Plant Productions

Production of triploid plants of Mooseer (Allium. hirtifolium) through endosperm culture

Amin Jahanian; Alireza Motallebi-Azar; Jaber Panahandeh; Mohammad reza Dadpour

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 441-454

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43507.2096

Abstract

IntroductionThe endosperm (3n) is the food source for the embryo, which has received two polar nuclei from the maternal parent 2n and one sperm cell from the paternal parent 1n. Traditionally, ... Read More IntroductionThe endosperm (3n) is the food source for the embryo, which has received two polar nuclei from the maternal parent 2n and one sperm cell from the paternal parent 1n. Traditionally, triploid plants are created by crossing between tetraploid plants and diploid plants. To carry out this method, it is necessary to create tetraploid lines, and it is possible to double the chromosomes of diploid species by using substances that inhibit the formation of the division spindle. The advantage of endosperm culture over the traditional method is that the production of triploid plants in endosperm culture is done in a single step, and the time required to generate a triploid plant is less than in the traditional method. Increasing the level of ploidy of the nucleus can affect the plant's physiological and biochemical processes as well as altering the rate of photosynthesis, respiration, activity of genes, enzymes, and expression of isoenzymes compared with diploid types. They will have a new phenotype and can surpass the range of traits of their diploid ancestors such as increasing biomass and changing the quality and concentration of plant active ingredients, increasing resistance to drought stress, and resistance to pests. Therefore, the chance of their selection will increase.Materials and methodsImmature seeds were collected in late May, about 35 to 45 days after pollination, and mature seeds were harvested after fully ripening approximately in late July, and disinfection using a stereomicroscope with 60 times magnification under a laminar hood. The endosperm tissue was separated from the seed coat and embryo. In this study, mature and immature endosperm tissues of the mooseer plant were cultured onto hormonal compounds for callus induction in dark conditions for three months. In further experiments, the effects of sucrose were investigated at two levels of 30 and 50 gl-1 and the combination of BAP and NAA treatments on mooseer production. The flow cytometry method and chromosome counting were used to determine the ploidy levels of regenerated plants. ResultsIn this study, the treatment of 1 mg L-1 of NAA and 1 mg L-1 of BAP indicated the highest percentage of callus formation in both mature and immature tissues of mooseer endosperm. Seedlings produced in the treatment of 0.5 mg L-1 of NAA and 3 mg L-1 of BAP in culture medium with 50 g of sucrose caused the production of bulblet with greater length and diameter. The present study identified the cytogenetic properties, chromosome counts, and stomatal sizes of triploid plants regenerated from both mature and immature endosperm tissue of mooseer, using flow cytometry. A total of 12 triploid seedlings were obtained from mature tissue, while 8 seedlings were obtained from immature tissue.ConclusionTraditionally, triploids are produced by hybridization between induced superior tetraploids anddiploids, but endosperm culture is a one-step protocol. In this study, according to the sexual and asexual propagation (propagation through daughter bulbs) of mooseer, the modification and production of the triploid plants in mooseer allow the propagation of this plant through daughter bulbs. Generally, triploid plants were successfully produced through the endosperm culture method.

Effects of Different Concentrations of Cytokinin and Auxin Hormones on Yield and Yield Components of Grain Maize (Zea mays L.) in Salinity Conditions

D. Davani; M. Nabipour; H. Roshanfekr Dezfouli

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 69-80

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12433

Abstract

Background and Objectives Maize (Zea mays L.) belongs to the family of Poaceae and it is the third important cereal crop of the World after wheat and rice. Salinity is one of the major ... Read More Background and Objectives Maize (Zea mays L.) belongs to the family of Poaceae and it is the third important cereal crop of the World after wheat and rice. Salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. Maize is sensitive to salinity. Ba is one of the cytokinins known to significantly improve the growth of crop plants grown under salinity. IBA is also known to play a significant role in plant tolerance to salt stress. However, little information appears to be available on the relationship between salinity tolerance and auxin or cytokinins levels in plants. In this respect, the objective of this study was to study the effects of sprying of cytokinin and auxin hormones on yield and yield components of grain maize in saline conditions. Materials and Methods To study the effects of cytokinin (0, 75 and 100 mg.l-1) and auxin (0, 15, 20 mg.l-1) hormones on yield and its components of grain maize (Zea mays L.) under saline conditions, an experiment was conducted during 2013 in the research station of Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in a factorial design based on randomized complete design with three replications. Cytokinin (Benzyl Adenine, Merck) and Auxin (Indole-3-Butiric Acid, Merck) were sprayed on the entire plant in the evening. Data was analyzed using the SAS (Ver.9.1) and significance of the differences between the means was conducted using LSD test. Results Results of Analysis of Variance showed that the highest grain yield was obtained by application of cytokinin and auxin with concentrations of 100 and 20 mg.l-1, respectively. The characteristics of plant height, stem diameter, ear length, row number per Ear and biological yield increased by sprying 100 mg.l-1 cytokine. In the treatment of without spraying auxin, the highest kernel number per row was obtained by spraying cytokinin at 75 mg.l-1 while in the treatment spraying auxin at 15 and 20 mg.l-1 the highest kernel number per row was obtained by sprying 100 mg.l-1 cytokinin. In three levels of cytokinin, application of auxin increased 1000 kernel weight. The highest harvest index was obtained by application of auxin at 20 mg.l-1. Discussions It has been found that both auxin and cytokinin may have a role in mediating cell division in the endosperm during the grain-filling stage. Therefore, these hormones might regulate the grain capacity (sink size) for the accumulation of carbohydrates. It was found that IAA actively participated in the mobilization and accumulation of carbohydrates in seeds. Auxin and cytokinins hormones are also thought to be involved in regulating sink strength either by mediating the division and enlargement of endosperm cells or by controlling the import of assimilates to the sink. Results of this study demonstrated that sprying cytokinin at 100 mg.l-1 and auxin at 20 mg.l-1 reduced the effects of salinity on yield and increased the grain yield.

Effects of Polyploidy Induction by Colchicines on Morphological Traits of Troyer Citrange Rootstock (Citrus sinensis cv. Troyer Citrange)

M. Ghafari; I. Tavassolian; M. Khezri

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 87-96

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12452

Abstract

Background and Objectives Citrus is one of the most important and useful fruits in the world. They are usually propagated by grafting on suitable rootstocks such as Troyer citrange. ... Read More Background and Objectives Citrus is one of the most important and useful fruits in the world. They are usually propagated by grafting on suitable rootstocks such as Troyer citrange. In plants especially fruit trees, synthetic induction of polyploidy makes fruit rootstocks more robust, dwarf, with thicker leaves, stems and higher scion yield. The aim of this study was to investigate the best polyploidy induction treatment by colchicine on dwarfing Troyer citrange rootstock and to evaluate its morphological effects. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Kerman. Four concentrations of colchicines (0.5, 1 and 1.5%) and control (0%) were used in two phases. In the first phase, 96 seeds were soaked in different concentrations of cholchcines for 30 h and planted in pots. In the second phase, when seeds reached the four leaves stage, meristems were treated by cholchicines. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Results The results showed that guard cells size, length, width of stomata and secretary vesicles size of colchicine-treated seedlings significantly increased compared to the control. However, lower density of leaves stomata and secretary vesicles in treated plants were observed. Some morphological changes such as leaves thickness, color increase and seedlings dwarfism were detected in treated plants. Moreover, some minor abnormalities on leaves such as asymmetry, lack of lateral leaflets, serrated leaflets existence were evident. The most effective treatment for polyploidy induction was 1% colchicine. Discussions Synthetic induction of polyploidy by cholchicine is commonly practiced by fruit breeders because it is inexpensive and effective. High concentrations of colchicine are toxici for seeds may be due to prevention of mitosis in the cells. Moreover, larger stomata size can improve efficiency of photosynthesis. Although the treated seeds or seedlings with 1 and 1.5% colchicines had lower height and stomata density, they are more robust and stronger than control which can be very valuable in rootstock breeding.

Evaluation the genetic diversity of 10 Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) ecotypes using morphological, phenological and phytochemical traits

R. Hamid; M.R. Siahpoosh; R. Mamaghani; A. Siahpoosh

Volume 37, Issue 1 , June 2014, , Pages 37-47

Abstract

Understanding milk thistle genetic diversity is essential for breeding programs of this plant. In order to investigate genetic diversity of some Iranian ecotypes, an experiment was ... Read More

Effect of different temperatures on germination and pollen tube growth dynamics with different time of flowering in almond cultivars

S. Moosavi Nazhad; J. Hajilou; H. Rahnamoon

Volume 37, Issue 1 , June 2014, , Pages 49-58

Abstract

In this research , the effect various temperatures was studied on pollen tube dynamics in in vitro and controlled conditions ‘Nec Plus Ultra, ‘Sahand, and ‘Ferragnes, ... Read More

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Main Subjects = B: Cytogenetics

Production of triploid plants of Mooseer (Allium. hirtifolium) through endosperm culture

Abstract

Effects of Different Concentrations of Cytokinin and Auxin Hormones on Yield and Yield Components of Grain Maize (Zea mays L.) in Salinity Conditions

Abstract

Effects of Polyploidy Induction by Colchicines on Morphological Traits of Troyer Citrange Rootstock (Citrus sinensis cv. Troyer Citrange)

Abstract

Evaluation the genetic diversity of 10 Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) ecotypes using morphological, phenological and phytochemical traits

Abstract

Effect of different temperatures on germination and pollen tube growth dynamics with different time of flowering in almond cultivars

Abstract