Plant Productions - Articles List

Improving growth, yield and quality characteristics of greenhouse tomato by using high density fish pond water

Amin Baji; Edris Shabani; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Mohamad Albaji

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43551.2098

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionIran ranks 11th in the world in tomato production, with more than 3 million tons produced. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product will ... Read More AbstractIntroductionIran ranks 11th in the world in tomato production, with more than 3 million tons produced. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product will be one of the challenges of the near future in the agricultural sector due to the drought problem in Iran. Reuse of fish waste in agriculture is one of the important dimensions of water resources planning. Recycling drainage water from aquaculture farms is one of the necessities because it is rich in substances that can be useful in agriculture. World population and food security is one of the most difficult challenges that most of the countries are facing, because the world population is increasing rapidly and will reach 9.6 billion people by 2050. In this situation, the food supply should increase by 70 to 100%. Considering these challenges, it is necessary to conduct applied research to make maximum use of effluents and wastewaters in the production of greenhouse products.Materials and methodsThe treatments of this experiment included 3 types of nutrient solutions (Resh nutrient solution, fish pond water and modified fish pond water) and 3 promising greenhouse tomato lines (AZ4, AZ5 and V4). The experimental design was factorial arranged in complete block design with 3 replications. At the end of the experiment, the plants were removed from the pot and the roots, leaves and stems were separated from each other. Their fresh and dry weight and the number of leaves were recorded separately for each treatment. To check yield indicators, ripe tomato fruits were harvested during the growth period, counted and weighed with a scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g. The firmness of the fruit tissue was measured by a firmness meter, and the pH and EC of the fruit extract were measured by a pH meter and an EC meter, respectively. The measurement of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll was done using a spectrophotometer in mature leaves developed according to the method suggested by Arnon (1967).Result and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that V4 and AZ4 cultivars had the highest stem and leaf weight compared to AZ5 cultivar. Also, the results showed that the Resh solution and modified pond water had the highest root dry weight (58 and 56 g, respectively) compared to the fish pond water treatment (47 g). The findings of this study showed that the use of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water compared to the treatment of fish pool water increased the number of leaves of tomato plants by 23.88% and 18.69%, respectively. It seems that irrigation with modified pool water and Resh solution increases the growth and development of the plant due to the increase in the level of nutrients. The highest amount of total chlorophyll was observed in the Resh solution and modified pool water with concentrations of 2.3 and 2.2 mg/g, respectively. The results of Silva et al (2021) showed that in irrigation with fish waste, greater availability of magnesium in plant tissue increases the content of chlorophyll b in leaves and increases plant chloroplast pigments. The highest total yield was observed in cultivar V4 and in the treatments of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water. The results showed that modified pool water had the highest EC of tomato extract (1.9 dS/m). Also, the results of the interaction effect of cultivar and nutrient solution showed that the highest fruit firmness was observed in Resh solution and fish pond water in V4 cultivar. Also, the lowest fruit firmness was observed fish pond water in AZ5 cultivar. It seems that, in the present study, the reduction of calcium absorption in fish pond water caused the reduction of firmness of tomato fruit (Kaab omeir et al., 2020).ConclusionIt seems that according to the above results, it is possible to use pool water with a high density of fish after modification and changes in the amounts of its nutrients in greenhouse tomato cultivation. Among the tested cultivars, the promising line V4 can be recommended for cultivation in the greenhouse for the use of modified fish pond water.

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The effect of two hydroponic systems on physical, chemical and fruit yield of two greenhouse tomato cultivars

Mohammad Reza Fayezizadeh; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Esmail Khaleghi; Mohamad Albaji

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 11-23

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.35144.1943

Abstract

IntroductionTomato is an economical high value product which is used fresh or processed. Having compound such as fibers, vitamin A, vitamin B, lycopene, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and ... Read More IntroductionTomato is an economical high value product which is used fresh or processed. Having compound such as fibers, vitamin A, vitamin B, lycopene, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and polyphenols in this product leads to prevent the cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Even though biosynthesis and accumulation of this biochemical matter in tomato fruit when growing is affected by the production conditions such as methods of production environmental factors and plant genetics. Tomatoes produced in a closed hydroponic system have better flavor and marketability. This research is done to show the affects to the physical and chemical characteristics and productivity of two greenhouse tomato cultivars in two open and closed systems. Materials and MethodsIn this research the effects of two open (drip) and closed (modified nutrient film technique) hydroponic systems on physical and chemical characteristics and productivity of two greenhouse tomato cultivars (V4-22 cultivar breaded in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and Amira cultivar from Rijkzwaan company of Netherland) was studied as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in agricultural faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The information gathered and correlation between characteristics were analyzed statically by MSTAT-C 1.2 software. To compare the means, Duncan's multi domain test in 5% level was used. Some of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics include productivity, fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit volume, fruit firmness, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solid, fruit dry matter, lycopene, fruit carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, polyphenols content, concentration of fruit elements such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium were analyzed. Results and DiscussionThe results of the experiment showed that the most fruit length, fruit firmness, and calcium concentration were recorded in the plants cultivated in open system and the highest total soluble solid, lycopene, carotenoids and fruit sodium concentration were seen in the closed system. The most antioxidant capacity, polyphenols content, concentration of calcium and sodium were observed in Amira cultivar and the most titratable acidity was recognized in V4-22 cultivar. The maximum yield belonged to V4-22 cultivar (3847/29 g per plant) and minimum yield belonged to Amira cultivar (3648/70 g per plant). The interaction effect of hydroponic system and cultivar on concentration of magnesium and potassium in 1% level and dry matter in 5% level were significantly different. The correlation between Antioxidant capacity, fruit total soluble solids content, vitamin C, lycopene and polyphenols content with potassium concentration was positive and significant. ConclusionThe results showed that V4-22 cultivar had higher yield than Amira cultivar and this is due to the adaptation of this cultivar to the environmental conditions of Ahvaz greenhouse. In this study, crop yield in both open and closed systems was not significantly different and the closed system increased the quality characteristics of fruit including total soluble solids, lycopene and carotenoids compared to the open system. This can be due to the most availability of nutrient solution in the closed system compared to the open system. The lowest capacity of antioxidant and total polyphenols were obtained in V4-22 cultivar. The decrease in production of these secondary metabolites indicates that this cultivar is more compatible with production conditions.

Study of the Relationship Between Morphological and Phytochemical Traits of Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) Accessions

Roghayeh Fathi; Mehdi Mohebodini; esmaeil chamani

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 305-319

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32495.1874

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionSummer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is used as a spice and traditional herb in Iran. This plant has shown antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, ... Read More AbstractIntroductionSummer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is used as a spice and traditional herb in Iran. This plant has shown antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, sedative and antimicrobial activities. The basic requirement for plant breeding programs is a germplasm diversity that provides necessary facilities for breeding species with desirable features. Therefore, accurate identification of genotypes is considered as a prerequisite in this manner. Phenotypic characteristics are the first markers that have been used for diversity researches. Materials and MethodsIn this research, 20 accessions of S. hortensis were chosen from Iran, Bulgaria, Germany, Czech, Georgia, Syria, Hungary, Poland, Italy and Uzbekistan. Some morphological and phytochemical characteristics such as internode number, shoot number, number of days to germination, collar diameter, fresh weight of aerial part, bract fresh weight, flower number, peduncle length, 1000-seeds weight, flower fresh and dry weight and essential oil components were studied. The measurements began after the 50% of flowering stage. Results and DiscussionBased on the results of morphological studies, internode number (11.03), shoot number (18.58), 1000-seeds weight (925.97 mg) high variable Uzbekistan accessions were best in this traits. Maximum flower number (26.34) and flower fresh weight (26.14 mg) were obtained from Bulgaria accession. Essential oil amount was higher in Karaj accession. Correlation coefficients among traits showed that fresh weight of aerial part had the highest correlation with flower fresh weight (0.97). Cluster analysis based on Euclidean distance divided the accessions into four major groups in which the third and fourth groups had valuable characteristics. The Bulgaria accession had the highest ɣ-Terpinene and Borneol. The Karaj accession was the best in carvacrol and delta-3-carene content. Clustering from essential oil component assigned accessions into five clusters. It can be suggested that there is a considerable genetic variation among S. hortensis accessions. The main purpose of this study was to determine genetic diversity among S. hortensis accessions from Iran and other parts of the world. Significant differences were found among the accessions in almost every parameter measured. The range of vegetative and flower values obtained in this study was more than those reported in previous researches about S. hortensis. With increasing shoot and leaf number, Iran appears to be the main place to trap sunlight for photosynthesis and consequently provides the condition to produce flowers, seeds and secondary metabolites. Thus, Uzbekistan and Bulgaria accessions having high values of leaf and flower can also be considered for cultivation and breeding programs. ConclusionIn this study, agro-morphological and essential oil properties of S. hortensis accessions originated from Iran and some Asian and European countries were evaluated. The study revealed a high level of diversity in morphological and phytochemical traits among S. hortensis accessions. This needs a breeding approach during the domestication process to obtain homogenous cultivars with suitable agricultural properties. Keywords: Cluster analysis, Essential oil, Genetic diversity

Comparison of Physiological Indices in Response to Cold Stress in Wild Tomato (Solanum habrochaites) for Screening of Cold Tolerant Lines

Zahra Nemati; seyed hosein nemati; Amin Mirshamsi Kakhki; Jafar Nabati

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 395-406

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31274.1833

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionMany plants grown at low temperature exhibit different adaptation strategies involving physiological, ecological and morphological processes. Solanum lycopersicum ... Read More AbstractIntroductionMany plants grown at low temperature exhibit different adaptation strategies involving physiological, ecological and morphological processes. Solanum lycopersicum L. is affected by cold stress at all stages of growth; however, wild tomato species such as S. habrochaites rapidly improve after exposure to the cold stress through various changes in physiological processes. In this study, the short-term stress method was used for rapid screening and cold tolerance selection of tomato lines instead of long-term stress at 4 °C. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Iran in 2018. Experimental factors included two levels of cold stress (0 and 2 °C) and three tomato lines (LA1777, LA3969 and LA4024). In the study, electrolyte leakage, MDA, anthocyanin, phenol, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH, total soluble carbohydrate content, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II and the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX were measured. Results and DiscussionAccording to the results of this experiment, LA1777 line showed the lowest leaf wilting after exposure to low temperatures. There was a significant difference between these lines in terms of electrolyte leakage. Under cold stress conditions, lowest electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) were obtained from wild line LA1777 that compared to sensitive line LA4024. LA1777 and electrolyte leakage at LA4024 at 0 and 2˚C were 14 and 11% higher than LA1777, respectively. Inhibition of DPPH radical activity of tolerant line LA1777 were higher than sensitive line LA4024 at 0 and 2 °C (43 and 45% respectively). Anthocyanin content of LA1777 and LA3969 lines were 49% higher than LA4024 at 0 °C. Under cold stress, the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX significantly increased in wild line LA1777, indicating better hydrogen peroxide scavenging system. After cold stress, LA1777 and LA3969 had the highest maximum efficiency of photosystem II, respectively, in light-adapted conditions (F'v / F'm), which may be due to higher cell membrane stability. The results showed that instead of long-term cold stress at 4˚C, the short-term stress method can be used for rapid screening of tomato lines for cold tolerance selection. Assessment of physiological parameters such as chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, MDA level, DPPH radical scavenging, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes showed that these indices can be used to detect cold stress and to quantify the stress in tomato lines. ConclusionBased on our data, we conclude that this short-term stress method is a useful method for rapid assessment of tomato chilling tolerance. The physiological parameters used in this study showed adequate difference between tomato lines.

The Alleviation of the Adverse Effects of Salinity Stress in the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Mobin) by Application of Ascorbic Acid

Bahareh Hajivar; Mohammad reza Zare bavani

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 349-362

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27610.1672

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity stress is one of the major environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. The adverse influence of salinity stress is ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity stress is one of the major environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. The adverse influence of salinity stress is evaluated on all plant levels. Ascorbic acid is a small, water-soluble antioxidant molecule that acts as a primary substrate in the pathway for detoxification and neutralization of superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen. Ascorbic acid has been shown to play multiple roles in plant growth, such as in cell division, cell wall expansion, and other developmental processes. The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of the exogenous application of ascorbic acid on the growth parameters and photosynthesis attributes of tomato plants. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely random design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. Salinity stress was applied by 0, 25, 50, 100 mM NaCl in modified Hoagland solution. Ascorbic acid treatments (0, 2.5 and 5 mM) were sprayed on the leaves every three days until the end of experiment. Leaf, stem, and root fresh and dry weight, total fresh and dry weight, yield per plant, net photosynthesis, Stomata conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, proline and total soluble sugar content were evaluated. Results In the present experiment, salinity stress sharply reduced the leaf, stem, root and total fresh and dry weight, yield per plant, net photosynthesis, stomata conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content whereas the exogenous treatment of AsA appreciably delayed the loss of all studied traits. Foliar application of ascorbic acid under both stress and non-stress conditions improved the growth parameters and photosynthesis attributes. Salinity stress also increased total soluble sugar content and proline accumulation in the leaf of the tomato plant. Application of ascorbic acid under both non-stress and salinity stress conditions decreased total soluble sugar content and proline accumulation and reduced the effects of salinity stress. Discussion This experiment showed that treating the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Mobin) with 5 mM ascorbic acid substantially influences several metabolic processes, leading to the increased growth. The protection of the plant against salinity stress by using of ascorbic acid was possibly to be caused indirectly as a result of increasing amount of chlorophyll which plays an essential role in photosynthesis process and then formation of carbohydrates. Thus, it might be concluded that exogenously applied ascorbic acid has low external osmotic potential and ion toxicity and it might be effective in amelioration of the adverse effects of salt stress.

Evaluation of the Accumulation of Nitrate and Nitrite in Vegetables Grown in Different Regions of Ahvaz

Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Dariush Sharif Manesh; Sadegh Mousavi fard

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 333-344

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26457.1626

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Khuzestan Province is one of the most important areas that provide vegetables throughout winter and spring in Iran. The vegetables are ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Khuzestan Province is one of the most important areas that provide vegetables throughout winter and spring in Iran. The vegetables are mainly picked up in the afternoon, so it cannot be supplied to the market. In this time of the day, the minimum amount of nitrate is accumulated in leafy vegetables, with a gradual increase throughout the night. On the other hand, its highest level is in the early hours in the morning. The purpose of this study is to evaluate nitrate and nitrite accumulation in vegetables produced in different areas of Ahwaz during winter and spring. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design arranged in a split-split-plot design with three replications in the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. In the treatments viz. first to third harvest dates (1): February 6, 2016, (2):March 4, 2016 and (3): April 7, 2016 respectively were the main factors and nine vegetable species (including coriander, parsley, mint, fenugreek, chard, spinach, leeks, dill and watercress) kept in sub plot, three vegetable production areas in Ahvaz were arranged in sub plot in sub plots and three fields were selected in each of these areas. Before and after cultivation, all planting, harvesting and harvesting operations were carried out on the same field in the selected fields. The concentration of nitrate was measured by the method introduced by Cataldo et al. (1975) and the nitrite concentation was measured via the method of Abu-Dayeh (2009). The data were analyzed using SAS software and the mean comparison was calculated using Duncan's multiple range tests at a probability level of 5%. Results Nitrate and nitrite contents of the produced vegetables were different depending on various regions, harvesting time and vegetable species. The highest nitrate content was observed in parsley fromthe first harvest in the southern region of Ahwaz (4.4 mg/kg-1 dry matter) and the lowest amount of nitrate was recorded in watercress from the third harvest in the northern region of Ahvaz (1.4 mg/kg-1 dry matter). Also, the highest nitrite content was observed at the first harvest in the westhern region of Ahwaz in mint and the lowest amount of nitrate was recorded in the second harvest in the northern region of Ahvaz in chard. In winter, the environmental conditions in Ahwaz are suitable for the growth and development of leafy vegetables (Boroujerdnia et al., 2007); however, soil conditions provide manganese uptake by plants. Moreover, high light intensity is another factor which can decrease nitrate in leafy vegetables. The number of cloudy days in Ahwaz is very low; therefore, the number of sunny days with high radiation intensity is high in winter. This phenomenon greatly reduces the content of nitrate in leafy vegetables. Discussion The amounts of nitrate and nitrite content in various species of vegetables produced in three regions of Ahvaz during the cold season were much lower than the standard figures. Therefore, we can conclude that the quality of vegetables produced in Ahvaz is very high in terms of nitrite and nitrate contents.

The Effects of Urea and Organic Fertilizers on Nitrate Accumulation and Some Physiological Traits of Spinach (Spinacia oleraceae)

L. Vojodi Mehrabani; R. Valizadeh Kamran; Z. Soltanighralar; Z. Emanizeraatcar; Z. Masoumpoor

Volume 41, Issue 3 , December 2018, , Pages 83-94

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.21546.1462

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Management of organic fertilizers utilization is of the main components of organic crops production which can greatly affect the yield and quality ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Management of organic fertilizers utilization is of the main components of organic crops production which can greatly affect the yield and quality of plants. Due to the short time course of leafy vegetables production, farmers commonly use nitrogenous chemical fertilizers for the nourishment of plants. The results are huge nitrate accumulation on the edible parts of the vegetables and hence the deteriorating health side effects. So, owing to the necessity of vegetables in the daily diet, resorting to the production methods to reduce the nitrate accumulation and even preserve and add up the nutritious quality of vegetables is of great interest. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of deferent levels of cow, vermicompost and poultry organic fertilizers (0, 10, 20 and 30% in volume) and urea (102, 204 and 306 g Kg/ha) on nitrate accumulation (morning and evening sampling time) and Fe2+, Zn2+ and potassium concentration and total phenolic content as well as on some growth characteristics of spinach as RBCD design with three replications in Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University during 2016. Results The results revealed that the highest morning nitrate accumulation (2435 mg Kg-1 Fwt) and that of evening (2052 mg Kg-1 Fwt) belonged to 306 kg/ha urea treatment. Leaf length was effected by 20% (3.6 cm) and 30% (8.8 cm) of poultry manure. The highest data for TSS and root fresh and dry weight were attained by 10 and 20% of cow manure. The treatments, 20 and 30% of vermicompost, cow manure and 30% poultry manure increased the leaves fresh and dry weight. All levels of poultry and vermicompost manure had positive effects on potassium content. The highest amounts of Fe2+, Zn2+ and total phenolic content were recorded in 10, 20 and 30% cow manure and vermicompost manure Discussion Nitrate accumulation in vegetables is dependent upon several intrinsic and extrinsic factors of which, mineral nutrition is of crucial importance. Considering the positive response of spinach to the application of organic fertilizers, it seems that using these organic fertilizers would greatly decline the chemical fertilizers input as well as reduces the environmental side effects of chemicals and virtually goes to the production of safe organic products under sustainable production systems.

Effect of Different Ploidy Levels on Pollen Grain Fertility, Seed Germination and Seedling Transplanting Ability of Eggplant

H. Kaveh; H. Neamati

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.18116.1350

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important crop with a wide range of fruit shapes and colors. Breeding programs in eggplant focus ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important crop with a wide range of fruit shapes and colors. Breeding programs in eggplant focus mainly on fruit quality. Production of commercial triploid cultivars and emission of seeds in fruits may increase acceptability by consumer and increase fruit quality. Induced tetraploidy and cross between di and tetraploid parental line is a conventional method used in different fruits and vegetables like watermelon. The current study aim to find how may induced tetraploidy affect pollen grain quality, its fertility, seed and transplant vigor in different eggplant cultivars. Materials and Methods Aiming to investigate autotetraploidy in four qultivars of Solanum melongena L., Keshtzar, Yalda, Chahboland and Passargad on fertility, number of days till fruit-set, germination rate and percentage and successful transplanting percentage, a survey was done in a completely randomized design. Tetraploid plants were derived from seed maceration/shoot tip treatment (0.5, 1 and 2 percent of colchicine). To ensure ploidy level, chromosome counting of root tips and flow-cytometry was done during the experiment. To quantify germination percentage and rate, 15 seeds of each cultivar in each ploidy level were placed in petri-dishes in three replications. The seeds of each ploidy form were sown in seedling trays and after seedling period, plugs were transplanted in field for evaluation of characteristics in different ploidy levels. Growth and development rate of plant in seedling stage observed since seeds were cultivated. As soon as hypocotyl appeared on the surface, they were counted. Then seedling emergence and rate were calculated. To test viability of pollen grains, they were stained using acetocarmen. In order to find best parental lines, 18 plants from each cultivar and in each ploidy level were cultivated in the greenhouse condition in three replications. Then all plants were crossed competley (direct and reciprocal). Di and tetraploid plants were tested to find out which one would be better as which parent. Results Number of days till fruit-set, characteristics of seed and seedling and growth rate in seedling stage were significantly (P≤5%) influenced by changes on levels of poloidy. Pollen grain staining with acetocarmine for evaluation of fertility percentage in pollen grains showed that with an increase in ploidy level, fertility may significantly increase (P≤5%). In an effort to triploid plant production, none of the crosses between di and tetraploid plant could bear fruit. Discussion With the overall results, despite slower growth, can be tetraploid plant, due to improved germination and seedling emergence, survival and reproductive capabilities, higher transplanting success in this category of plants, induced increase in the number of chromosomal bundles can be considered as a good way to create genetic variation and prepare parental lines with desirable traits for use in the breeding programs.

The Effect of Salinity and Fruit Ripening Stage on Some Quantitative and Quantitative Characteristics of Tomato in Hydroponics

R. Azarmi; N. Chaparzadeh

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 91-102

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.20715.1432

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Tomato is one of the most important vegetable in Iran, not only because of its economics importance, but also for the nutritional value of its fruit, ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Tomato is one of the most important vegetable in Iran, not only because of its economics importance, but also for the nutritional value of its fruit, mainly due to the fact that they are an excellent source of natural colors and antioxidant compounds. Water quality and fruit maturity stage has a significant effect on tomato fruit quality. In the present research, we studied the response of tomato grown at different salinity levels, as well as the changes that take place during different maturity stages, in order to improve the management and harvesting of tomato and obtain fruit of a higher nutritional value. Materials and Methods In this study, to evaluate the effect ofsalinity and fruit ripening stage on physical, biochemical properties and shelf life of tomato fruits in hydroponics system, an experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, during 2015. Fruits from plants grown under three saline treatments (2, 4 and 8 dS m-1) were harvested at three ripening states (mature green, purple and red colors). The nutrient solution was prepared based on full strength of Hoagland's solution containing: 5.6 mM Ca (NO3)2, 4 mM KNO3, 1 mM KH2PO4. Characteristics such as fruit fresh and dry weight, total soluble solid, firmness, flavor index, titratable acidity, soluble protein, ascorbate peroxidase activity and shelf life were measured. Results The results showed that total soluble solids, juice electrical conductivity and dry matter percentage of fruits significantly increased with increasing salinity in the nutrient solution and progressed the ripening stage, but fruit water content decreased by 9%. The highest weight (147.7 g) and volume of fruits (153 cm3) were obtained in plants grown under 2 dS m-1 salinity and fruits harvested at the purple stage. Titratable acidity increased with increasing of salinity in the nutrient solution, but its content decreased at the red color stage. Firm fruit with greater shelf life was observed under 2 dS m-1 salinity and at the mature green stage. Soluble protein content in fruit was increased by increasing salinity levels in the nutrient solution, especially at the ripening stage. The application of 4 dS m-1 salinity at mature green stage increased ascorbate peroxidase activity up to 62.5% compared to 8 dS m-1 salinity and red color fruits. Discussion These results suggest that the improvement in fruit quality induced by the salinity is achieved by some biochemical changes and the reduction of fruit water content. Increasing of salinity in the nutrient solution can be useful for improving fruit quality, especially, when fruit is harvested at the red stage. However, with increasing salinity in the nutrient solution up to 4 dS m-1 and fruit harvest in the red color stage fruits with better quality and more suitable weight can be produced.

Assessing the Morphological, Phonological and Physiological Diversity of Some Center and South Iranian Onion (Allium cepa L.) Genotypes as Regards Bolting Resistance

S. M. Zarrin; A. Masoumiasl

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 117-131

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.18873.1369

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives After the potato and tomato, onion production is in the third place in world, but planting it in the fall season is faced with the problem of bolting. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives After the potato and tomato, onion production is in the third place in world, but planting it in the fall season is faced with the problem of bolting. Although flower production is one of the main stages of seed production, flowering branches formation by consuming foods stored in the bulb reduces the quality and quantity of products. Critical size of plants for stimulating the production of flowering branches depends on genotype (Brewster, 1985). Temperature requirement for stimulating flower production varies between 5 and 12 degree Centigrade (Khokhar et al., 2007; Wiebe, 1990; Brewster, 1982). Thus, studying how this phenomenon, effective environmental conditions and its inducing factors for identifying bolting resistant genotypes is considered important. Materials and Methods The seeds of six Iranian landraces genotypes of onion including Lorestan, Qom, Tehran, Kerman, Hormozgan and Sistan (received from Iranian Gene Bank, Karaj), 10 indigenous genotypes collected from different regions of the center and south of Iran, as well as two foreign commercial cultivars were planted in pots in the greenhouse condition. After reaching the eight leaf stage, plants were transferred to the cold room. The average temperature of cold room was 8 °C and photoperiod was 11 hours brightness to simulate winter condition. To evaluate cold requirement for bolting, two different treatment times (45 and 70 days) were considered. After that treatment, pots were transferred to the greenhouse. Some morphological, phonological and physiological traits were measured. Results According to results of analysis of variance, differences of all traits between all studied genotypes were significant showing high variability in genotypes. Also, the effect of genotype and treatment for plant height, flowering percentage, total leaf soluble solids and total leaf soluble protein was significant. In this study, Kerman genotype was identified as the most resistance genotype to bolting in both treatments. Then Ghale Reiysi, Golden and Badrood genotypes, with the small flowering percentage showed the highest resistance to bolting. Badrood genotype had the highest sensitivity to bolting. Discussion Kazemi Shahandashti et al. (2011) suggested that cold treatment inhibits cell division so the temperature decrease leads to stoping the growth and changing the synthesis of proteins. However, in some plants during the cold treatment, adaptability to cold is normal and higher height in some genotypes can be attributed to cold adaptability of them. These results generally reflect the diversity between genotypes in terms of flower production and indicate that in line with other studies (Darabi, 2010), the flower production reduced weight, length, diameter and volume of bulb. In general, increase in total soluble solids can be considered as a physiological index for resistance to bolting.

Study the Effect of Withholding Irrigation and Brassino-Stroidids Hormone before Harvesting on Quantity and Quality Characteristics of Baluchistan Onion in Iranshahr

A.R. Parekasi; F. Kamiab

Volume 40, Issue 4 , March 2018, , Pages 63-76

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.13445

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives The storage life of onion is an essential factor to marketing this product in the winter season. The storage life of onion depends on different factors ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives The storage life of onion is an essential factor to marketing this product in the winter season. The storage life of onion depends on different factors of which withholding of irrigation before harvest is the most important. On the other hand, Brassinosteroids (BRs) are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, with pleiotropic effects, as they influence varied developmental processes like growth, germination of seeds, rhizogenesis, flowering, stem elongation, pollen tube growth, leaf epinasty, ethylene biosynthesis, proton pump activation, gene expression and photosynthesis. Therefore, studying the effects of withholding irrigation and Brassinosteroied on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of onion seems to be necessary. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the effect of withholding irrigation and Brassinosteroied hormone before harvesting on yield and postharvest life of Baluchistan onion, a split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Iranshahr’s Institute of Agricultural Research and Education in 2015-2016. This experiment was performed to evaluate three factors, water withholding at three levels (one, two and three weeks before harvest time) and spraying Brassinosteroied in four levels (0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 μM). Different traits such as Bush height, diameter, length, weight, edible layer of bulb and neck diameter, post-harvest life, dry matter percentage and yield were measured. Results Agronomic traits and post-harvest life of onion increased by increasing the hormone concentration to 0.75 μM. The highest yield observed in 0.75 μM of Brassinosteroied treatment was about 42 t/ha and in the treatment with one week of withholding irrigation before harvesting was about 39 t/ha. The lowest yield observed in without hormone treatment was about 33 t/ha and in the treatment with three weeks of withholding irrigation before harvesting it was about 36 t/ha. The maximum post-harvests observed in two weeks of withholding irrigation before harvesting and 0.75 μM of hormone treatments were about 60 and 50 days, respectively. The lowest post-harvest lives observed in one week of withholding irrigation before harvesting and without hormone treatments were about 33 and 43 days, respectively. Discussion Withholding irrigation can decrease the amount of water in bulbs and increase post-harvest life because of reducing post-harvest diseases. On the other hand, Brassinostroides can induce growth and photosynthesis rate and alleviate the adverse effects of abiotic stress in plants. These are important reasons to increase quantitative and qualitative traits in this product.

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungus (Rhizophagus Irregularis) Inoculation in Different Levels of Water Deficit on Minituber Production in Potato

Kh. Parvizi; Y. Parvizi; A. Navaei

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 15-26

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.19706.1402

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives The symbiotic relationship between arbuscular mycorrizae and plants can improve plant growth by increasing mineral nutrient absorption, tolerance ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives The symbiotic relationship between arbuscular mycorrizae and plants can improve plant growth by increasing mineral nutrient absorption, tolerance to diseases and stresses such as drought, temperature fluctuation, metal toxicity, salinity and other adverse conditions. Micro propagation of potato by micro and mini tubers have been established for improving multiplication rate and possibility of reserving some more stock plants as germplasm. Multiplication of the minitubers already has been accompanied by lower establishment that causes low vigor and performance of the plant especially in water stress conditions. This experiment was done to study the effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus inoculation on vigor and performance of planlets derived from minituber in green house conditions. Material and Methods This experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete design with four replications. The treatments were irrigation levels (100%, 85%, 75% and 65% of field capacity) and two levels of culture medium inoculation (inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis and non- inoculation). The amount of water supplement was evaluated according to their treatment by weighing the boxes and calculating the amount of field capacity base. The method described by Gonigle et al (1990) was used for root colonization assessment. Mini-tuber obtained from any plant was weighed, arranged in three groups. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out using SAS software (v. 8.02, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Results Analysis of variance showed that in all minitubers the main effects of incubation with mycorrhiza, irrigation levels and their interaction were significantly different (p≤0.05). Minituber dry matter percentage showed a significant difference (p≤0.05) with mycorrhizal inoculation and interaction between mycorrhiza and irrigation levels. Means comparison showed that generally more minituber production in different sizes was accomplished by mycorrhizal treatments in all irrigation levels in comparison with non-inoculated ones. The most minitubers in different sizes were accomplished with inoculated and providing 85% FC water treatment. Inoculation of minitubers in 65% and 75% FC of irrigation levels did the same as the competitive situation with non-inoculated miniturbers in 85% and 100% of irrigation at the most traits related with quantity and quality of minituber production. Discussions It is concluded that although mycorrhiza was able to promote growth and final yield of minituber production and multiplication rate, this ability is not limited and can be extended ultimately by critical threshold of water accessibility. Dry matter of minituber was affected by application of mycorrhiza in four irrigation regimes. In relation with minituber dry matter, it is conceived that mycorrhiza can affect the dry matter of minituber but irrigation levels must be remarkable in this situation. Generally, it is concluded that mycorrhiza had considerable effect on performance of planted minitubers by adjustment of water stress through promoting mineral nutrients absorption and increasing osmotic potential capability. This ability could be different with intensity of water deficiency.

The Effect of Different Organic Matter on the Seed Emergence and Some Vegetative and Qualitative Traits of Lepidium sativum

Davood Naderi; E. Kazemi Jazanabadi; B. Bahari; L. Mohamadbaghery

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 97-110

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12450

Abstract

Background and Objectives Garden cress is believed to have very useful nutritive impacts on human and the quantity of minerals, protein, necessary amino and fat acids. Application of ... Read More Background and Objectives Garden cress is believed to have very useful nutritive impacts on human and the quantity of minerals, protein, necessary amino and fat acids. Application of organic and mineral materials in culture media plays an effective role in increasing yield and effective materials of the plants. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of agricultural by product and wastages such as spent mushroom compost, Rotten manure and rice bran was evaluated in different ratios with soil on seed emergence and vegetative and qualitative properties of Garden cress. Materials and Methods In order to study the effect of different culture media on the seed emergence and vegetative and qualitative properties of Garden cress (Lepidium sativum), various media including field soil, rice bran, Rotten manure and spent mushroom compost (SMC) were used in eight different compound and ratios. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Results The results showed that the highest length and width of leaves and plant height was observed in the treatments of field soil alone, 1.3 field soil + 1.3 rice bran + 1.3 spent mushroom compost, 1.2 field soil + 1.2 spent mushroom compost, and the lowest amount was related to the treatment of 1.3 field soil + 1.3 Rotten manure + 1.3 rice bran. Also, the highest and the lowest percentages of seed emergence were observed in the treatment of 1.3 field soil + 1.3 rice bran + 1.3 spent mushroom compost, and 1.2 field soil + 1.2 Rotten manure, respectively. The highest of Cu and the lowest of Ca and Mn were obtained in 1.3 field soil + 1.3 Rotten manure + 1.3 spent mushroom compost. The lowest of Cu and Zn were observed in field soil + Rotten manure + rice bran + spent mushroom compost. Discussions The results indicated that the different culture media had various effects on the nutrients content. According to the results of this experiment, using spent mushroom compost in soil for different purposes will cause short and long term changes in soil properties. The existing high levels of organic matter and nutrients can have positive effects on the physical and chemical properties of soil and cultivated plants and can replace many conventional beds.

Effect of Pre-treatment and Seed Size on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Two Onion (Allium cepa L.) Genotypes

M. I.; M. T.; j. j.; B. P.

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 15-30

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.12064

Abstract

Background and Objectives Seed priming is a type of pre-sowing seed treatment known to improve seed performance by increasing seed germination rate and uniformity. Another factor which ... Read More Background and Objectives Seed priming is a type of pre-sowing seed treatment known to improve seed performance by increasing seed germination rate and uniformity. Another factor which could be helpful for rapid and uniform germination and emergence is seed size. Seed size is a component of seed quality which has an impact on the performance of crop. The main objective of this work was to study the effect of priming and seed size on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two onion genotypes. Materials and methods In order to evaluate the effect of priming and seed size on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of onion genotypes a factorial field experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2012 and 2013 cropping season at Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of East Azarbayjan, Iran. The experimental treatments included priming (at four levels: hydro priming, osmopriming (in 2% KNO3), priming with folammin amino acid (in 2%) and control (without priming), seed size (at three levels: small, medium and large) and genotype (at two levels: Red Azarshahr and Zargan). Quantitative characteristics included bulb fresh and dry yield, bulb, leave fresh and dry weight and qualitative characteristics included percentages of soluble solids and dry matter, bulb pH, pyruvic acid content, bulb and Leave ash of onion. Results Analysis of variance for the measured traits indicated that all characteristics significantly were affected by priming and seed size. Results showed that seed priming and seed size improved quantitative and qualitative characteristics of onions. The highest bulb fresh and dry yield, total soluble solids and dry matter, were obtained from plant that primed with folammin amino acid 58.17, 7.27 (tha-1), 12.54, 13.67 percent, respectively, and the lowest were achieved from control plants. Also, mean comparison indicated that the higher values of bulb fresh and dry yield, total soluble solids and dry matter were obtained from large seed size 58.99, 7.37 (tha-1), 11.14, 12.45 percent, respectively and the lower values were found to belong to small seed size. Genotypes mean comparison showed that the higher values of bulb fresh and dry yield, total soluble solids and dry matter were obtained from Red Azarshahr cultivar 53.46, 6.68 (tha-1), 12.62, 11.81 percent, respectively. Discussion According to the results mentioned above, seed priming treatments improved quantitative and qualitative characteristics as compared to the unprimed. Among the treatments, seed priming with folammin amino acid 2 % was more effective than the potassium nitrite 2 % and hydropriming. Large seed size significantly increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Accordingly, the importance of seed priming and seed grading was obvious in this study, so seed priming with folammin amino acid 2% and large seed size should be used for onion planting in order to improve quantitative and qualitative characteristics of onion. Therefore priming with folammin amino acid 2 % and large seed are recommended for onion planting for the places with the same environmental conditions.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Some of Iranian Snake Melon (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus) Accessions Using Morphological Markers

Narges Dastranji; Abdolali Shojaeiyan; Mohsen Falahati-Anbaran; Sajad Rashidi-Monfared; Azam Nikzad-Gharehaghaji

Volume 39, Issue 3 , December 2016, , Pages 15-26

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12061

Abstract

Background and Objectives Local accessions have developed traits that may improve their ability to adapt to local invironmental conditions. These accessions may contain genes responsible ... Read More

Allelopathic Effect of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Ferula Foetida on Tomato (Lycopersicun escolentum) Seed Germination

Gh Taheri

Volume 39, Issue 3 , December 2016, , Pages 65-76

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12333

Abstract

Background and Objectives Allelopaty is regarded as a natural protecting strategy involving plant secoundary metabolites that influence the growth and development of surrounding biological ... Read More Background and Objectives Allelopaty is regarded as a natural protecting strategy involving plant secoundary metabolites that influence the growth and development of surrounding biological system. Determining the mode of action of secondary metabolites as allelochemicals is one of the challenging aspects in allelopathic research. Today, allelochemicals have been proposed to cause oxidative stress in some of neighbor plants and inhibited their cell proliferation; however, its mechanism of action remains unexplored. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytotoxic effect of leaf aqueous and methanol extract of Ferula foetida on physiological and biochemical processes during germination of tomato seeds. Material and Methods Effects of allelochemicals extracted from Ferula foetida on tomato (Lycopersicun escolentum) seed germination were investigated. For these purposes, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in plant physiology laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur Branch. The first factor included allelopatic materials in three levels including 10% aqueous and methanolic extract of Ferula foetida(gathered in early vegetative growth period), and control and the second factor was time of sampling in 5 levels including sampling in 24,48,72,96 and 120 hours after imbibition. Results The results showed that tomato seed viability, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, hydrogen peroxide and antioxidative enzyme activity such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were significantly affected by treatment. In the earliest time of imbibition, both aqueous and methanol extracts, the activity of APX of tomato seed was the lowest, while the PPO showed the highest activity. The highest loss of seed viability, H2O2 and MDA, was in the seed treated with aqueous extract after 120 h, and the highest activity of antioxidative enzymes was in 72 h after exposure to water extract phytotoxins. Discussions Our results showed that despite the activation of the antioxidant system by Ferula foetida phytotoxic, reactive oxygen species accumulation caused cellular damage which resulted in decrease of gradual loss of tomato’s seed viability. In addition, this study demonstrated that aqueus and alcholic extraction materials from Ferula foetida exhibited cosiderable allelochemical potential. Therfore, this compound could be utilized to generate a new generation of herbicidees that are more ecologically friendly.

Increasing the Expression of Genes Chavicol O-Methyl Teransferase and Cinnamate 4-Hydroxilase under Methyl Jasmonate Treatment in Medicinal Plant Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Leyla Hassani; Babak Abdollahi Mandoulakani; Reza Darvishzadeh; Abbas Hassani

Volume 39, Issue 3 , December 2016, , Pages 101-112

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.11961

Abstract

Background and Objectives Basil is a rich source of phenylpropanoids and enzymes Chavicol o-methyl transferase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase are involved in the biosynthesis of these ... Read More

Efficiency of Ag-coated TiO2 Nanostructure Photocatalytic Reaction on Delay of Postharvest Tomato Ripening

F. Goodarzi

Volume 39, Issue 1 , June 2016, , Pages 79-88

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12043

Abstract

Background and Objectives Tomato is a climacteric vegetable crop with a high ability of ethylene production. Approximately, 30% of tomatoes is lost during the harvest to consumption ... Read More

Effects of Mycorrhiza, Phosphatic Biofertilizer on Photosynthetic Pigments and Yield in Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum L.)

A. Bastami; M. Majidian

Volume 38, Issue 4 , March 2016, , Pages 49-60

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.11841

Abstract

In order to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal fungi, phosphatic biofertilizer and manure application on yield and quantitative and qualitative criteria of coriander an experiment ... Read More

Effect of Irrigation Interval and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Seed Yield and Pigment Contents in Dill

M. Amiri; S. Mansoorifar; K.S. Asilan; H. Heidari

Volume 38, Issue 4 , March 2016, , Pages 71-80

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.11843

Abstract

In order to determine the optimum irrigation interval and nitrogen fertilizer rate for dill in Kermanshah climate conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plot design with three ... Read More

Effect of Ovary Conditioned Medium on Callogenesis and Gametic Embryogenesis in another Culture of Different Cultivars of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.)

S. Najafi; M.R. Abdollahi; H. Sari Khani; S.S. Moosavi

Volume 38, Issue 4 , March 2016, , Pages 105-116

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.11846

Abstract

In this research, the effect of ovary co-culture on androgenesis efficiency in anther cultures of four cultivars of cucumber was studied. A factorial experiment based on Completely ... Read More

Effects of drought stress and mycorrhizal fungi on some morphophysiological characteristics of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

H. Badvi; N. Alemzade Ansari; M. Mahmoodi sorestani; F. Eskandari

Volume 38, Issue 3 , December 2015, , Pages 27-39

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11444

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi benefit from a symbiotic relationship with the plant, which is currently one of the strategies used to reduce stress. The experiment was factorial in a ... Read More

Evaluation of growth and yield of savory (Satureja hortensis) under organic and biological fertilizers toward organic production

M. Naiji; M.K. Souri

Volume 38, Issue 3 , December 2015, , Pages 93-103

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11456

Abstract

Abstract Savory is one of the most important vegetables with high medicinal values whose growth is influenced by environmental factors including mineral nutrition. This study was done ... Read More

Evaluation of yield and fruit quality of hydroponically cultured greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L., Cv. Synda ) under partial root zone drying (PRD) conditions

M. Mousavi rahimi; M. Delshad; A. Liaghat

Volume 37, Issue 3 , December 2014, , Pages 23-36

Abstract

Limitation of high quality water made it necessary to find suitable methods of irrigating management. Reduce of water waste, increase of yield and even controlled water stresses are ... Read More

Investigation in to the phenology stages, some growth indices and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of three potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars

A. Darabi; A. Eftekhari

Volume 37, Issue 3 , December 2014, , Pages 53-67

Abstract

In order to study phenology, some growth indices and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of potato cultivars (Savalan, Sante and Cozima) an experiment was conducted for one ... Read More

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = H: Olericulture

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