Considering all the traits studied, it can be stated that in winter tolerance of seeded cultivars is more suitable than seedless cultivars. Seedless cultivars are more sensitive to temperature variations and generate severe reactions.

Screening Salt Tolerance in Pistachio Seedlings by Evaluating Growth, Oxidative Damages and Mineral Composition

Z. Mirfattahi; M.R. Roozban; S. Karimi; V. Tavallali; S. Aliniaeifard

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 13-28

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.18881.1371

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Salinization of the central lands of Iran has had limited pistachio cultivation and production during the recent decade. Materials and Methods In ... Read More

Effects of Zinc Foliar Spray on Pollen Tube Growth in Pistils of Some Apple Cultivars Crosses

S. Fallah Moafi; Y. Sharafi; Ayatoallh Rezaei; Mohammad Hosain Fotokian

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.15498.1253

Abstract

Background and Objectives Apple is one the most important horticultural crops in Iran. As the most apple cultivars are self-incompatible, having a good fruit set requires favorable ... Read More Background and Objectives Apple is one the most important horticultural crops in Iran. As the most apple cultivars are self-incompatible, having a good fruit set requires favorable cross-pollination. However, this phenomenon is related to a series ofcomplex processeswhich happens on thestigma. Zinc is one of the main factors that affects pollination and has an important role in increasing the percentage of pollen germination thereby increasing fruit set. It has been reported that zinc is referred to be as a main growth element because of its role in hormone production in buds specially auxin biosynthesis. Auxin is the most important hormone which affects pollen tube penetration to the style and so, fruit set in plants. Zinc deficiency in the apple orchards primarily affects the above ground portions of trees, resulting in poor leaf and shoot growth, reduced flowering and fruit set, and reduced size and coloring of fruit. Zinc is also important in the movement of calcium within the tree. Using zinc sprays is the most consistent and cost effective way to apply this element in apple tree orchards. Materials and Methods In this research, the effect of zinc solution in three levels (0, 3000 and 5000 mg.l) was studied on pollen penetration to the ovary in the crosses among four apple cultivars including Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Gala, Fuji. Pollen penetration was studied 72 and 120 hours using fluorescent microscopy technique in the laboratory after field pollination. Crosses among the cultivars included 1- ♀Red delicious × Golden delicious♂, 2- ♀Galla × Fuji♂, 3- ♀Red delicious × Fuji♂, 4- ♀Golden delicious × Fuji♂ and ♀Golden delicious × Galla♂. Results Results showed that the effects of zinc, crosses and their interaction were significant on pollen germination and tube penetration in the primary, middle of the stigma and top of the ovaries. The highest percentage (59.4%) of germination on the stigma was observed in the cross (♀Golden Delicious × Gala ♂), in 120 hours and the highest penetration of pollen tube in ovary (18.08%) was observed at the cross point of 5000 ppm of Zinc, in 120 hours respectively. Discussion In this research the foliar application of Zinc (until 3000 mg.l) increased pollen germination and tube growth on the stigma in all of the studied four apple cultivars. Although, increasing zinc concentration to 5000 mg.l showed negative effects on the both characteristics which showed the tolerance range of the cultivars to the zinc concentration based on their genetic traits. However, increasing the Zinc concentration to 5000 mg.l led to increased pollen tube growth and penetration to the different parts of the styles in all of the crosses linearly.

Study on the effects of dust on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pollination and fruit set

A. Torahi; K. Arzani

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 63-74

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.19084.1374

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesIn the recent years the phenomenon of dust increased in the environment, so has affected most agricultural products such as date palm. This study has been conducted ... Read More Background and ObjectivesIn the recent years the phenomenon of dust increased in the environment, so has affected most agricultural products such as date palm. This study has been conducted in order to study on the effects of dust on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pollination and fruit set. The experiment was carried out in two growing seasons 2014 and 2015 in order to evaluate the effect of combined treatments including dust, rain and pollination on fruit set, parthenocarpic fruits and fruit abscission of 8-years old `Estamaran’ (‘Sayer’) date palms in the field. In addition, dust sediment manner on the flower and stigmatic surface in the simulated environment at the laboratory was studied. Materials and methodsIn each combined treatment in the field, all bunches of experimental trees was treated as replications. At the laboratory, simulation operation has been done by placing the flowers under binocular camera and operating the combined treatments using soft brush for dusting and pollination on the stigma, also manual hand spray was applied. A month after treatments, traits such as fruit set, parthenocarpic fruit and abscission percentage and dust sedimentation manner on the flower and stigma was studied. The data were analyzed statistically using the analysis of variance using MINITAB17 software.Results and Discussion Results showed that treatments had significant effects on the studied traits. Maximum obtained from pollination (66.11%) and minimum fruit set obtained from non-pollinated treatment (0.5%). In the other applied treatments, in spite of pollination, existence of one or two other factors and their operation order had different effects on fruit set. Combined treatments that included dust caused significant reduction in fruit set and led to the increase in fruit abscission. The maximum parthenocarpic fruit set observed in non-pollinated treatment (23.38%) with the significant difference in comparison to other treatments and the minimum parthenocarpic fruit produced by combined dust, rain and pollination treatment (0.48%). The maximum abscission was observed in the combined dust, rain and pollination treatment (83.82%) and the minimum abscission observed in pollination treatment (32.88%). The simulated operation results at the laboratory was approved and quiet similar to the results obtained from the field experiment, so the formation of dust insulator layer on the stigmatic surface inhibited most of the pollen grains for direct contact to the stigmatic surface. The obtained results from this research showed the negative impact of the dust on fruit set, so we conclude and suggest the repeat of pollination after the dust storm during date palm pollination.

Investigation effects of Malling and Malling Merton rootstocks and planting distances on the quality and quantity characteristics apple cultivar red delicious in Meshginshahr region

H. karbalaei Khiavi; A. pirayesh

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 89-98

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13122

Abstract

In order to determine the most suitable dwarf rootstock for apple cultivar 'Red Delicious' and optimal planting distances under climatic conditions of Meshginshahr region, this research ... Read More

Effects of intermittent warming on chilling index and some quality properties of “Kinnow” mandarin in cold storage

S.M.H. Mortazavi; A.R. Dehghan; M. Rahemi; N. Moalemi

Volume 38, Issue 3 , December 2015, , Pages 1-11

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11440

Abstract

Mandarin is considered as a sensitive fruit to low temperatures and its long term cold storage would result in some disorders such as pitting and reducing quality. This experiment was ... Read More

Effects of putrescine, calcium chloride and salicylic acid on quality and storage life of plum fruit cv. "Shablon"

S. Shokrollahfam; J. Hajilou; F. Zaare Nahandy; S.J. Tabatabaie; R. Naghshiband hasani

Volume 37, Issue 2 , September 2014, , Pages 15-26

Abstract

The effect of putrescine, calcium chloride and salicylic acid was investigated on quality attributes and post harvest life of plum fruit cv. "Shablon" as a factorial experiment with ... Read More

Seasonal changes of electrolyte leakage, carbohydrate contents and Re-growth in four cultivars of grape vine (Vitis vinifera l.) cuttings, under freezing stress

H. Araghi; A. Tehranifar; B. Abedi; M. Shoor

Volume 37, Issue 2 , September 2014, , Pages 49-61

Abstract

Grapes are one of the temperate fruit crops most frequently damaged by freezing temperatures. An investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of freezing temperatures during ... Read More

Effect of pre harvest ethephon spray on color and some quality attributes of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Bidane- Ghermez)

. Ebrahimi; R. Jalili Marandi; H. Dolati Baneh; M. Esmaiili; R. Hagitagilo

Volume 37, Issue 1 , June 2014, , Pages 11-25

Abstract

Grape is non-climacteric fruit and as a result, the quality of fruit does not change after harvest. Application of ethephon in recent years is known as an effective way to increase ... Read More

Effects of fruit maturity and packing method on storage life of “Ghermez Shahroud” apricot cultivar

M. Zarrinbal; A. Dabbagh mohammadinasab; R. Rasouli pirouzian

Volume 36, Issue 2 , September 2013, , Pages 123-133

Abstract

Apricot has short storage life and is marketed immediately after harvest. Rapid ripening process and high respiration rate of apricot cause its short cold-storage duration. Harvesting ... Read More

The effects of partial root zone drying (PRD) and green pruning on yield and quality of Thompson seedless grape

A. Taherkhani; A. Golchin

Volume 36, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 25-38

Abstract

Partial root zone drying (PRD) is a new irrigation technique which improves water use efficiency without significant yield reduction. To study the effects of partial root zone drying ... Read More

Effect of Gibberellic acid treatment on storage life and quality indices of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cv. Siah Mashhad

A. Sedighi; M. Gholami; H. Sarikhani; A. Ershadi

Volume 36, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 51-61

Abstract

Fruit softening, shrinkage, decay and fruit stem browning are the most important problems in sweet cherry post-harvest storage. This research was conducted to study the effect of gibberellic ... Read More

The Effect of postharvest application of putrescine and UV-C irradiation on strawberry (Fragaria × ananasa cv. Selva) fruit quality

B. Siruie Nejad; S.M.H. Mortazavi; N. Moalemmi; S. Eshghi

Volume 36, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 117-127

Abstract

Strawberry fruit due to the soft tissue and high metabolism has a short postharvest life. In this study, the effect of putrescine (1 and 2 mM) and UV-C irradiation at 0.72 KJ/m2 on ... Read More

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = H: Breeding of Fruit Trees Crops

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