Plant Productions - Articles List

The effect of salinity stress and the application of silver nanoparticles on flowering and some physico-biochemical characteristics of French parsley (Tagetes patula L.)

Khatoun Behzad; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Mohamadreza Raji; Hasan Moumivand; Majid Alikhani-Koupaei

Volume 47, Issue 2 , August 2024, , Pages 275-291

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45252.2130

Abstract

IntroductionSalinity stress leads to ion toxicity and osmotic stress. Salinity stress through the osmotic mechanism, due to the reduction of the osmotic potential of the soil solution, ... Read More IntroductionSalinity stress leads to ion toxicity and osmotic stress. Salinity stress through the osmotic mechanism, due to the reduction of the osmotic potential of the soil solution, causes disturbances in transpiration and photosynthesis. The mechanism of action of ionic toxicity is also related to ion absorption and changes in physiological processes caused by toxicity, deficiency or change in the balance of mineral elements. In the last decade, the tendency to use metal nanoparticle compounds in agriculture and horticultural sciences has become popular. Researchers believe that silver nanoparticles are absorbed faster by plants due to their small size and high solubility, therefore, by using these materials, optimal conditions for plant growth are created and stress conditions are prevented in the plant.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of Horticultural Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture located in Khorramabad city, Lorestan province in 2021. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor was included salinity treatment at four levels (0, 25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl, respectively equivalent to 0.067, 2.450, 5.440 and 9.520 dS m-1) and the second factor was foliar application of nanosilver at 4 levels (0, 10, 50 and 100 ppm). Salinity treatments were started gradually with the application of low concentration of salt after establishing the plants in the pot. Nano silver foliar spraying was applied weekly for 5 times until the flowering stage. Foliar spraying with silver nanoparticles was done in 3 stages of four leaves, full growth and flowering.Results and DiscussionIn this study, application of nanosilver increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of parsley, including the fresh weight of the flower (by 2.23%). Nanosilver in concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/liter increases the relative content of leaf water (7.70%), the content of total phenol (5.96%), the content of total flavonoids (34.91%) and the amount of potassium in leaves (4.055 %) under salinity stress conditions. Additionally, the lowest amount of sodium leaf (0.162 %), ion leakage (25.44 %) and malondialdehyde (21.56 %) was observed in this treatment. Researchers believe that silver nanoparticles are absorbed faster by plants due to their small size and high solubility, therefore, by using these materials, optimal conditions for plant growth are created and any stressful conditions are prevented in the plant. Silver nanoparticles with suitable size and remarkable chemical stability remain in constant shape and size in solutions.ConclusionBased on the results observed in this study, the treatment of silver nanoparticles in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm in the conditions of salinity stress, relative water content of leaves, potassium content of leaves, fresh and dry weight of flowers and time of budding and flowering were increased, while ion leakage, malondialdehyde, proline, total phenol and flavonoid content, and sodium content of leaves were decreased. Therefore, it can be stated that the application of silver nanoparticles in the form of foliar spraying at levels of 10 and 50 ppm can reduce the negative effects caused by salinity stress and improve the ornamental characteristics of parsley in 25 and 50 mM of salinity stress..

Effect of paclobutrazol on the growth characteristics of two turfgrasses (Festuca aranudinaceae Scherb.) and (Poa pratensis L.)

Mostafa Fazeli; Mansour Matloobi; Faribourz Zare Nahandi

Volume 47, Issue 2 , August 2024, , Pages 293-308

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44964.2124

Abstract

IntroductionPaclobutrazol is a growth regulator used to control growth and reduce the frequency of mowing in all types of turfgrass plants. This material also affects the height and ... Read More IntroductionPaclobutrazol is a growth regulator used to control growth and reduce the frequency of mowing in all types of turfgrass plants. This material also affects the height and quality of different types of turfgrass. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to compare the growth behavior of two types of turfgrass subjected to paclobutrazol treatment and also to evaluate the possibility of using paclobutrazol to reduce the growth of turfgrass in areas with the same climate of Tabriz. Materials and MethodsTo determine the effect of paclobutrazol on height, and visual properties of turfgrass such as density, clippings fresh weight, leaf chlorophyll index, length and width of leaf blade, two grass plants Poa pratensis and Festuca arundinacea were treated with paclobutrazol in different concentrations. Grass plants were tested with concentrations of zero (control), 15, 30 and 45 mg/L-1 paclotrazol as foliar spray in 4 replicates of each treatment. This research was carried out in as a split plot experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design, so that the type of grass as the main factor in 2 levels and paclobutrazol as a secondary factor were considered in all the evaluated traits in both plant species.Results and DiscussionThe results of this research showed that paclobutrazol significantly affects the height of P. pratensis and F. aranudinaceae turfgrass plants. This effect was in the form of a significant reduction in the height of plants and controlling their growth. By increasing the concentration of paclobutrazol from zero to 45 mg/L, the height of the plants decreased. In both mentioned types of turfgrass, the most effective concentration was 45 mg/L. By increasing the concentration of paclobutrazol, the density of P. pratensis and F. aranudinaceae turfgrass plants has increased. The increase in density after paclobutrazol treatment was more evident in F. aranudinaceae. In general, the fescue turfgrass plant has stronger foliage, deep and strong roots, and lower density. The only exception was the increase in the chlorophyll index of fescue leaves (10 days after treatment) and P. pratensis (20 days after treatment) and in both of them under the concentration of 30 mg/L of paclobutrazol. Following paclobutrazol treatment and increasing its concentration, the length and width of the leaf blade as well as the clippings fresh weight of turfgrass plants were decreased. The reduction in the length and width of the leaf blade was similar in both plants, and the most effective concentration of paclobutrazol was 30 mg/L. However, the optimal effect of paclobutrazol was observed up to 30 days after the treatment. In the fourth measurement (40 days after the treatment), the effect of paclobutrazol decreased and there was no significant difference in the length and width of the leaves of the treated plants and the control plants. ConclusionIn general, with the treatment of different concentrations of paclobutrazol, the number of aerial branches produced in F. aranudinaceae was more than that of P. pratensis. Since paclobutrazol is a growth inhibitor and by preventing the synthesis of gibberellin hormone, it prevents plants from elongation, this substance can be used to control the growth of turfgrass plants. This growth control reduces the number of mowing times, reduces fertilizer consumption, increases the efficiency of water use, and ultimately saves the cost of maintaining turfgrass plants. Since paclobutrazol accumulates in the roots and eventually causes the formation of new branches, it can be concluded that the effect of paclobutrazol on the density of F. aranudinaceae is greater than that of P. pratensis..

Effect of different levels of IBA and cutting positions on the rooting of greenhouse rose cv. “Cherry Brandy” (Rosa hybrida .) cuttings

Mohammad Reza Talebi; Mansour Matloobi; Sadolah Alizadeh; Mina Amani

Volume 46, Issue 4 , March 2024, , Pages 599-610

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44756.2121

Abstract

Introduction To evaluate the effect of different levels of IBA (0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/L) and position of take cuttings (lower, middle and upper) on rooting of greenhouse ... Read More Introduction To evaluate the effect of different levels of IBA (0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/L) and position of take cuttings (lower, middle and upper) on rooting of greenhouse rose cultivar cherry brandy. In general, the aim of the research is to determine the best level of IBA hormone for the rooting of greenhouse rose cuttings, the possible effect of the possible of the cutting on the rooting rate of the cuttings, to determine the most suitable level of the hormone and the location of the cutting to produce the desired aerial part of the resulting cutting, In addition, to evaluate the best level of the hormone determining the most suitable position for cutting is based on some physiological parameters such as the relative content of leaf water and the efficiency of maximum chlorophyll fluorescence. Materials and Methods To conduct the experiment, the mother plants were purchased from a commercial greenhouse in Bostan-Abad and transferred to the physiology laboratory. To conduct the experiment, rose cuttings with a length of 10 to 12 cm and a diameter of 2 to 3 mm were prepared, and after removing the lower leaves, at least two end leaves were left on the cutting. In this research, a factorial trial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The traits measured in this experiment were rooting percentage, root fresh weight, number of roots, root length, relative leaf water content and variable to maximum fluorescence ratio. Results and Discussion The results of the average data comparison showed that the highest rooting percentage of cuttings and root fresh weight were seen in the treatment of 1500 mg/L of IBA and in the cuttings of the lower and upper parts, respectively. The lowest rooting percentage of cuttings and root fresh weight were also observed in the cuttings taken from the upper of the branch without hormone application. The cuttings taken from the lower part of the branches at a concentration of 1500 mg/L of IBA had the highest number of roots, which did not show a significant difference with the middle cuttings of the branch at a concentration of 1500 mg/L and lower cuttings at a concentration of 2000 mg/L. The cuttings in the middle part produced the lowest number of roots in the control treatment. The cuttings taken from the middle and upper of the branch had the longest and shortest root length, respectively. The cuttings taken from the lower part of the branch at a concentration of 1500 mg/L and the middle part at a concentration of 2000 mg/L of hormone had the highest and lowest relative content of leaf water, respectively. The maximum variable chlorophyll fluorescence was observed in the cuttings taken from the lower part of the branch and treated with 1500 mg/L of hormone. The terminal cuttings also had the lowest variable chlorophyll fluorescence to the maximum under the absence of hormone application. Conclusion Finally, due to the fact that the concentration of 1500 mg/L and the lower cuttings had the highest percentage of rooting, root length, root fresh weight, relative leaf water content and maximum variable chlorophyll fluorescence. It should be the best type of cuttings and hormone concentration for the rooting of rose cuttings. At the highest concentration of indole butyric acid (2000 mg/L) in most cases, there was a significant difference in the rooting characteristics of rose cuttings compared to the concentration of 1500 mg/L. .

The application of folic acid and biochar on drought stress in sport turfgrass

Fatemeh Firouzi; Mousa Solgi; Alireza Khaleghi; Hossein Bagheri

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 39-50

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41511.2053

Abstract

Introduction Use of biochare and folic acid in a lawns bed can be used as a method for reducing water consumption and also reducing the cost of maintaining green space. The aim of ... Read More Introduction Use of biochare and folic acid in a lawns bed can be used as a method for reducing water consumption and also reducing the cost of maintaining green space. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of folic acid and biochare composition on sport lawns under drought stress conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of folic acid and biochare composition on sport lawns under drought stress conditions. Materials and Methods For this purpose, two substances of folic acid (0, 250 and 500 mg L-1) and biochar (0, 20 and 40 g kg-1) after water stress were used at two levels of 100 (full irrigation) and 50 (drought) field capacity percentages. The traits of perspective quality (density, color, texture and coverage), chlorophyll, prolin and N, P, Ca and P elements were measured after the drought stress application. This research was carried out as factorial in a completely randomized design at department of Horticultural Science and Engineering of Arak University in 2018. Results and Discussion The application of biochar at 20 g kg-1 concentrations increased the cover surface in sport turfgrass. It was also determined that drought stress reduced the qualitative characteristics of color, density, texture and coverage, but increased nitrogen levels in the sports turfgrass. In this research, the reduced amount of potassium of leaf tissues by biochar application under drought stress was observed. Although, the increasing of potassium content was observed by using of folic acid treatment under drought stress. Biochar alone at a concentration of 20 g kg-1 increased the amount of grass cover compared to the control. However, the use of biochar in drought stress conditions did not have a positive effect on the studied traits and it even caused a 50% decrease in the amount of potassium under drought stress. In this test, drought stress reduced the characteristics of sports turfgrass, including color, density, texture, and coverage. The use of folic acid under drought stress conditions caused an increase in nitrogen and potassium levels in the studied turfgrass species. However, without the application of folic acid in combination with a concentration of 40 g kg-1 of biochar caused an increase in the amount of calcium compared to the control. When biochar and folic acid were used simultaneously under drought stress conditions, the amount of phosphorus increased compared to the control. Although biochar had a positive effect on the quality of the sports grass coverage, it did not have much effect on increasing the absorption of elements under drought stress. Therefore, the amount of 20 grams of biochar per kilogram of soil is recommended. However, folic acid had positive effect on the quality of the sports grass coverage and increasing the absorption of nutrients under drought stress. Therefore, the concentration of 250 mgL-1 of folic acid is the optimal and effective concentration that is suggested in this research. In general, folic acid is a natural tampon and a suitable chelator with high ion exchange capacity, which increases the absorption of mineral elements in plants and also increases the quality and quantity.

The effect of different types of culture substrate on some morphological and physiological indices of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl)

Masoud Ghasemi Ghahsareh; Foroozan Milani; Saeed Reezi; Masoud Fattahi

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 475-489

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.41507.2054

Abstract

Introduction The function of a growth substrate is to provide an ideal medium for plantlet emergence which allows for the optimal development of plants during the time they stay in ... Read More Introduction The function of a growth substrate is to provide an ideal medium for plantlet emergence which allows for the optimal development of plants during the time they stay in the container. A high-water storage capacity is necessary due to the limited volume available in growth substrate. There is a large variety of materials available for substrate elaboration, and their selection depends on the plant species to be propagated, season, propagation system, price, substrate availability and proper features. Compost seems to be an excellent alternative to peat. Also, the fresh material presents a high carbon: nitrogen ratio (C: N) and it may contain substances that are toxic to the plants, such as phenols, resins and tannins. Choosing the suitable planting bed for ornamental plants is one of the problems for most greenhouse managers. In this regard, in order to investigate the possibility of using liquorice residue compost as a by-product of the medicinal plant industry, in growth medium, the effect of peat moss, coir and liquorice root residue compost on the growth of African violet tested in an experiment. Materials and Methods The experiment was done with 7 treatments and 5 replications in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included: 60% (volumetric) peat moss, 60% coir, 60% liquorice root residue compost, 30% peat moss + 30% coir, 30% peat moss + 30% liquorice root residue compost, 30% coir + 30% liquorice root residue compost. Each treatment was mixed with 40% perlite. According to the results of a pre-test on the low water retention capacity of liquorice compost, a treatment was also performed using liquorice compost with superabsorbent polymer (Aquasorb made by SNF) at a rate of 5g/kg mixed medium. Results and Discussion Experiment results in African violet showed that in shoot fresh weight, leaf number, root fresh weight, leaf area and relative leaf water content of 30% peat + 30% coir treatment and shoot dry weight, flower number and chlorophyll a were the best in 30% peat moss + 30% liquorice root residue compost treatment. The highest amount of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were observed in 60% liquorice root residue compost + superabsorbent polymer, the highest carotenoid content in 60% peat treatment, and the highest root dry weight and proline content in 60% liquorice root residue compost treatment. In general, according to the obtained results, by using licorice root residue compost with peat, it is possible to achieve favorable growth results, and it is recommended to use it up to 50% of the required organic matter in the bed of African violets. Based on the results of this study, licorice root resigue compost with peat moss can achieve favorable growth results and it can be used up to 50% of the required organic matter in African violet bed. The effects of licorice compost on morphological and physiological parameters of plants may be due to its effects on increased water content and soil aeration. Because there is a strong relationship between RWC and plant biomass. That also suggests that plants having greater biomass can maintain higher water content in their leaves. Conclusion Presence of nutrient elements increased the overall fertility, and functionality of the tested media, leading to maintain better plant growth. RWC is a measure of plant water status, which reflects metabolic activity in plant tissues and is one of the most important indicators to identify differences in substrate conditions.

Effect of EMS Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) mutagen on Iranian rose (Rosa persica Michx) to generate morphological variation

Mohammad Mahdi Mehrabi; Mina Taghizadeh; Mousa Solgi

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 335-346

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40690.2031

Abstract

IntroductionGenetic diversity is one of the major goals of plant breeding. Mutation induction is a method to increase genetic variety that is used in plant breeding along with selection, ... Read More IntroductionGenetic diversity is one of the major goals of plant breeding. Mutation induction is a method to increase genetic variety that is used in plant breeding along with selection, recombination or a combination of the both. Rosa persica Michx can serve as a valuable genetic resource for breeding programs, especially due to the market demand for variety in rose cultivars as well as its drought resistance. In two independent experiments, this study examined the effect of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) as a chemical mutagen on seed germination and seedling characteristics of Rosa persica. Materials and Methods The seeds of Rosa persica Mich.seeds were collected from an adult shrub on the Arak University campus, Karbala St., Sardasht (34° N, 49.6° E) and an altitude of 1872 m above sea level during mid-summer. The seeds were separated from the hips by a sharp scalpel and the damaged and abnormal seeds were removed. Before applying the cold stratification, the seeds were washed for several hours and then placed in layers of wet sand at 4 ° C for 60 days.First, the effects of 0, 0.2, and 0.3% EMS at 4, 8 and 12 hours on seed germination characteristics were examined. Second, 0, 0.2, and 0.3 concentrations of EMS at 4 and 8 hours were studied on reproductive buds. Seed germination characteristics such as final germination percentage, germination rate index, coefficient velocity germination, germination rate, mean daily germination, daily germination speed, mean germination rate, germination index, seed vigor, seed dormancy and seedling vegetative traits such as stem lengths, root lengths, and leaf number are evaluated at first experiment. In second experiment, flower diameter, flower opening rate, number of necrotic buds and the number of seeds in each hip were measured. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that increasing the concentration of EMS and the time of seed treatment caused a further decrease in germination indices. In 0.3% EMS treatment for 8 hours on seeds, traits such as germination percentage, germination rate index and daily germination were reduced to zero. According to the results of the second experiment, leaf and seedling lengths were longer at 0.2 and 0.3% EMS concentrations and at 4 h incubation. There was a decline in the number of seeds per hip and an increase in necrotic buds with increasing concentration and time of EMS application. In order to succeed in a breeding program using mutagenic methods, the appropriate concentration and time must first be optimized. To determine the best concentration of mutagens, there are two important factors to consider: first, that the concentration should not be so high as to destroy plants, and second, that the applied concentration should be selected moderately. Although, that the frequency of mutations occurs sufficiently. ConclusionIn order to induce a positive mutation and diversity in Iranian roses for the purpose of introducing a new cultivar, seed treatment with a concentration of 0.3% EMS and an incubation time of 4 h is recommended. It is also recommended to apply a concentration of 0.2% EMS on the reproductive buds for 4 h to induce mutations. Keywords: Seed, breeding, germination, mutation, ornamental plant

Effect of Artificial (LEDs) and Natural Lighting on Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Petunia, Geranium and Solenostemon Transplants

Parya Dehkhodaei; Saeed Reezi; Masoud Ghasemi Ghehsareh

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 369-381

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32166.1865

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionAccording to the researches, plants behave differently under different light levels. Recent studies have demonstrated that proper light adjustment is critical for ... Read More AbstractIntroductionAccording to the researches, plants behave differently under different light levels. Recent studies have demonstrated that proper light adjustment is critical for bedding plants transplant production. Transplant production under proper light and environmental conditions can increase their quality compared to traditional greenhouse production conditions. Materials and MethodsIn order to compare the effects of different LED light intensities in a growth chamber (a combination of white+ blue+ red LEDs equally in 60±5 and 120±5 µmol.m-2.s-1 levels) with sunlight during winter and spring cultivation at 9.6±5 and 14±5 µmol.m-2.d-1 DLI, respectively, a completely randomized design was established with 10 replications. Morphological and physiological traits of Pelargonium (Pelargonium hortorum 'Maverik Star'), Solenostemon (Solenostemon escutellariodes 'Wizard Scarlet') and Petunia (Petunia × hybrida 'Scarlet eye') transplants were evaluated during the treatment period. Transplants were evaluated in terms of morphological traits such as shoot fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, leaf area and plant height and root height. To determine dry weight, shoots and roots were dried in a drying oven at 72°C for 24 hours. Chlorophyll efficiency (Fv/Fm), anthocyanin and carotenoid contents also were measured during the experiment. Results and DiscussionEight weeks after seeding, leaf area, root length, shoot and root fresh and dry weight, leaf number, leaf surface temperature, carotenoid and chlorophyll contents, and photosynthetic efficiency were measured in transplants. Solenostemon and Geranium transplants were also evaluated for height, internode length, stem diameter and leaf anthocyanin content. Results showed that leaf area, leaf number, internode length, stem diameter, photosynthetic efficiency, shoot and root fresh and dry weight in Geranium and Solenostemon and chlorophyll content and leaf number in Petunia at 60±5 µmol.m-2.s-1 were significantly higher than the other treatments. The leaf surface temperature of transplants in both spring and winter cultivation treatments was higher than that of LEDs. The results showed that there was a significant difference between LED treated plants and sun light treatments. The LED treatments resulted in more compararison with the sun light treatment. ConclusionTransplants grown under identical proportion of white, blue and red LEDs manifested better morphological and physiological characteristics which led to better morphological features. According to the results, use of alternative or complementary light for the production of high-quality seedlings is beneficial. It is especially recommended in winter cultivation for production of proper transplants of Geranium, Solenostemon and Petunia.

Morphological, Biochemical and Antioxidant Activity Diversity in Different Hypericum Perforatum L. Populations in Iran

Arezoo Shaghaghy; Mohammad Omidi; Mohammadmahdi Jowkar

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 407-420

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31182.1829

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionHypericum perforatum L. is one of the most important species of the genus Hypericum. This plant is a perennial herbaceous plant with great adaptation ability. Therefore, ... Read More AbstractIntroductionHypericum perforatum L. is one of the most important species of the genus Hypericum. This plant is a perennial herbaceous plant with great adaptation ability. Therefore, St John's Wort can be found widespread throughout the country from sea side levels to 2000m altitude. It is also one of the most important medicinal plants in the world due to its various positive and well-known medicinal properties, especially in the treatment of depression. Hypericin and Hyperforin are known as the main bioactive compounds of this medicinal plant. Due to the high dispersion of Hypericum plants in Iran, this experiment was conducted to evaluate 15 populations of Hypericum plants at flowering stage using morphological and biochemical properties in order to indicate the best metabolite producing population. Materials and MethodsPlant materials were selected randomly at full flowering stage from 15 different populations at full bloom in different provinces during summer 2017. Morphological features such as height of plant, number of flower stalk, length of flower stalk, number of non-flower bearing stems, number of flowers, height of the lowest and the highest leaf were evaluated. Plant materials were then dried at room temperature and kept in dark for analysis. Leaf and petals were ground and extraction was conducted by methanol. Hypericin and Hyperforin content of leaves and flowers were evaluated by HPLC equipped with DAD detector. Antioxidant activity of leaves and flowers of Hypericum samples were evaluated by DPPH scavenging assay. Phenol content was evaluated by Folin–Ciocalteu (F‐C) reaction. Total flavonoid content determination was also conducted by a spectrophotometric assay based on aluminium complex formation. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that there was a significant difference between different populations in terms of morphological traits. The highest aerial part height was seen in ‘Khoramabad’ population with a value of 92.44 cm. ‘Nahavand’ population had the shortest height with a value of 49.55 cm. The largest number of flower stalk was seen in ‘Sarpol Zahab’ population with 16.48 flower stalks. This was while ‘Firoozkouh’ population had the least number of flower stalks. ‘Sijan’ population had the most non-flower bearing stems, while ‘Shazand’ had the least number of non-flower bearing stems. There was a significant difference between antioxidant activity in leaf and flowers of the studied populations. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in ‘Borojerd’ population. Total Phenol content and flavonoids also differed not only among populations, but also between leaf and flower. ‘Sarpol Zahab’ had the highest total Phenol content in between the studied populations. This was while ‘Nahavand’ population had the highest flavonoid content. The results also revealed that the flowers had the highest levels of Hypericin and Hyperforin compared to leaves. The levels of Hyperforin in both organs were significantly higher than Hypericin in all studied populations. ConclusionIn general, it can be concluded that there is a high variation among different populations and this variation can be used to identify populations with high yields and high levels of effective substances in breeding programs.

Evaluation of Different Irrigation Levels and Media on Growth Properties of Cut Rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Samurai) under Soilless Culture Conditions

Mahin Alboghobeish; Ali Tehrani far; Majid Zargarian; Ali Dolatkhahi

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 601-612

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.32029.1858

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionRose is one of the most important ornamental plants that is widely cultivated in many countries. The optimal growth and development of commercial cut rose varieties ... Read More AbstractIntroductionRose is one of the most important ornamental plants that is widely cultivated in many countries. The optimal growth and development of commercial cut rose varieties is essential to supply water needed for plants. If the water level is reduced at different stages of production, it can have damaging effects on the vegetative properties of the cut rose. Therefore, accurate estimation of water requirement and adaptation of irrigation program based on water requirement of the plant and its growth conditions can improve water use efficiency, avoid stress and control production. Materials and MethodsIn order to evaluate different levels of irrigation requirement in combination with crop media on vegetative characteristics of rose CV. Samurai, a greenhouse experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications in greenhouse conditions of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The needed irrigation of the plant 120%, 100%, 80%, 60% and sub plot consisted of three different substrate levels (Perlite, perlite_cocopeat 1:3, perlite _Vermiculite 1:3). The traits included a stem length, branch diameter, flower bud length and diameter, fresh and dry weight of flower bud, number of flowering branches, chlorophyll a, b, relative leaf water content (RWC). Results and DiscussionResults revealed that among the experimental treatments, water stress treatment had significant effect on all measured traits except flower bud length. However, culture medium treatment and interaction of media water stress did not affect all measured physiological and biochemical parameters except for branch length and flower bud diameter. The results of this experiment showed that the 120% and 100% water regimes significantly increased the measured physiological and biochemical traits (shoot length, fresh and dry weight of flower shoot, shoot diameter, number of shoots, RWC, chlorophyll a)included in this study. However, the 60% aqueous regime had adverse effects on the parameters considered while the highest amount of chlorophyll b was obtained in the 60% aqueous regime. In the present study, the results indicate that water stress has adverse effects on all vegetative characteristics of cut roses, therefore, it is suggested that the aquatic requirement of the plant be accurately estimated in order to achieve high quality roses. Also, the flower bud length traits are not significant at water stress levels, because plant roots are in close contact with water under cultivated conditions and respond to water stress by improving the electrical conductivity in the plant. Therefore, it is recommended that due to the negative effects of water stress on the quantitative and qualitative traits of rose, special attention should be paid to the problem of accurate estimation of water requirement and optimal water supply. Therefore, it is important to improve the vegetative and physiological traits of roses in non-soil conditions using appropriate cultivation for future studies in order to achieve desirable results. ConclusionOptimal water supply results in improved vegetative and physiological traits in the plant. Therefore in no-tillage conditions of rose samurai, 100% (control) and 120% irrigation requirement are recommended as the most appropriate levels of irrigation regime in Mashhad region.

Effect of Tuber Size and GA3 on the Growth and Stimulation of Flowering of Zantedeschia pentlandii cv. Picasso

Mohammad Hossein Azimi; Behzad Edrisi; Mobina Hadi

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 447-458

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30436.1794

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionZantedeschia, native to southern Africa, herbaceous flowering plants in the family Araceae, with common names such as Arum lily, Trumpet lily, Pig lily, or Miniature ... Read More AbstractIntroductionZantedeschia, native to southern Africa, herbaceous flowering plants in the family Araceae, with common names such as Arum lily, Trumpet lily, Pig lily, or Miniature Calla Lily. Calla lilies are among the most colorful flowers with a unique flower form. It is one of the most important pot, cut flower and outdoor plant in the world. GA3 is sometimes used to stimulate growth and flowering of plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GA3 and different weights of rhizome on growth, development, as well as qualitative and quantitative properties, of Zantedeschia in the greenhouse. Materials and MethodsThis research was carried out to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of GA3 on micro-tuber of Z. pentlandii cv. Picasso. Micro-tuber in three sizes and average weights included; large (S1=6.20g), medium (S2=3.20g) and fine (S3=1.20g) soaked in GA3 solution with concentrations 0, 250, 500, 750 ppm for 30 minutes. Experiments were carried out in a factorial arrangement with randomized complete block design with three replications. 10 micro-tuber cultured in bed with compounds of 60% coco peat and 40% perlite in greenhouse conditions. From the time of planting to harvesting, the ability of micro-tuber sprouting, leaf length, leaf width, stem length, number of flowering stems, plant height, flower diameter (spathe), number of buds, bud length, the diameter and weight of the micro-tuber after harvest were evaluated.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the maximum length of leaf (100% more than S3GA0) length of flowering stem, diameter and length of flower (spathe) were observed in S1 tubers treated with 500 ppm (S1GA500) and the least amount was obtained in control treatment (S3GA0). The fastest germination was in S1 tubers with 750 ppm (S1GA750 36% earlier than S3GA0) and the earliest flowering was in S2 tubers with 500 ppm treated (S2GA500) which have flowering 28% earlier than S3 tubers with 250 ppm (S1GA250) but non-GA treated tubers in all three sizes have none flower. The highest weight and diameter tuber belonged to S1 tubers with 500 ppm and the lowest weight in S3 tubers without treatment. S3 tubers did not enter the flowering stage. It was shown that the GA3 treatment on Zantedeschia ‘Picasso’ tubers caused earlier flowering and the formation of a greater number of flowers and leaves. GA3 decreased the time between germination and appearance of flower. In simple effects study, large tubers (S1) and GA500 treatment were superior to other treatments in almost all traits. Also, the method of soaking of tubers with GA3 can be used in production scheduling, early efficiency and selection of superior populations in breeding programs. ConclusionThe best growth and flowering indices were S1 tubers with treatment of 500 ppm. S1 tubers with GA3 (500 ppm) treatment were superior in all traits to other treatments. The method of soaking of calla tubers with GA3 can be used in production, increasing efficiency and selecting superior populations in breeding programs.

Evaluating Important Traits of Iris Germanica Hybrids to Identify Elite Hybrids Mohammad Hossein Azimi

Mohammad Hossein Azimi

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 455-466

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.28610.1723

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Iris Germanica has become the most well-known flower for landscape planning due to its colorful flowers, reproduction by creeping rhizomes, ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Iris Germanica has become the most well-known flower for landscape planning due to its colorful flowers, reproduction by creeping rhizomes, flat leaves, and a trio of flower parts, resistance to calcareous soils and adverse environmental conditions, and low watering requirements. Given the pharmaceutical-ornamental importance of I. germanica, this research was conducted to find new hybrids and their significant traits. Diversity and innovation in the field of flowers and plants are good, the world is presented with hundreds of colors and varieties and given the importance of I. germanica, the management to achieve hybridization between the new hybrid was performed. Materials and Methods Three genotypes of I. germanica with brown and blue (female parent) and yellow (paternal line) colors were selected for hybridization out of a total of 15 progenies and three parents to be evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The research was conducted in Ornamental Plants Research Center (OPRC) in Mahallat from 2014 to 2016. Quantitative traits included leaf width, peduncle length, peduncle thickness, flower diameter, outer petal width, inner petal length, inner petal width, bush length, flowering branch diameter, and crown diameter. The statistical analysis was conducted in the SAS and Excel software packages. According to the instructions of UPOV, 10 quantitative traits and some statistical parameters such as simple correlation coefficients, estimates of broad sense heritability, phonotypical and genetically coefficient of variations were measured. Results Results showed significant (P≤0.01) differences between genotypes in all studied traits, indicating wide variations in traits except for the flower diameter. The correlation coefficients of quantitative traits among genotypes (parents and progenies) showed the most positive and significant correlation between the diameter of flowering branch and crown diameter, peduncle length, and inner length of petal. The highest broad sense heritability was related to the outer petal width (96.28), inner petal length (93.66), and bush length (93.40) and the lowest was related to peduncle length (42.58). The findings indicated that hybrid NIOP8 had the highest stem diameter. It was also superior in crown diameter, flower branch diameter, and peduncle diameter versus the other hybrids. The results indicated that hybridization has a significant effect on the traits. Discussion The hybrids NIOP5 and NIOP8 outperformed the other hybrids and parents significantly in the length of inner petal, the width of the inner petal, and leaf width.

Effect of Harmel Extract on Bacterial Population in Vase Solution and Vase Life of ‘Stanza’ and ‘Pink Elegance’ Cultivars of Gerbera Cut Flower

Meisam Mohammadi; Mitra Aelaei; Mehdi Saidi

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 171-184

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27785.1680

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesGerbera is one of the important cut flowers in the floriculture industry, but it is sensitive to early wilting and neck bending which reduce its ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesGerbera is one of the important cut flowers in the floriculture industry, but it is sensitive to early wilting and neck bending which reduce its postharvest vase life. In cut flowers, water deficits are created when transpiration is more than water absorption. Therefore, petal wilting and neck bending increase in these flowers. These conditions are mainly due to occlusion of the vascular bundle, which can occur in different ways, such as the activity of pathogenic bacteria and other microorganisms in vascular bundle. In recent years, due to the adverse effects of chemical antimicrobial compounds on human health and the environment, many studies have been conducted to find replacement materials to maintain the quality and vase life of cut flowers in postharvest. Therefore, in this study, the effect of different concentrations of harmel aqueous-alcoholic extract (Peganum harmala L.) on bacterial population and vas life of ‘Stanza’ and ‘Pink Elegance’ cultivars of Gerbera cut flower were studied. Materials and MethodsThe effect of concentrations 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% of the aqueous-alcoholic extract of Harmel plant was studied in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications. At harvest time, 3, 6 and 9 days after harvest (at 20 °C and 70% relative humidity), the effect of treatments on the bacterial population of the vase solution and end stem, vase life and some characteristics of ‘Stanza’and ‘Pink Elegance’ Gerbera cut flowers were studied. ResultsThe results showed that the inhibitory effect of harmal extracts on gram-positive bacteria was higher than gram-negative bacteria. Also,‘Stanza’cultivar had better quality and longer vase life than ‘Pink Elegance’ cultivar. By increasing the vase life of flowers, the quality of these flowers decreased. In the first place, however, concentrations of 0.25% and then 0.5% of the harmal extract performed better than other treatments in various aspects: first, they reduced the bacterial solution, stem end, and electrolyte leakagein stem and petals; second, they preserved quality (discolored of vase solution, discolored of petals and stem), relative fresh weight, stem diameter, totalsolublesolids, catalase activity and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity; and finally, they increased vase life of gerbera flowers in both cultivars. Concentrations of 0.75% and 1% increased allelopathic substances in cut flower. While these treatments decreased the bacterial population in vase solution and stem end, they did not have a significant effect on the quality and vase life of gerbera cut flowers. DiscussionThe results of this study showed that the different concentrations of harmal extract significantly reduced the growth of microbial agents, including the bacterial population, but by increasing the concentration of the harmal extract, the allelopathic effects of this plant extract on gerbera cut flowers were harmful and did not affect their vase life and quality. Therefore, the concentration of 0.25% then 0.5% reduced the bacterial populations in vase solution and stem end of cut flowers and preserved the quality and vase life of ‘Stanza’ and ‘Pink Elegance’ cultivars. Therefore, the use of low concentrations of the harmel aqueous-alcoholic extract is recommended to reduce the microbial population of the vase solution and maintain the quality and vase life of the gerbera cut flowers.

Effect of Nano-Silicon and Imidacloprid Foliar Application on Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Gerbera Cut Flower and Its Reaction to Whitefly under Greenhouse Conditions

Parisa Ranjbar; Mohammad Javad Nazarideljou; Abbas Hoseinzadeh

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 295-308

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27344.1662

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesGerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook f.) is known as the world's fourth cut flower and silicon (Si) is considered the second most abundant ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesGerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook f.) is known as the world's fourth cut flower and silicon (Si) is considered the second most abundant element (28%) of the Earth's crust.Silicon deposition in most tissues and organs, such as plant cell wall, the space between the cells of the epidermis, roots, leaves, and reproductive organs causes resistance to environmental stresses, insects, and pathogens into the plant. Greenhouse whiteflies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) are the most important pests in several crops such as gerbera, which have herbivorous insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts and have 4 to 15 in their generation. Materials and MethodsConsidering the numerous environmental risks posed by using pesticides in pest control especially under greenhouse conditions,this study was conducted to compare whiteflies control with imidacloprid pesticide and nano-silicon fertilizer (NSF) as a quasi-essential element in plant nutrition and their impacts on improving resistance to pest. This research was designed as a pot experiment in a soilless greenhouse with polyethylene (PE) coated and controlled environmental conditions. Flower quality components, including flower diameter, flowering stem height and vase life, relative water content (RWC), vase solution uptake, the total phenol content,leaf Ca++ and Si+ content and whiteflies contamination (egg, nymph, pupa, and adult) were evaluated using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in a hydroponic greenhouse. ResultsThe results showed that NSF caused a significant increase of flower diameter, stem length and vase life of flower compared to imidacloprid. Also, NSF increased total phenol content. Leaf calcium and Si concentration in treatment with NSF showed a significant increase compared to other treatments.In addition, the percentage of whitefly population significantly decreased under applying NSF and imidacloprid compared to the control plants. Spraying imidacloprid despite whitefly control led to the reduction of flower diameter and total phenol content. Also, imidacloprid significantly increased flowering stalk height and the contamination of whitefly nymph with respect to NSF. DiscussionAccording to the results of the present research, foliar application of NSF not only reduced the environmental impact caused by using chemical pesticides but also led to the control of whiteflies population and improved the quality of gerbera cut flower. Therefore, we recommend the use of NSF as a fertilizer-medicine in greenhouse cultivation of gerbera 'Stanza'.

The Effect of Calcium Nanochelate on Morphological, Physiological, Biochemical Characteristics and Vase Life of Three Cultivars of Gerbera under Hydroponic System

soraya moallaye mazraei; Mehrangiz Chehrazi; Esmaeil Khaleghi

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 53-66

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.25085.1574

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) is one of the most important cut flowers in the world, and its production is increasing. One of the major problems ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) is one of the most important cut flowers in the world, and its production is increasing. One of the major problems in cultivating gerbera is its bent neck and short vase life. With the ever-increasing development of flowering industry and the necessity of improving the quantity and quality of flowers, it is necessary to use the beneficial elements in the production of flowers. Calcium is one of the most important nutrient elements that plays a major role in plants. It has a crucial task in the stability of cell wall and cell membrane as well as the development of cells. The balance between cations and anions, the activation of certain enzymes and the regulation of osmotic pressure are among other functions of this element. Calcium, also, plays a role in root development and prevents injuries caused by mechanical and thermal damages such as wind. Nanochelate technology has been able to significantly solve chelate problems. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of various concentrations of calcium nanochelate on quantitative and qualitative characteristics and vase life of Gerbera. Materials and Methods In this study, three concentrations of calcium nano-chelate (0, 2 and 3 g/l) on three cultivars of gerbera cut flower (Intense, Amlet and Cabana) were examined. Factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. In this experiment, morphological, physiological, biochemical parameters and postharvest life of these cultivars were evaluated. The related characteristics of the flower included the dry weight of the scape, the number of inflorescences per plant, the height of the flowering stem, the diameter of the scape and the diameter of the inflorescence. The percentage of electrolyte leakage or membrane stability index, chlorophyll and carotenoids content, calcium content of the plant, vase life and water absorption were investigated. Results The results showed that morphological traits improved with increasing the concentration of calcium nano-chelate. Also, chlorophyll and stomatal conduction increased, but ion leakage decreased. Increasing the concentration of calcium nano-chelate increased the vase-life and water absorption in gerbera flower. The highest number of inflorescence, scape diameter, scape dry weight, inflorescence dry weight and vase life were obtained with 3 g / L of calcium nano-chelate. Discussion In this research, we found that gerbera treatment by calcium nano-chelate was significantly effective. Among the treatments, the concentration of 3 g/l was recognized as the best treatment by increasing the vase life and improving the growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics of gerbera cut flower.

Effect of Pomegranate Peel Extract, Rosmarinus and Artemisia Essential Oils on Vase Life of Cut Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium R.)

Masoumeh Ebrahimipour Bafghi; Maryam Dehestani-Ardakani; Jalal Gholamnezhad

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 129-143

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.25748.1596

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium R.) is one of the most popular cut flowers in the world. Stem end blockage and water stress are two ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium R.) is one of the most popular cut flowers in the world. Stem end blockage and water stress are two problems in shortening the vase life of cut Chrysanthemum. Essential oils are noble alternative substitutes for silver and chemical compounds because of their antimicrobial activities and environmentally friendly nature of the extracts. A pomegranate peel extract (PGE) was evaluated as a natural antifungal preparation for the control of postharvest rots. Materials and Methods This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pomegranatepeelextract of three cultivars (‘Shahvar dane sefid’, ‘Rabab dane ghermez’ and ‘Malas Poost Siah Yazdi’) in four concentration of 0, 15, 25 and 50 mg/l and Rosmarinous and Artemisia essential oils in four concentrations of 0, 25, 50 and 75 mg/l on vase life of cut chrysanthemum in a completely randomize design (CRD). Evaluated characteristics were consisted of vase life, stem end bacteria, petals water content, fresh weight loss, electrolyte leakage, protein content and peroxidase enzyme activity. Results According to the results, flowers treated by 15 mg/l pomogrante peel extract of ‘Shahvar dane sefid’ showed the highest effect on vase life of chrysanthemum with 34.10% higher than control. The lowest population of bacterial in stem end of flowers was obtqined by 25 mg/l Rosmarinus essential oil with 70.14% lower than control. By increasing the extract and essential oils concentrations, bacterial population in stem end of cut flower significantly increased, while peroxidase activity significantly decreased. The lowest fresh weight loss was observed in stems treated with 75 mg/l pomegranate peel extract of ‘Shahvar dane sefid’, 15 mg/l Pomogrante Peel Extract of ‘Rabab Daneh Ghermez’, 25 mg/l Artemissia essential oil and 25 and 50 mg/l Rosmarinous essential oil. The highest petals water content (75.66%) was obtained in 75 mg/l Rosmarinus essential oil. The lowest petals water content (44.66%) was obtained in 75 mg/l Artemisia essential oil. The lowest electrolyte leakage was observed in cut stem floweres that were treated by 15 and 25 mg/l pomegranate peel extract cv.’Malas Poost Siah Yazdi’. Discussion Generally, compared to control, all treatments were able to extend vase life and decrease fresh weight and microbial stem end of cut flowers. Also, among three pomegranate peel extracts, extracts of cv. ‘Shahvar dane sefid’ showed the highest effect on extending vase life, decreasing the fresh weight, electrolyte leakage and stem end bacteria, and thus, recommended for extending the vase life of cut flowers.

The Effect of Potassium and Nano-Potassium on Some Physiological and Biochemical Traits of Asiatic Lilium Hybrid cv. Tresor

Fereshteh Abbasi; Alireza Khaleghi; Ali Khadivi

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 253-264

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24505.1553

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Lilium is one of the most important bulbous plants produced as cut flowers and pot plants. In order to increase the quality of flowers, all ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Lilium is one of the most important bulbous plants produced as cut flowers and pot plants. In order to increase the quality of flowers, all plants should be fertilized correctly. Potassium is one of the elements that play a very important role in the quality and performance of ornamental flowers. Nano fertilizers increase nutrient efficiency, reduce soil toxicity, minimize the potential negative effects associated with overdosage, and are an effective step toward achieving sustainable and environmentally sustainable agriculture. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of potassium and nano-potassium fertilizers on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Asiatic Lilium Hybrid cv. Tresor. Materials and Methods In the current study, the effect of foliar spraying of different concentrations of potassium (0, 1, 2, and 4 mM) and nano-potassium (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM) was investigated on qualitative and quantitative traits of lily cut flower "Tresor" at the four stages of pre-harvest. The traits included a number of buds and leaves, bud length, bud diameter, stem length, stem diameter, length and width of leaves, fresh and dry weight of stems and leaves, flower longevity, peduncle length and diameter, dry matter percent of stems and leaves, ionic leakage, chlorophyll index and content of carotenoids, Flavonoids, anthocyanins, and chlorophyll a, b, and total. Results The result showed that there are significant differences between different spraying treatments and the number of buds, stems fresh weight, and ionic leakage. The highest stem fresh weight was observed by the 0.5mM nano-potassium, while the largest number of buds, the highest cells stability, and the lowest ionic leakage were achieved by the 4mM potassium. In regard to the traits of chlorophyll content, Carotenoid, Anthocyanin, and Flavonoid, there were no significant differences between the treatments of potassium and the nano-potassium. Also, the 4mM potassium and the 2mM nano-potassium showed the longest vase life. Considering the fact that the number of buds in the Lily is the most important trait, the 2 mM nano-potassium is recommended as the best treatment for spraying to feeding potassium. Discussion The foliar application of potassium and nano-potassium enhanced stem fresh weight and vase life of cut flower lilies and reduced ionic leakage compared to the control. Also, the largest number of buds was achieved by the 4 mM potassium. These results are in agreement with previous studies on carnation, Narcissus, and lily. Potassium is vital to many plant processes. Potassium plays a major role in the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant in the xylem. Potassium is required for every major step of protein synthesis. Also, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of starch (starch synthetase), which is activated by K. Briefly potassium, plays signiﬁcant roles in enhancing the crop quality. High levels of available K improve the physical quality, disease resistance, and shelf life of crops.

Evaluation of Some Chrysanthemum Cultivars Using Morphological Traits in Beiran-Shahr, Lorestan Province

Shirin Taghipour; Abdollah Ehteshamnia; Hamed Khodayari; Hassan Mumivand

Volume 42, Issue 1 , April 2019, , Pages 47-62

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22802.1496

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Chrysanthemum, due to numerous applications in floriculture and medicinal industries has been considered one of the most important ornamental ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Chrysanthemum, due to numerous applications in floriculture and medicinal industries has been considered one of the most important ornamental plants and medicinal plants in the global area. In addition to being used as a cut flower, it also has a special place among potted flowers and gardens. Also, it is used as a medicinal plant with strong healing properties in traditional Chinese medicine and considered to treat eye diseases, headaches, colds, and etc. However, only a few reports have been presented in the field of genetic diversity of Chrysanthemums by morphological and molecular markers. Therefore, there is a need for further identification of germplasm and cultivars of Chrysanthemums in Iran. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of 15 cultivars of Chrysanthemums based on morphological characteristics and selection of cultivar adapted to Khorramabad region. Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the area of Beiran-Shahr, Lorestan province in 2017. Twenty-one morphological characteristics were determined from fresh materials. These traits in accordance with the given instructions describing World UPOV Chrysanthemums, were measured. Quantitative measurements were carried out on 10 leaves per cultivars. Some variables including diameter (branches, petioles, discs, buds and flowers) were measured by digital caliper. The traits such as length and width of leaf, plant height, length and width of the tab florets with ruler were measured. Results Based on data analysis most of the traits in cultivars showed significant differences (p≤0.01). Results showed that the correlation between leaf area with leaf width, petiole diameter and number of leaves has a positive and significant correlation with the probability level of 5%. The most significant and negative correlation (r = 0.99) was observed between number of flowers per plant and number of florets. Based on the results obtained from principal components analysis, seven independent and major components with Eigen values greater than one could explain 89 percent of the total variation. The first component, verified 24.4 percent of the total variation. Cluster analysis of cultivars in Euclidean distance of 26.68, was categorized into two main groups. The cultivars "Avadis" and "Norooz3" in the first group were distinguished from the rest of the cultivars with the lowest height. The "Fariba"; "Ashraf" and "Andiea" cultivars were placed in the group and most abundant cultivars. Discussion Based on the results, leaf size, plant height, number of branches and number of flowers in plant traits were most important in recognizing the diversity of cultivars Chrysanthemum. By using some cultivars belonging to the first cluster with less height and cultivars in the second cluster with more leaves and flowers as a parent, a new cycle of Chrysanthemum breeding program can be initiated.

Effect of Different Media Cultures on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Plants under Salt Stress

Marzieh Kalhor; Maryam Dehestani-Ardakani; Mostafa Shirmardi; Jalal Gholam nezhad

Volume 42, Issue 1 , April 2019, , Pages 89-102

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.23906.1531

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity is an important environmental tension limiting growth and productivity of plants worldwide. The harmful effects of high salinity on ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity is an important environmental tension limiting growth and productivity of plants worldwide. The harmful effects of high salinity on plants can be observed in senescence, necrosis of plant organs and decrease productivity. Major processes such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and energy and lipid metabolism affect plants during the beginning and development of salinity stress. Calendula officinalis L. belongs to the Asteraceae family; it is an annual with bright or yellow orange daisy-like flowers which are used for medicinal or culinary purposes. Organic fertilizers develop favorable physical, chemical and biological environment in the soil. They stimulate plant root growth, increase nutrient uptake and soil water-holding capacity, decrease evaporation from the soil and surface water runoff, facilitate drainage, regulate soil temperature and provide a rich substrate for soil microbes. Materials and Methods This study was conducted to determine the effects of soil salinity and organic amendments on some growth characteristics, absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and peroxidase enzyme activity in pot marigold plant (Calendula officinalis L). In a factorial experiment and completely randomized design (CRD), five levels of organic amendments (control, 0.5 and 1 g.L-1 algae extract, 20% v/v of pot volume cow manure and 20% v/v of pot volume vermicompost) and three levels of salinity (3.5, 7.5 and 10.5 dS.m-1) with three replications per treatments were applied. In this experiment, media without organic amendment were considered as control. Results Results showed that increasing soil salinity levels progressively decreased the growth characteristics and nutrients uptake. The maximum leaf number, fresh and dry weight of flowers and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorption were obtained in cow manure treatment and EC = 3.5 dS.m-1, While the highest flower diameter was observed in sea algae treated plants (0.5 g.l-1) in media with EC = 7.5 dS.m-1. Salinity causes growth reduction due to the low osmotic potential of the medium and by a specific ion effect as a secondary cause in several vegetable crops. Discussion The results of the present study showed that the organic media can improve leaf number, crown diameter and fresh and dry weight of flowers. This can be due to increased media moisture storage and enhanced nutrient absorption. All treatments significantly increased growth characteristics of pot marigold compared to control. The positive effect of cow manure to nutrients uptake could be because of rich N, P, K compared to the others. According to the results, in normal conditions, pot marigold plant could tolerate salt stress until 7.5 dS.m-1 but by suitable media culture its threshold tolerate will be increased up to 10.5 dS.m-1. Also it was revealed that cow manure compared to other treatments could increase plant tolerate to salt stress and growth characteristics.

Progeny Test of Crosses among Different Cultivars of Gladiolus

Mohammad Hossein Azimi

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 29-44

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.21501.1460

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Gladiolus grandiflora Hort. belongs to Iridaceae family and it is one of the most important cut flower and bulb in the world. Fragrance, long ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Gladiolus grandiflora Hort. belongs to Iridaceae family and it is one of the most important cut flower and bulb in the world. Fragrance, long vase life and color variation make it different in floriculture. Breeding and introduction of new cultivars with innovation in ornamental are important. The aim of this research was of introducing new hybrids of gladiolus through hybridization. Four cultivars in Amsterdam, White prosperity, Advance red and Rose supreme were chosen for hybridization. Materials and Methods Progenies were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The Research was conducted in Ornamental Plants Reserch Center (OPRC) in Mahallat from 2015 to 2016. Quantitative traits included leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, number of leaf, days to germination, weight and diameter of cormelet. Finally, statistical parameters such as coefficients of correlation, mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variability, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were estimated. Results Analysis of variance among progeny (hybrids) showed that the progeny has significant differences (p≤0.01) in all traits and a wide variation in progenies was observed for all traits. NIOP9 progeny in leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, number of leaf, days to germination, weight and diameter of cormelet was superior progenies compared to other cormelet. Lilcewise, progeny NIOP4 with 2.49 per seed was superior to cormelet. Correlation coefficients among the different progenies revealed that the most positive and significant correlation was between the number of leaves and crown diameter (r= +0.93) and the lowest level (r= -0.17) of correlation was found between the number of days to germination and number of cormelet. The highest coefficient of phenotypic variation of 57.17% was obtained for the number of cormelet and the lowest of 11.15% for the number of days to germination. The highest heritability in traits was estimated as 98.46 and 96.46% for the number of cormelet and cormelet diameter, respectively and the lowest as 12.90% for the crown diameter. Discussion All traits showed significant differences in progeny. These results indicate that the major traits in the phenotypic and genetic diversity coefficient were very low, indicating that they had less environmental effects, since the progeny was cultivated under similar and controlled conditions (greenhouse).

Evaluation of Different Treatments to Improve Germination of Iris Spuria Subsp. Musulmanica

M. Salehi; M. Shoor; A. Tehranifar; L. Samiei

Volume 41, Issue 3 , December 2018, , Pages 105-117

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.21219.1449

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Iris spuria subsp. Musulmanica is a rhizomatous herb growing as wild in Iran, Turkey and, Caucasia. This species is important from ornamental and ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Iris spuria subsp. Musulmanica is a rhizomatous herb growing as wild in Iran, Turkey and, Caucasia. This species is important from ornamental and medicinal perspective and could be used as flowering pot plant, cut flower and landscape plant. A few of Iris seeds germinate under natural conditions. Therefore, an experiment was designed to improve germination of Iris seeds using different treatments that could be accessible for floriculture purpose. Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 4 replications (each replication contains 25 seeds). Treatments were control without treatment, priming in hydroxide sodium 20M for 10 minutes, priming in sodium hydroxide 15M for 20 minutes, W100-10: in water 100°C for 10 minutes, W80-15: in water 80°C for 15 minutes, priming in sulfuric acid 98% for 10 minutes, priming in sulfuric acid 98% for 15 minutes, stratification for 30 days, stratification for 60 days, and stratification for 90 days. For all treatments, germination variables including germination, germination rate, mean germination time, seed vigor index, mean germination daily, shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight were measured. Results Treatment effect on germination variables was significant (p<0.05). The results improvement of that treating seeds with 20 mM of hydroxide sodium solution for 10 minutes led to improve the seed germination parameters like germination percentage, germination rate, seed vigor index, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot compared to control. In three levels of stratification treatments, germination percentages were less than control treatment. Also, the results showed that treating seeds with sulfuric acid for 10 minutes improved as partially seed germination and other germination variables in comparison with control treatment. Discussion Previous studies revealed that the seed coating played an important role in seed dormancy of Iris species. In this study, scarification treatment with hydroxide sodium resulted in increased germination which may correspond to the reduced seed mechanical inhibitory and the improvement in gas and water exchange. Moreover, sodium hydroxide solution facilitated the seed germination via the elimination of seed coat and increasing the seed capsule Intercellular space which finally promoted the exchange of materials between seed and its surrounded environment. Like too many Iris species, a non-deep morphophysiological mechanism may play the most important role in dormancy of I. spuria subsp. Musulmanica.

The Effect of Planting Methods and Calcium Nanoparticles Spray on Quality, Quantity and Vase Life of Gladiolus hybrida cv. Magma

M. Chehrazi; D. Pourghasemi; M. Khoshbakht

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 55-66

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.20176.1418

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives In order to introduce the best method of planting between Cretan and furrow and also spraying nanoparticles of calcium on the quality and quantity ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives In order to introduce the best method of planting between Cretan and furrow and also spraying nanoparticles of calcium on the quality and quantity of Gladiolus flowers (Gladiolus hybrida cv. Magma), a study was conducted at the research farm. Nanoparticles release nutrients slowly and continuously because of having nanomembranes so that we can adjust the speed of releasing nutrients from the capsuls. Using this fact, the efficiency of nanoparticles would improve. Cretan method is the most common method of planting of Gladiolus in Iran. Materials and Methods Corms were planted in two ways; Cretan and furrow planting. The density of them was 24 per square meter (four rows with the distance of 15 cm). Nanoparticles of calcium at three levels (0, 1 mg/litre, and 2 mg/litre) were sprayed on the plants before the harvest once a week for three weeks. Considering the importance of planting methods and performance of nanoparticles of calcium, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were analyzed using SAS software. Results In this study after the harvesting, most of the features of flowers were measured including: the inflorescence length, the inflorescence weight, the weight index of cut flower (fresh weight of the cut flower/ the length of the cut flower), the shoot diameter, the shoot length, the diameter of the first and the second floret, the number of florets, the number of corm, the corm weight, a, b, and the total chlorophyll, the relative water content, and the vase life. Significant differences were observed at the 5% level for all of the traits except the weight index of the cut flower and the relative water content. The cut flower weight, the cut flower length, the inflorescence length, the florets diameter, the number of florets, the number of corm, and the vase life were increased in the furrow planting method. The importance of the nanoparticles of calcium treatments on vase life was significant. The Number of corms was also significant in the furrow planting method. Discussion The results of this study showed that the quality, the yield and the vase life in furrow planting were better than those in the Cretan. The foliar feeding calcium nanoparticles resulted in survival improvement in post-harvest flowers. In Khuzestan, which is capable of producing commercial Gladiolus flowers in autumn and winter, the furrow planting can be used to obtain flowers with higher quality and quantity instead of using the cretan planting.

The Effects of Silver Nitrate, Thymol, Green Silver Nanoparticles and Chitosan on Vase Life of Carnation Cut Flowers cv. White Liberty

Mousa Solgi; M. Taghizadeh

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13112

Abstract

Background and Objectives Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is one of the most important and consumption cut flowers in the world. Carnation cut flowers are sensitive to microbial contaminations ... Read More Background and Objectives Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is one of the most important and consumption cut flowers in the world. Carnation cut flowers are sensitive to microbial contaminations at the stem end or in the vase solutions that make their vase life shorter. Numerous studies have reported that three genera of bacteria are the main bacteria which were recognized in the preservative solution of cut flowers. Nowadays, the finding of new compounds as alternatives to common chemicals is important in postharvest of cut flowers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of new compounds including chitosan, thymol and green silver nanoparticles on vase life of cut carnation flowers. Material and Methods The effects of green silver nanoparticles (25, 50 and 100 mg L-1), thymol (25, 50 and 100 mg L-1) and chitosan (25, 50 and 100 mg L-1) were investigated against of silver nitrate (25, 50 and 100 mg L-1) and control (2% sucrose) on vase life of carnation cut flowers "White Liberty", in this research. All treatments included 2% sucrose. Cut flowers were held in treatments for 24 hours, then replaced with distilled water. The experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications. Evaluated characteristics were vase life, relative fresh weight (on days 2, 3, 4, 7, 9 and 10), solution uptake (on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10), ion leakage of petals (on day 11) and chlorophyll contents (on days 2, 4 and 8). Results Results showed that the effects of different treatments on vase life were significant and thymol 25 (13 days), green silver nanoparticles and chitosan 25 (12.5 days) had the highest vase life in comparison with control. The effects of different treatments on relative fresh weight and solution uptake were significant in the evaluated days. Although, the chlorophyll content of leaves and ion leakage of petals were not significant. Discussions In the present study, it was found that pulse treatment by chitosan, thymol and green silver nanoparticles (25 mg L-1) significantly increased the vase life of cut carnations cv. "White Liberty". The presence of two sections of sucrose as nutrition source and antimicrobial agents seems to be necessary for carnation cut flowers. The antimicrobial effects of these compounds have been demonstrated in several studies. The application of thymol and chitosan as non-toxic compounds in the preservative solutions showed positive prospects for using these in extending carnation cut flowers.

Evaluation of Culture Media Including Vermicompost, Compost and Manure under Drought Stress in Iranian Petunia (Petunia hybrida)

M Goldani; M Kamali

Volume 39, Issue 3 , December 2016, , Pages 91-100

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12335

Abstract

Background and Objectives Organic fertilizers are derived from animal matter, human excreta or vegetable matter. (e.g. compost, manure). Organic fertilizers are carbon-based compounds ... Read More Background and Objectives Organic fertilizers are derived from animal matter, human excreta or vegetable matter. (e.g. compost, manure). Organic fertilizers are carbon-based compounds that increase the productivity and growth quality of plants. Organic fertilizers preserve food cycle; reduce pollution and remediation of soil physicochemical properties and stabilization of plants in soil. Use of these organic fertilizers ensures that the food items produced are free of harmful chemicals. As a result, the end consumers who eat these organic products are less prone to diseases such as cancer. In addition to the on-farm production possibilities of organic fertilizers, organic fertilizers help in maintaining the soil structure and increasing its nutrient-holding capacity. Organic fertilizers are easily bio-degradable and do not cause environmental pollution. On the other hand, chemical fertilizers contaminate both the land and water, which is a major cause of diseases for human beings and is the force behind the extinction of a number of plant, animal, and insect species. Material and Methods In order to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers (vermicompost, compost and manure) on morpho physiological characteristics of Petunia hybrida an experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.Irrigation treatments consisted of three levels (100 % of field capacity by irrigation at a rate of 360 cc (D1), 50% of field capacity by as much as 180 cc (D2) and 25 % of field capacity by as much as 90 cc (D3 )), and four fertilizer treatments (control, compost, vermicompost and manure). Some traits such as stem fresh weight leave fresh weight, flower fresh weight, length, diameter and number of flowers, SPAD index, leaf area, relative water content and membrane stability index were measured. Results The results showed that effects of the treatments on traits such as flower fresh weight, length, diameter and number of flowers, SPAD index, relative water content and membrane stability index were significant at 1% level. The interaction of two factors on traits such as stem and flower fresh weight, flower number, leaf area, leaf fluorescence, relative water content and membrane stability index was significant. Thus the weight of a single flower per plant increased with the application of vermicompost fertilizers, compost and manure, respectively, 16/26, 65/9 and 40/8% over control at 100% capacity. Irrigation with treated manure at 25% field capacity (D3) increased length of flower over 14% compared to control. In 50% of field capacity (D2) with vermicompost in the context of the membrane stability index was 62% which, compared to control treatments at the same level of irrigation, was increased by 67%. Use of manure and vermicompost seems to improve adverse effects of drought stress. Discussions Manure and vermicompost improves soil aeration, enriches soil with micro-organisms (adding enzymes such as phosphatase and cellulase), Enhances germination, plant growth, and crop yield and also improves water holding capacity.

Effect of Clone and Growth Regulators on Callus and Bulblet Formation Using Daughter Bulb Explants of Fritillary (Fritillaria imperialis L.)

Saadollah Alizadeh Ajirlo; mohammad kargar

Volume 39, Issue 2 , September 2016, , Pages 81-94

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12058

Abstract

Introduction: Micropropagation is the best approach to propagation of Fritillaria and prevention of its extinguishing. The effects of auxin and cytokinin combinations on callus and ... Read More Introduction: Micropropagation is the best approach to propagation of Fritillaria and prevention of its extinguishing. The effects of auxin and cytokinin combinations on callus and bulblet production using explants taken from daughter bulb scale of two fritillary clones collected from Arjan and Koohrang plains of Fars province were studied.Materials and methods: For this purpose, 3 types of growth regulator combinations containing three levels of NAA (0, 0.5 and 1 mg L-1) with one of the cytokines (2ip, Kinetin and TDZ) at three levels (0.5, 1.0 and 2 mg L-1) were applied. The base medium was MS containing 4.5 percent sucrose and 8 g/l agar. To evaluate the effects of these factors, experimental design of completely randomized factorial with 4 replications and 5 explants per repeat was used. Background and Objectives Micropropagation is the best approach to propagation of Fritillaria and prevention of its extinction. The effects of auxin and cytokinin combinations on callus and bulbletproduction using explants taken from daughterbulb scale of two fritillary clones collected from Arjan and Koohrang plains of Fars province were studied. Materials and methods For this purpose, 3 types of growth regulator combinations containing three levels of NAA (0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1) with one of the cytokines (2ip, Kinetin and TDZ) at three levels (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1) were applied. The base medium was MS containing 4.5 percent sucrose and 8 g/l agar. To evaluate the effects of these factors, an experimental design of completely randomized factorial with 4 replications and 5 explants per repeat was used. Results Analysis of data revealed that the kinetin and 2ip had no significant effect on callus induction percentage while TDZ was significant on this parameter. The highest callus production was observed in medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 NAA combined with 0.5 mg L-1 TDZ. Using this treatment, 60 percent of explants produced the callus. The most number of direct and indirect regenerated bulblets were recorded in medium complemented with 1.0 mg/l NAA and 1.0 mg L-1 Kinetin. The mean of 5.5 bulbletper explants was obtained in this treatment. Discussion Considering the effectiveness and cost of NAA and environmental issues, its lower concentration is recommended for bulblet regeneration in this plant.

Effect of shade, organic matter and planting time on morphological and physiological characteristics of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) (Raf.) Shinn.

M. Rahnemoon far; N. Etemadi; A. Nikbakht; M. Gheisari; M.R. Sabzalian

Volume 37, Issue 3 , December 2014, , Pages 1-11

Abstract

In order to investigate the effect of shade, organic materials and planting time on characters of Lisianthus, a completely randomized design experiment was conducted in greenhouse of ... Read More

Volume 47 (2024)

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = H: Ornamental Plants

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