Plant Productions

Pre-harvest application of chitosan and nano-chitosan on enzymatic activities, quality and sensory indicators of fresh pistachios (Pistacia vera L. cv 'Ahmad Aghaei')

Shirin Taghipour; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Hossein Hokmabadi

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 51-63

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41148.2042

Abstract

Introduction Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the most important and popular tree nuts in the world. The kernels of this product are rich in oil (more than 50%) and contain linolenic, ... Read More Introduction Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the most important and popular tree nuts in the world. The kernels of this product are rich in oil (more than 50%) and contain linolenic, linoleic and oleic acid, which are essential for the human diet. Pistachio is also one of the important export products that is of strategic importance in the field of non-petroleum exports and currency and its role in the agricultural and national economy is significant and valuable. In addition to its economic value, pistachios are rich in essential nutrients such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, unsaturated and tonic fatty acids, the consumption of which has a great impact on health, well-being and community empowerment. The use of biodegradable, edible, and antimicrobial films and coatings as a suitable alternative to synthetic preservatives is important in order to maintain food security and prevent wastage of capital. Materials and Methods This study was performed in 2021 in the Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University and Green Tat Research Garden in Qazvin province. In this experiment, the effect of pre-harvest foliar application of chitosan (0, 500 and 1000 mg/l) and nano- chitosan (0, 250 and 500 mg/l) on the qualitative and sensory characteristics, activity of antioxidant enzymes and shelf life of fresh pistachios 'Ahmad Aghaei' cultivar in four different times (0, 25, 50 and 75 days after harvest) were stored in the cold storage at 4 ±0.5° C and 80% RH. The studied traits included, fruit kernel firmness, weight loss percentage, antioxidant enzyme activity, acid value, peroxide values (PV) and sensory properties were measured at different times. Results and Discussion The results showed that the fruits treated with nano-chitosan 500 mg/l had the highest tissue firmness (8.13 N). The lowest percentage of weight loss was observed in nano-chitosan 250 mg/l treatment on the 25th day (0.14%). The activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme in fruits treated with nano-chitosan 500 mg/l also increased. The lowest polyphenol oxidase activity belonged to nano-chitosan 250 mg/l treatment and the highest guaiacol peroxidase activity was observed in chitosan 1000 mg/l treatment. The lowest and highest amount of peroxide values was obtained in the treatment of nano-chitosan 250 mg/l and control, respectively, on days 0 and 75 days after storage. The amount of free fatty acids increased during storage and the increase was slower in chitosan and nano-chitosan treatments, so that the lowest amount of free fatty acids in nano-chitosan treatment was 250 mg/l in day 0 and the highest amount of free fatty acid in control treatment was observed on the 75th day. Fresh pistachios coated with nano-chitosan 500 and 250 mg/liter significantly showed the highest average sensory scores in marketability index, skin appearance, smile and texture crispness compared to the control. Conclusion According to the results, it can be stated that the application of nano-chitosan 250 mg/l in the pre-harvest stage, due to maintaining qualitative and sensory characteristics, and increasing the shelf life of fresh pistachios up to 75 days compared to the control, and as a natural and biodegradable compound is recommended.

Effect of scion storage and grafting time on graft union of Pistachio minigrafting under in-vivo condition

Zeinab Sadeghi; Mohammad Hossein Shamshiri; Amanollah Javanshah; Vahed Bagheri

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 259-270

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30517.1799

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesMicrografting is a relatively new technique for propagation of plants. This technique has been used on woody species to produce viruses-free plants, rejuvenation, ... Read More Background and ObjectivesMicrografting is a relatively new technique for propagation of plants. This technique has been used on woody species to produce viruses-free plants, rejuvenation, and reinvigoration, analysis of grafting compatibility and incompatibility and clone's propagation. Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the most important commercial trees grown in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran where it is of vital importance to the permanent farming. Increase of pistachio cultivation areas during last three decades caused a continuous growing demand for pistachio planting materials in Iran. The benefits of applying in vivo and in vitro micrografting to the pistachio are obvious, especially when considering the need to improve the genetic quality of the planting stock of this slow-growing species while increasing crop potential. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of scion storage and grafting time on clonal propagation of pistachio from elite-mature trees. Materials and methodsIn order to evaluate the effect of scion storage and grafting time on grafting success of in-vivo micrografting of Pistachio, an experiment was achieved an factorial based on compeletly randomized design (CRD) during 2017-2018 under greenhouse condition. In the experiment, the success of micrografting in "Ahmad aghaiee " Pistachio on 14-days "Badami-Riz-Zaran" rootstocks were examined. The scion of "Ahmad aghaiee" were prepared from shoot tips of mature trees at three different times (February, march and may) and grafted immediately or after one month storage at 4 °C using inverted cleft grafting method. 21 days after grafting, some traits such as graft union percentage, scion growth, time to graft union, scion leaf number and total soluble sugar were recorded.ResultsThe results showed that the highest graft union percentage (100%) was observed on the grafted plants of February, immediately after grafting. Based on the results, soluble sugars were significantly increased in freshly harvested scions in February and March. The results also showed that the maximum time (18 days) for time graft union was obtained in April with the stored scion whereas the lowest time graft union (11 days) was observed in February with scion taken at the same time. In addition, we found that the highest scion growth rate was due to freshly harvested scions and grafts in February.DiscussionIt was found that February was the best time of micrografting with scion taken at the same time because in this period carbohydrate content of the scions was higher than other months. Also, pistachio contain high amount of phenolic compounds. Exudation of phenolic compounds from the cut surfaces and their oxidation by polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase enzymes cause discoloration of the tissues which results in poor micrografting.

The Screening of Persian Walnut Genotypes Based on the Quantitative and Qualitative Characters and the Investigation of Genetic Diversity among Promising Samples Using ISSR Marker

Nasim Zare-Rashnodi; Javad Erfani Moghadam; Arash Fazeli

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 279-294

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24861.1569

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) belongs to the family of Juglandaceae and is one of the most important nut crops in Iran. Until recently, ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) belongs to the family of Juglandaceae and is one of the most important nut crops in Iran. Until recently, all of the fruitful walnut trees grown in Iran are seedling originated and thus, they exhibit a signiﬁcant variation, especially in nut and kernel characteristics. Therefore, the identiﬁcation of the promising genotypes based on the phenotypic traits is essential in breeding programs. The aims of the current work were to evaluate 119 Persian walnut trees in different western regions of Iran based on nut and kernel characteristics, and then to detect genetic relationships among desirable genotype using ISSR marker. Materials and Methods In this research, 119 Persian walnut genotypes collected from different parts of the west of Iran were evaluated based on nut characteristics. Based on the primary evaluation, 30 superior genotypes that had desirable characters in nut and kernel properties, such as nut and kernel weight, kernel percentage, kernel removal from the nut, kernel plumpness, and kernel ﬁlled were selected and then, the genetic variation among them was evaluated using 10 ISSR primers. Results The preliminary evaluation of 119 walnut genotypes illustrated that most of the evaluated genotypes showed high variability for the measured traits related to nut and kernel. Among the nut and kernel characters, the kernel shriveling showed the highest coefficient of variation (114.02%), while the lowest CV was related to the nut diameter (8.68%). Among walnut genotypes, both nut and kernel weight varied from 7-19.8 g and 2.8-9.20 g, respectively. The genetic relationship among 30 promising genotypes with ten ISSR primers indicated a considerable level of variability. All of the ISSR primers were polymorphic and produced a total of 79 alleles among the 30 genotypes, which 77 alleles were polymorphic. The size of the ampliﬁed fragments ranged from 200 bp to 1700 bp. The number of the observed alleles for each locus ranged from 3 (HB10) to 13 (UBC-807), with an average of 7.7 alleles per locus. Polymorphic index content (PIC) was observed to be highest (0.82) in the UBC-807 locus, while the HB10 locus had the lowest value (0.51) with an average of 0.75 among ISSR locus. The Jaccard’s genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.31 to 0.85 among the genotypes. The cluster analysis performed based on ISSR data using UPGMA, divided the genotypes into seven major groups. Discussion Finally, the results of this study showed that there was high variability among walnut genotypes in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the nut and the kernel. In this study, the average nut and kernel weight among walnut genotypes varied. The difference in nut and kernel properties of germplasm under the same geographical conditions may be the result of genotypic factors. The results indicated that some genotypes (16, 4, 24, 26, 11, and 17) had desirable traits in the nut and kernel. Moreover, the Persian walnut is of most important horticultural crops grown in Iran. Therefore, these genotypes can be propagated according to the vegetative methods and used for commercial cultivation or utilized for traditional breeding and advanced biotechnology studies to achieve superior progenies.

Seasonal changes of electrolyte leakage, carbohydrate contents and Re-growth in four cultivars of grape vine (Vitis vinifera l.) cuttings, under freezing stress

H. Araghi; A. Tehranifar; B. Abedi; M. Shoor

Volume 37, Issue 2 , September 2014, , Pages 49-61

Abstract

Grapes are one of the temperate fruit crops most frequently damaged by freezing temperatures. An investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of freezing temperatures during ... Read More

The effects of partial root zone drying (PRD) and green pruning on yield and quality of Thompson seedless grape

A. Taherkhani; A. Golchin

Volume 36, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 25-38

Abstract

Partial root zone drying (PRD) is a new irrigation technique which improves water use efficiency without significant yield reduction. To study the effects of partial root zone drying ... Read More

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Main Subjects = H: Fruit Nut

Pre-harvest application of chitosan and nano-chitosan on enzymatic activities, quality and sensory indicators of fresh pistachios (Pistacia vera L. cv 'Ahmad Aghaei')

Abstract

Effect of scion storage and grafting time on graft union of Pistachio minigrafting under in-vivo condition

Abstract

The Screening of Persian Walnut Genotypes Based on the Quantitative and Qualitative Characters and the Investigation of Genetic Diversity among Promising Samples Using ISSR Marker

Abstract

Seasonal changes of electrolyte leakage, carbohydrate contents and Re-growth in four cultivars of grape vine (Vitis vinifera l.) cuttings, under freezing stress

Abstract

The effects of partial root zone drying (PRD) and green pruning on yield and quality of Thompson seedless grape

Abstract