Plant Productions - Articles List

The effect of foliar application of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of strawberry cv. Camarosa

Naeimeh Soukht Saraei; Feryal Varasteh; Hamid Reza Sadeghipour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47877.2199

Abstract

IntroductionStrawberry is one of the most popular fruits, accordingly, its maintenance and increased quality without using harmful chemical compounds is of great concern. Gamma-aminobutyric ... Read More IntroductionStrawberry is one of the most popular fruits, accordingly, its maintenance and increased quality without using harmful chemical compounds is of great concern. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid that affects plant growth activities, tricarboxylic acid cycle, production of primary and secondary metabolites, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Growth hormones, especially those growth regulators that increase photosynthesis and plant function, have good potential for agricultural development. The plant hormone cytokinin plays an effective role in controlling many vital processes, including plant growth and flowering. Cytokinins cause an increase in cell division, and therefore, if they are used in the initial stage of the sigmoid curve of fruit growth, when cell division is underway, they may increase the number of cells in each fruit.Materials and MethodsThe well-developed and consistent strawberry plantlets of the Camarosa cultivar were planted during October 2022 in Ramian County, Golestan province, Iran (UTM: 318446, 4092385). The foliar application of GABA solutions at 10 and 20 mM as well as control (water) was carried out at the flowering stage and 10 days later and the foliar application of forchlorfenuron )CPPU( solutions at 5 and 10 mg/L was carried out at the flowering stage. This research was conducted in the form of a complete randomized blocks design in three replications. Fruits were collected when they reached a consistent ripening stage, as characterized by change of fruit's surface color to red by more than 75% and were promptly transported to the laboratory for analysis. Root volume and weight, total sugar and leaf photosynthetic pigments, length, diameter and shape of fruit, percentage of malformed fruit, fruit firmness, total sugar, fruit color, total weight of harvested fruit and fruit cytokinin were assessed. Data analysis was done using SAS version 9.1 software and comparison of means was done through Duncan's multiple range test at the 1% probability level.Results and DiscussionThe analysis of variance of the data showed that the effect of GABA treatment at the probability level of 1% on root volume and weight, carotenoid and chlorophyll b of leaf, fruit firmness and the total weight of the harvested fruit at the probability level of 1% and on the total chlorophyll of leaf and percentage of malformed fruit at the probability level of 5% was significant. Leaf area, chlorophyll a, total leaf sugar, fruit length, diameter and length-to-diameter ratio were not affected by GABA spraying. Also, the effect of CPPU treatment was significant at 1% probability level on root volume and weight, leaf area, leaf carotenoid, fruit length and firmness, and percentage of malformed fruits, and at 5% probability level on chlorophyll a and total, fruit length to diameter ratio. Total sugar and chlorophyll b of leaf, fruit diameter and total weight of harvested fruit were not affected by CPPU solution. GABA treatment (20 mM) could increase the total weight of the harvested fruits from each experimental unit by 17%. Plants sprayed with CPPU had more leaf area compared to the control non-sprayed plants. The total chlorophyll amount of leaf increased with increasing GABA and CPPU concentration, and the highest leaf total chlorophyll was found in 20 mM GABA (1.384 mg/g) and 10 mg/L CPPU (1.430 mg/g). 10 mg/L CPPU treatment caused 107 and 59% increase in root volume and weight compared to the control, respectively. The highest fruit length (65.51 mm) and fruit length to diameter ratio (1.69) were obtained in plants sprayed with 10 mg/L CPPU. The highest firmness of the fruit tissue (1.96 N/cm2) was observed in plants sprayed with 20 mM GABA. Accordingly, GABA and CPPU treatments could significantly reduce the malformed fruit and the lowest was observed in CPPU treatment at a concentration of 10 mg/L. Also, both GABA and CPPU treatments had a significant effect on fruit color brightness index and total fruit sugar.ConclusionGABA and CPPU can act as a regulatory factor for plant growth and development. In general, the fruits obtained from plants sprayed with GABA and CPPU were of higher quality. Finally, according to the results, foliar spraying of Camarosa strawberry plants with 20 mM GABA and 10 mg/L CPPU is recommended in order to produce high-quality and long-lasting fruit.

Effect of copper, silicon, fungicide Iprodione-Carbendazim, and Vermi‌wash spray on the quality of pomegranate cv. Shahvar

Ramezanali Hoseinian; Hossein Sadeghi; Kamran Ghasemi

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 319-330

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31943.1876

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionUsually, pomegranate fruit in humid areas is under attack from fungal diseases. In addition to skin damage to the fruit, fungal diseases also reduce qualities and ... Read More AbstractIntroductionUsually, pomegranate fruit in humid areas is under attack from fungal diseases. In addition to skin damage to the fruit, fungal diseases also reduce qualities and visual charactristics. Fruit cracking is another physiological disorder that causes a lot of damages to the crop and causes irreparable damage to the gardeners. Control of these diseases is very difficult, and the use of recommended treatments also has yielded different outcomes. Finding the appropriate solution based on nutritional and chemical products is necessary to overcome this problem. Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted in a commercial orchard located in Sorak city, 10 km from Sari city with a longitude of 53 degrees and 17 minutes and a latitude of 36 degrees and 61 minutes, and a height of 9 meters from the sea level in summer of 2017. The research was carried out as a factorial test in randomized complete block design with the aim of investigating the effects of Copper, Silicon, Vermiwash and Rovral TS on the quality of pomegranate fruit of Shavar cultivar. Experimental factors consisted mineral nutrition (in four levels of control, Copper nano-chelate, Silicon, and Copper+Silicon) and Fungicide (in two levels of vermiwash and Rovral TS). Foliar application was performed 4 times at intervals of 15 days and fungicidal treatments were carried out at 3 times intervals of 20 days. Then morpho-physiological studies were carried out. Results and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that the highest amount of flower conversion to fruit and the highest amount of dry weight (49.78 g) were obtained in Vermiwash and Silicon treatments. The least amount of infected fruit was observed in the application of Rovral TS+copper, Rovral TS+Silicon and Vermiwash+Si+Cu, and. Simultaneous treatment of Silicon and Copper significantly increased fruit size. The treatments of Silicon+Copper and Silicon alone led to a decrease in the number of cracked fruits compared to the control. The highest amount of anthocyanin pigment was observed in Vermiwash alongside with Silicon+Copper treatments. The percentage of free radical scavenger in all treatments was higher than the control. Overall, the results of this experiment showed that Vermiwash, Copper and Silicon alone improved the traits studied. Silicon is naturally present as a compound of the cell wall and hardly bonds with the cell wall mass, thereby elicits resistance against cracking. Silicon also has a fungicidal effect, as has been reported in plants such as rice and cucumbers that can delay the development of pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum after treatment with Silicon. It has also been reported that the use of Vermiwash in various plants did affect control up to 93% of the diseases. ConclusionVermiwash alongside with Si+Cu caused the lowest fungal infection, highest anthocyanin and appropriate fruit set, so this treatment can be strongly recommended. Besides, the results indicated that adding Si and Cu to chemical fungicide can boost its efficiency and decrease cracking significantly.

The Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoids and the Antioxidant Capacity in Two Wild Species of Raspberry, Rubus persicus and R. caesius, at Different Maturity Stages of Fruits

Hamed Dadkhah Aghdash; Mehdi Daemi Saeidabad; Mohsen Falahati Anbaran

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 295-306

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26049.1615

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Antioxidants can harness the oxidative stress caused by free radicals by releasing single electrons and hydrogen ions. Myriad plants including ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Antioxidants can harness the oxidative stress caused by free radicals by releasing single electrons and hydrogen ions. Myriad plants including vegetables and fruits express enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant properties which are used by humans to maintain health.. In this study we aim to compare the level of antioxidants and the amount of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds at three different stages of fruit ripening including immature, semi-ripen and fully matured fruits in two species of raspberry after a period of storage at freezer. Materials and Methods Fruits of Rubus persicus and R. caesius were collected at different maturity stages including immature, semi-ripen and fully matured stages from natural habitats. The extracts of fruits were stored at -20 °C for 6 months. The antioxidant activities of extracts were determined using DPPH free radical purification and ferric iron regeneration ability (FRAP) methods in June, 2013 in Research Laboratory of Science and Technology Park of East Azerbaijan province. The content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was also quantified according to Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were compared between species at three maturity stages in a completely randomized factorial design with three replicates. Results Both methods applied to examine the antioxidant activity revealed a high mean value in extracts from fully matured fruits compared with immature and semi-ripen fruits. The magnitude of antioxidant activity was significantly higher in R. caesius than R. persicus except that the amount measured by DPPH free radical purification level was similar between species at only fully matured stage. A significant difference was observed in both total phenolic and flavonoid contents between immature, semi-ripen and fully matured stages in both species (P < 0.05) except that the total flavonoid content was similar between semi-ripen and fully matured fruits in R. caesius. Discussion Results showed that the highest antioxidant capacity was found in the fully matured stage of fruits in both species and thus the fully matured fruits might be capable of counteracting and even neutralizing free radicals. The results also showed that different species had different level of antioxidant activity. The level of total phenolic and flavonoid content at fully matured fruits was also higher than immature fruits in both species. Our results suggest that the antioxidant potential of raspberry can have several medicinal applications and play an important role by reducing the oxidative stress.

The effect of number of buds per vine and cane on the yield and productivity coefficient of perlette grape cultivar

Isa Arji; Rahman Fayz; Mohammad Gerdakaneh

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 321-332

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22517.1485

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesGrape is one of the fruit trees that need to well management to produce economical production. Farmers often do not properly prune vine grape. Grape cultivars ... Read More Background and ObjectivesGrape is one of the fruit trees that need to well management to produce economical production. Farmers often do not properly prune vine grape. Grape cultivars show different response to pruning severity. Perlette cultivar cultivation is increased recently. The main objective of this research was to determine the severity and number of buds per shoot on yield and productivity coefficient of perlette grape cultivar. Materials and methodsA factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted with three charges levels 42, 60 and 72 and three buds number per shoot include (6-2 buds), (5-2) and (4- 2) during 2012 in Garaban agro industrial complex. Some different traits on flower and fruit quantity and quality were measured. ResultsResults of mean comparison showed that Charge, number of buds per shoot and their interaction effects were significant on number of cluster, cluster weight, yield and productivity coefficient. The interaction effect between charge and the number of buds on the yield per plant showed that the highest yield (about 12 kg) was obtained by charge 60 and long pruning with 6 buds and the lowest yield (about 5.6 kg) was in charge 42 with 4 buds on the branches. The highest cluster weight of about 250 grams was obtained in charge 60 with 4 buds on the branches and the lowest cluster weight (182 g) found in charged 72 and 4 buds on the branches. The interaction effect of charge and the number of buds per shoot was significant on productivity coefficient at 1%. The highest productivity coefficient (0.9833) was found in the charge 42 and 5 buds per shoots and the lowest was in charge 60 with 4 buds per shoots. Generally 60 charge was recommended for this cultivar as mixed pruning with two replacing buds and a shoot with 6 bearing buds.DiscussionIncreasing the number of clusters possibly depend on increasing the charge level, which is one of the yield increasing factors. Berries weight loss and berries abscission lead to cluster weight reduction and yield was affected. Thus, the high charge of 72 buds per plant caused yield loss due to small clusters. This phenomenon is possibly due to lack of adequate nutrition by the vine for cluster growth. Yield reduction in 42 charges was due to a reduction in the cluster production number. Yield was increased with a decrease in pruning intensity, which represents an increase in the number of buds on the fruiting branches. The long pruning with 6 buds per cane and 60 charges was superior to the others. This pruning severity was determined based on fruit yield and quality. Proper pruning lead to balance on vegetative and reproductive growth and quantitative and qualitative yield will be increase.

Improvement of Anthocyanin and Antioxidant Properties of Strawberry (cv. Amaros) by Calcium Lactate and Potassium Sorbate Application

Farah Hosseini; Mohamd Esmail Amiri; Farhang Razavi

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 455-468

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.25261.1580

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is one of the most popular soft fruits worldwide. It is a rich source of health promoting compounds ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is one of the most popular soft fruits worldwide. It is a rich source of health promoting compounds such as essential macro/micro-nutrients, polyphenols, anthocyanin, vitamins and amino acids, while showing a high antioxidant capacity. Preharvest applications of calcium lactate and potassium sorbate have shown to be promising as a tool to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of various fruits. To our knowledge, however, little information is available regarding the effect of calcium lactate and potassium sorbate on strawberry fruits. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of foliar application of calcium lactate and potassium sorbate on important quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of ‘Armas’ strawberries. Materials and Methods This research was performed at a commercial orchard on 2-year old strawberries in Marivan, Iran in 2015. The experiment was arranged as factorial based on randomized complete block design with two factors and four replications. The first factor included different levels of calcium lactate (0, 0.5 and 1%) and the second factor included different levels of potassium sorbate (0, 0.5 and 1%). Foliar spraying was performed in three stages: three weeks before commercial harvesting, at initial coloring, and one week before harvest. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and immediately transported to the laboratory at University of Zanjan and subjected to physicochemical analysis. Differences among means of data were analyzed by Duncan’s test at p ≤ 0.05 (n = 3). All statistical analyses were performed with SAS version 9.4. Results The results showed that the combination of calcium lactate and potassium sorbate (0.5 Percent concentration) treatment significantly (P £ 0.01) increased the total anthocyanin content of the whole fruit, reuslting into further attractive fruit color and market than the control. It also increased antioxidant properties up to a level of 57.07%. On the other hand, the application of this treatment (calcium lactate and potassium sorbate 0.5 Percent) significantly increased the total flavonoid content, total soluble solids, flavor index (1.1 Percent) and calcium lactate (1 Percent). Potassium sorbate increased total phenol, total acidity, and fruit acidity significantly compared to other treatments and control (P £ 0.05). Discussion In general, the results of the present study showed that a preharvest application of calcium lactate and potassium sorbate increased firmness, nutritional quality, and antioxidant potential of strawberry fruits. Thus, the use of these two materials is recommended to improve the qualitative and antioxidant properties of strawberry fruit.

Effects of Aloe vera Gel and Storage Duration on Some Biochemical Indices in Minimally Processed Pomegranate Fresh Arils

Madineh Taheri; Mokhtar Heidari; Mehdi Zarei

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 495-508

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.25498.1591

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives The effect of different physical and chemical treatments on quality of pomegranate fruit at postharvest has been studied, but little information ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives The effect of different physical and chemical treatments on quality of pomegranate fruit at postharvest has been studied, but little information is available in the case of pomegranate fresh aril postharvest as a ready-to-eat product. Coating is one of the treatments to preserve the postharvest quality of the pomegranate fresh aril. Since consumer health is impotant in the selection of postharvest treatment, the use of compounds extracted from plants as wax or coating agent is a safe treatment for fresh arils. Extracted gel from leaf tissue of Aloe vera L. is an herbal gel that can be used as coating agent. The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the effects of Aloe vera gel on the postharvest quality of pomegranate fresh arils. Materials and Methods Pomegranate Fruits (known as ‘Malas Poost Zard’) were harvested from a commercial orchard located in Baghmalek, Khuzestan. Fresh arils were removed manually from fruits and treated with Aloe vera gel (0, 2.5, 5 and 10%). Fresh arils were stored at 7 oC, RH = 90% for 4, 8 and 12 days. Some biochemical characteristics including ascorbic acid, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total phenolics, color intensity, anthocyanins and browning index were evaluated. Results Results showed that the interaction of Aloe vera gel concentration and storage duration had a significant effect on ascorbic acid, titratable acidity, total phenolics, color intensity, anthocyanins and browning index. All concentrations of Aloe vera gel decreased total soluble solids. The highest concentration of Aloe vera gel (10%) significantly increased anthocyanins/browning ratio. The quality of pomegranate fresh arils significantly decreased with the increase in the duration of storage. During storage condition of fresh arils, Aloe vera gel (2.5 – 5%) improved the color intensity of fresh arils after 4 days. Also, results showed that all concentrations of Aloe vera gel helped to preserve higher ascorbic acid after 8 and 12 days. Discussion Aloe vera gel improved the quality of pomegranate fresh arils. Aloe vera gel contains the different antioxidant and nutrients which may be responsible for the positive effects on quality of pomegarnate arils. Results showed that Aloe vera gel is a promising herbal product for coating pomegranate fresh arils. More research needs to be undertaken on the efficacy of Aloe vera gel on postharvest quality of pomegranate fresh arils and other minimally processed products.

Genetic Analysis of Some Genotypes and Varieties of Olive in Qom Province Using Morphological and ISSR Markers

Fereshteh Hosseini Gheydari; Zahra Tahernezhad

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 373-386

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.23698.1521

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most ancient tree crops which has been domesticated in the Middle East for about 6000 years. The ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most ancient tree crops which has been domesticated in the Middle East for about 6000 years. The romans enlarged its cultivation from the Greek islands throughout the Mediterranean basin, mainly along the African and European coasts as well as in the areas where large volumes of water have improved the climate. In the past, cultivar distinguishing approaches were based on morphological characteristics of leaf, fruit and stone. Recently, morphological traits with isozyme and DNA- based markers have been applied to the classification of cultivars. The aim of this study was the evaluation of morphological and molecular similarities between the new and the known cultivars of olive trees in the Fadak garden in Qom province in Iran. Materials and Methods In order to analyze genetic variations of olive tree genotypes in Qom province, the olive genotypes (Manzanilla, Sevilana, Mahzam, Arbequina, and Conservalia) and two superior cold resistant genotypes (Fadak and Tooba) were studied using morphological traits based on distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) guideline in the Fadak garden (Qom province, Iran) in 2013. In addition, a total genomic DNA was extracted from the leaves, and the PCR was carried out by a set of six inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers for amplification. Then, amplification products from ISSR primer tests were characterized on 2% agarose gels immersed in 1X TBE buffer. The gels were stained with ethidium bromide. The PCR fragments were scored for the presence or absence as 1 and 0, respectively. Results In this study, analysis of variance was performed on 12 quantitative traits. Results showed there were significant differences (p < 0.01, p < 0.001) between all the traits and Fadak and Tooba separated from other genotypes by comparing the means of the tests (Duncan multiple range method). According to the biplot graph (the first two components) in the PCA method by quantitative traits, Arbequina, Manzanilla and Tooba were included in one group, and Fadak and Tooba were distinctly separated from other genotypes. Also, according to the biplot graph (the first two components) in the PCA method by qualitative traits, the distance between Fadak and Tooba was low. In the molecular analysis, all ISSR markers (six primers) showed polymorphism. The total band range was 8-21 (with 14.66 as the average) and the PIC varied from 0.231 to 0.447 (0.309 average). Based on the PCA method, Tooba was utterly separated from other genotypes. Discussion In this study, Fadak and Tooba were completely different from other varieties using morphological traits and ISSR molecular markers. Fadak was found to be similar to Sevilana and Conservalia. There was a high similarity between Fadak and Tooba. Also, no similarity was observed between the results of morphological and molecular traits.

Evaluation of Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Reaction of Strawberry to Drought Stress and Dust

Farzad Marivani; Nasser Ghaderi; Taimoor Javadi

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 535-550

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26308.1618

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives In recent years, dust has been identified as a major source of adverse environmental and agricultural effects in west and southwest of Iran. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives In recent years, dust has been identified as a major source of adverse environmental and agricultural effects in west and southwest of Iran. Reducing light penetration, decreasing photosynthesis, changing stomatal performance, and reducing flowering are some of the adverse effects of air pollution on plants. Strawberries have a shallow root system, high leaf area, and are sensetive to drought stress. Kurdistan province is the major producer of strawberries in Iran. Since in Kurdistan dust occurs mostly in the spring and during the strawberry flowering and fruit production, we investigated the interaction effect of dust and drought stress on some physiological characteristics of two strawberry cultivars (cvs. Paros and Queen elisa) during 2013-2014. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four treatments (control, -1.2 MPa soil water potential as drought stress, dust and dust + drought stress) and three replications. In this experiment, leaf relative water content, membrane stability index, proline, soluble carbohydrates, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activity were evaluated. Results Results showed that relative water content and membrane stability index decreased in response to dust and drought in both cultivars. Also, the amount of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and activity of antioxidant enzymes increased by dust and drought treatments. Most increase was obsereved in the proline and total soluble carbohydrates, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes was obtained by dust + drought stress. Drought stress + dust had the highest levels of POD and APX. There was a significant difference between the two cultivars, so that Paros cultivar had higher activity of POD and APX compared to queen elisa. Dust and drought treatments reduced shoot and root dry weigth in both years and both cultivars. Discussion Probably due to the stress caused by dust, the total leaf soluble sugars increased in the first year. In this condition, the plant can continue to absorb water from the soil by increasing the soluble carbohydrates through osmotic regulation. In the second year, the long-term reduction in photosynthesis led to a reduction in total soluble carbohydrates, due to prolonged exposure to dust or damage to light absorption pigments resulting from dust accumulation and its negative effects on stomatal function. Dust and drought stress decreased relative water content (RWC) through decreasing water absorption by the strawberry plants, and the decrease of water led to the increase of H2O2. With the increase of H2O2 in dust and drought stress, membrane lipid degradation increased and led to the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA). The increase of MDA indicates cell wall destruction, which is accompanied by the decrease of memberan stability index MSI). MDA increased in all treatments in Queen Eliza cultivar, which could indicate the higher sensitivity of this cultivar to dust and drought stress. In this study, Paros showed higher antioxidant enzyme activity accompanied with lower H2O2 content and consequently a lower MDA, thus, more resistance to drought and drought stress. In conclusion, dust had negative effects on evaluated characteristics, and drought stress exacerbated these effects. Adverse effects of dust and drought were observed on dry matter production in both years. Reducing the dry matter of the roots and the shoot might be due to increased free radicals, reduced leaf water content and, consequently, loss of photosynthesis of the leaf.

Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation Regime on Vegetative and Pomological Characteristics and Yield of Table Olive Konservolia Cultivar in Field Condition

rahmatollah gholami; Aboalmahsan Hadjiamiri; marzaban Najafi

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 575-585

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22905.1501

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the every green trees that tolerance to Drought. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the every green trees that tolerance to Drought. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean area, so understanding the mechanisms by which olive plants face drought stress under environmental conditions is essential for the improvement of olive yield and oil quality. Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the fruit trees which become important in the Iranian fruit industry at the near future. It seems that olive tree has potential for resistance to drought conditions of semi-arid regions of Iran. There is a high production potential for olive tree in many regions of Iran. Regulated deficit irrigation is an optimizing strategy under which crops are allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. During regulated deficit irrigation the crop is exposed to certain level of water stress either during a particular period or throughout the growing season. The main objective deficit irrigation of is to increase water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop by eliminating irrigations that have little impact on yield, and to improve control of vegetative growth (improve fruit size and quality). The resulting yield reduction may be small compared with the benefits gained through diverting the saved water to irrigate other crops for which water would normally be insufficient under conventional irrigation practices. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of regulated deficit irrigation regime on vegetative and pomological characteristics and yield of table olive konservolia cultivar in field condition. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in Dallaho Olive Research Station (Geographical characters was longitude of 45˚, 51΄ E and latitude of 34˚, 30΄ N and the height of sea level 581m) located in Kermanshah province. An experiment was used based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Adult table olive Konservolia cultivar was uesd. Each experiment unit consists of Three trees. Vegetative and reproductive traits were evaluated according to I.O.O.C. descriptors. Six irrigation regimes including of full irrigation (as control), regulated deficit irrigation (100% of full irrigation during growing season plus 25% irrigation during pit hardening, regulated deficit irrigation (100% of full irrigation during growing season plus 75% irrigation from Start pit hardening to harvesting), irrigation in three stage (before flowering, pit hardening and before Harvesting , 60% of full irrigation (continuous deficit irrigation) and no irrigation (Rainfed). To elevate the effect of irrigation regimes, some growth vegetative traits measured at the end of growth season including current-season shoot growth and current-season shoot diameter as well as some fruit traits including fruit and oil yield, fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent, pulp percent were measured. Collected data were analyzed with SAS program. Results Obtained results showed that the highest fruit yield, oil yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, pulp percent were observed at full irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation (100% of full irrigation during growing season plus 25% irrigation during pit hardening, but the lowest one found at Rainfed. There was no significant difference between deficit irrigation in three stage and 60% of full irrigation (continuous deficit irrigation) in fruit yield, oil yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight. The water use efficiency of fruit yield of T4 and T2 was higher than 100ETc and other treatments. Overall, the results showed that RDI during fruit pit hardening could increased water use efficiency, whitout reduce fruit yield, oil yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter and pulp fresh and dry weight. Discussion In the arid and semi arid as well as sub-tropical regions, water shortage is a normal phenomenon and seriously limits the agricultural potential.Therefore, under irrigation or rain-fed conditions, it is important for the available water to be used in the most efficient way. Regulated deficit irrigation is an optimizing strategy under which crops are allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. During regulated deficit irrigation the crop is exposed to certain level of water stress either during a particular period or throughout the growing season. The main objective deficit irrigation of is to increase water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop by eliminating irrigations that have little impact on yield, and to improve control of vegetative growth (improve fruit size and quality). According to the results of this research, it can be concluded thatthat RDI during fruit pit hardening could increased water use efficiency, whitout reduce fruit yield, oil yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight.

Effects of Topping Date and Preharvest Irrigation Cut-Off on Some Qualitative and Quanitative Characteristics of Table Grapes (Vitis Vinifera L.) Cv. Askari

B. Kavoosi; B. Hasanpur

Volume 41, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 83-96

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.13552

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important horticulture crops in Iran. In some regions, due to excess water and good climate, the ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important horticulture crops in Iran. In some regions, due to excess water and good climate, the vegetative growth is more than normal. The canopy plays a key role in light energycapture via photosynthesis apparatus, water use as regulated by transpiration, and microclimate of ripening grapes. Canopy management is an important aspect of viticulture due to its effect on grape yields, quality, vigor, and the prevention of grape diseases. Where vineyards have access to a permanent and unlimited water source, irrigation can be managed so that water stress is imposed during certain periods of time to increase fruit quality and to control canopy. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of topping times and preharvest cut-off irrigation treatments on the qualitative and Quanitative characteristics of Askari grapes in Dena (Sisakht) region during 2013-2015. Materials and Methods ‘Askari’ vines were 18 years old on their own roots, trained as a head system. The vines were spaced 2.5 × 3 m. They were pruned as spur pruning which left 60 buds (4-node spurs) on each vine. Vineyard had a drip irrigation system. Shoot topping done at 10th buds of the last cluster. An experiment was arranged as factorial that the first factor included different levels of topping dates with four levels (control, after fruit set, unripe stage and veraison stage), and the second factor involved the preharvest irrigation cut-off date treatments on four levels (Control, 70, 80 and 90 days after full bloom) in a randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Factors relating to the determination of the quality of fruit juices included %TSS, pH, TA%, vitamin C and TSS/TA ratio respectively. Also, bunch weight and yield were measured. Results Results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of topping and irrigation cut-off date treatment were significant on the TSS, TSS/TA, pH and Vit-C content (P≤0.01). But the interaction effects were significant only on the TSS/TA and Vit-C (P≤0.01). Finally, mean comparison showed that the highest vitamin C was observed at veraison stage and irrigation cutoff dates treatments at 80 and 90 days after full bloom. Discussion In some of vineyards, high vigour vines also have too much canopy shading which is detrimental to the light microclimate and has also been shown to lead to increase of TA and decrease of TSS and TSS/TA ratio. Therefore, canopy manipulation is used successfully in grape production to balance the vegetative and reproductive growth of vines. Differences in vine water status before veraison has been shown to have no effect on the onset of veraison, while withholding water after veraison can delay the accumulation of soluble solids under severe water deficits. Certainly, light and temperature are the most important environmental conditions that impact the growth and quality of grapes and unshaded conditions affect better coloring and increase TSS/TA ratio.

Effect of foliar application of potassium sulfate on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of olive (Olea europaea L.) fruit and oil under Ahvaz environmental conditions

Sh. Zivdar; K. Arzani; M.K. Souri; N. Moallemi; S.M. Seyyednejad

Volume 38, Issue 3 , December 2015, , Pages 13-26

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11442

Abstract

In order to evaluate the effects of foliar application of potassium sulfate on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of three olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars, two ... Read More In order to evaluate the effects of foliar application of potassium sulfate on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of three olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars, two split plot field experiments, arranged in complete block designs with three replications, were carried out through 2012–2013 in an orchard located in Ahvaz, Khuzestan province, Iran. Three olive cultivars (Mission, Coronaiki and Dezfuli) and three foliar applications of potassium sulfate (0, 1 and 2 g.L-1) were randomized in main plots and sub-plots respectively. The interaction effect between year and cultivar was significant for fruit fresh weight, dry weight of fruit pulp, stone weight , pulp: stone ratio, oil content (P≤0.01) and fresh weight of pulp (P≤0.05). Also, the interaction effect between year and foliar potassium application was significant for fruit fresh weight, dry and fresh weight of fruit pulp (P≤0.01) and stone weight (P≤0.05). The interaction between cultivar and foliar application of potassium sulfate for fruit fresh weight, dry and fresh weight of fruit pulp was significant at 1% probability level. In addition, interaction effect between year, cultivar and foliar application of potassium sulfate was significant for fruit fresh weight, dry and fresh weight of fruit pulp, oil content of the fruit pulp (% D.W.) at 1% probability level, and other traits at 5% probability level. Thus, it can be concluded that annual variability in the growth environment had an important effect on the parameters studied in this experiment. Dezfuli cultivar had more oil content than other cultivars that could be due to genetic diversity among cultivars for using sources in enhancement oil content and also more compatibility with the environmental conditions in this area. Foliar application of potassium sulfate increased unsaturated fatty acids and decreased saturated fatty acids in Dezfuli and Coronaiki cultivars. The highest content of oleic acid and oleic acid: linoleic acid ratio (60.54 % and 8.38) was found in Coronaiki cultivar with foliar potassium application (2 g.L-1) and the lowest amount in Dezfuli cultivar with control treatment (48.90 % and 1.67). Therefore, year conditions as well as foliar application of potassium sulfate can have a positive impact on ftuit weight, percentage of olive oil and fatty acid composition.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in Melia azedarach fruit extract and screening its antimicrobial activity

S. Shams; Sh. Pourseyedi

Volume 38, Issue 3 , December 2015, , Pages 55-63

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11452

Abstract

Nowadays providing silver nano particles being done in various chemical ways, in which we face different major problems (e.g., instsbility of solution and the hi-tech equipments) is ... Read More

Seasonal changes of electrolyte leakage, carbohydrate contents and Re-growth in four cultivars of grape vine (Vitis vinifera l.) cuttings, under freezing stress

H. Araghi; A. Tehranifar; B. Abedi; M. Shoor

Volume 37, Issue 2 , September 2014, , Pages 49-61

Abstract

Grapes are one of the temperate fruit crops most frequently damaged by freezing temperatures. An investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of freezing temperatures during ... Read More

Studying the effect of kaolin on fluorescence and chlorophyll content in leaves of olive plants (Olea europaea L. cv Dezful) under water deficit sress

E. Khaleghi; K. Arzani; N. Moallemi; M. Barzegar

Volume 37, Issue 2 , September 2014, , Pages 127-139

Abstract

With respect to arid and semi-arid climate of Iran, using methods which mitigate detrimental effects of water deficit on horticultural products would be of significant importance. Kaolin ... Read More With respect to arid and semi-arid climate of Iran, using methods which mitigate detrimental effects of water deficit on horticultural products would be of significant importance. Kaolin is an anti-transpiration material the application of which has been expanded during the recent years. For this purpose, the effect of three different levels of kaolin (0, 3 and 6%) as well as three different levels of irrigation (100, 65 and 40% potential ETcrop) on chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence in olive leaves “Dezful’ were examined as factorial test based on a completely randomized design in three replications (each replication including 3 pots) in the greenhouse of Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (Tehran, Iran). The obtained results demonstrated that chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll were reduced under water deficit. The amount of reducing of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll in 80 days after treatment was greater than that in 40 days after treatment. In addition, the amount of total chlorophyll in the sprayed plants with 6% kaolin was the highest (1.425 mg/g fresh weigh of leaf) in 80 days after treatment. Furthermore, it was shown that by reducing of water content to 65 and 40% ETcrop the content of chlorophyll “a” was greater than the plants which were sprayed at kaolin concentrations of 3 and 6% in comparison with the control. Meanwhile, the results of fluorescence parameters showed that maximum fluorescence indices (Fm), fluorescence variable (Fv) and ratio of fluorescence variable to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were reduced under drought stress. However, the kaolin treatment had no significant effect on these indices. Generally, it can be expected that spraying of the olive gardens in Iran with kaolin, especially in regions exposed to water deficit can moderate the drought stress and mitigate the detrimental effects of water deficit, while improving photosynthesis efficiency of the leaf.

Evaluating the effects of water quality and ammonium sulfateon glyphosate herbicide efficiency in weed control of a barberry (Berberis vulgaris) garden

P. Yadegar Khosravieh; S.V. Eslami; M. Jami ALahmadi; E. Zand

Volume 37, Issue 4 , March 2014, , Pages 23-34

Abstract

To evaluate the effects of water quality and adjuvant (ammonium sulfate) in glyphosate herbicide efficiency, a factorial experiment based on RCBD with three replications was conducted ... Read More

Volume 47 (2024)

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = H: Moderate Fruits

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