Plant Productions - Articles List

The Effect of Heat Treatment and UV-C Radiation on Biochemical Compounds, Enzymatic Activity and Decay Rate of Thomson Novell orange fruit

Shohreh Zivdar; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Hossein Fereydoni; Hojjatollah Rabbani Nasab; Mohammad Hossein Razzaghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2022

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.39210.2002

Abstract

IntroductionCitrus is one of the most important horticultural products that is mainly produced in the subtropical regions of the world. Citrus fruits are susceptible to a number of ... Read More IntroductionCitrus is one of the most important horticultural products that is mainly produced in the subtropical regions of the world. Citrus fruits are susceptible to a number of fungal diseases that cause significant losses in the citrus industry in the post harvest stage. Worldwide, diseases have been primarily controlled for many years by the application of conventional fungicides. However, human health risks and environmental contamination associated with chemical residues and the proliferation of resistant strains of the pathogens are major problems associated with the continuous and widespread use of conventional post harvest fungicides. Heat and UV radiation treatments are the most common physical means used to control post harvest diseases of fresh fruits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of UV-C radiation and Hot Air Flow (HAF) treatment on decay control and some biochemical properties in Thomson navel oranges at cold storage. Materials and MethodsIn this experiment, the effects of heat treatments (37 °C for 24 hours), UV radiation (7.92 kJ / m2) and combination treatment (HAF*UV) on the storage life of Thomson oranges were investigated. The statistical model of factorial experiment was in the form of a completely randomized design in which two factors of storage time and treatments were considered. After treatment, the fruits were stored at 5 ° C for 90 days during the storage period, the percentage of decay, fruit weight loss, and some biochemical properties and enzymatic activity were investigated. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS software and the mean data were compared using Duncan's multiple range test at a five percent probability level using MSTATC software.Results and discussion:In this study, the effect of UV-C radiation and hot air flow on the rate of decay, weight loss, biochemical characteristics and activity of a number of enzymes involved in the oxidation of Thomson Novel orange fruit was investigated.Treatments included control (no application of any treatment) radiation (UV-C radiation with an intensity of 7. 98 KJ m2), hot air (hot air 37 °C for 24 hours) and combination (UV-C + hot air) which in The four storage times of zero, 30, 60 and 90 days were examined in factorial format based on a completely randomized design. The results showed that radiation and heat treatment effectively reduced fruit rot . the lowest and highest percentage of cumulative rot was observed in the combined treatment with an average of 3.8% and the control treatment with an average of 12.7%, respectively.The control treatment and the combined treatment with the average of 5.68 and 2.94, respectively, had the highest and lowest fruit weight loss. During fruit storage, TSS, TA, TSS/TA and pH increased and TA decreased The amount of ascorbic acid in fruits treated with hot air flow with an average of 35.54 mg per 100 g of fresh material was higher than the control treatment with an average of 30.67 mg per 100 g of fresh material. Antioxidant activity increased at the beginning of the period, however, the treatments did not have a significant effect on inhibiting DPPH radical activity in fruit flesh The amount of total phenol, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity in fruit flesh under the influence of heat treatment, initially increased with the period, which the enzyme activity decreased with increasing storage time. According to the evaluated traits, heat and combination treatment succeeded in reducing the rate of rot and increasing the biochemical properties of the fruit during storage, so it can be considered as a suitable practical option.

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Effect of Drought Stress on the Amount of Proline, Glycine Betaine, Carbohydrate, Phenol and Malondialdehyde Content Genotypes and Interspecific Hybrids Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

hassan farhadi; Mohammad Mehdi ُSHARIFANI; Mehdi Alizadeh; hossein hokmabadi; Sasan aliniaefard

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43029.2083

Abstract

IntroductionCross breeding processes including targeted crossings to increase tolerance, can be considered as a safe and permanent solution to reduce the harmful effects of drought ... Read More IntroductionCross breeding processes including targeted crossings to increase tolerance, can be considered as a safe and permanent solution to reduce the harmful effects of drought stress on plants. Therefore, two issues of pistachio as a strategic crop in the country and location of Iran in arid and semi-arid region necessitated research in order to achieve rootstocks drought-tolerant hybrids are necessary.Materials and methodsThe experiment was conducted as factorial based on a Completely Randomized Design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2018-2019. The treatments were consisted of 10 pistachio genotype Ahmad Aghaei, Akbari, Sorkheh Hosseini, Garmeh, Fandoghi and interspecific hybrids (Ahmad Aghaei‌×Integerrima, Akbari‌×Integerrima, Sorkheh‌ Hosseini‌× Integerrima, Garmeh‌×‌Iintegerrima and Fandoghi‌×‌Integerrima) and three levels of drought including control (field capacity), mild stress (65% of field capacity) and Severe stress (30% of field capacity) were applied on 3 months old the seedlings for 84 days.Results and DiscussionAccording to the results, fandoghi genotype the highest concentration of malondialdehyde in leaves (280.23 %) and the hybrid genotypes of Sorkheh Hosseini‌×‌Integerrima, Ahmad Aghaei‌×Integerrima and Akbari‌× Integerrima respectively with the amount of 70.18, 76.70, 81.03 % in leaf the showed the least increase in malondialdehyde concentration between seedlings compared to the control. Several osmotic mechanisms are carried out by plants, especially pistachios, in stressful conditions to reduce the effects of drought stress. In fact, these mechanisms have enabled plants to withstand the damages caused by drought and have made plants able to recover their biochemical and physiological functions faster after removing the stress factor. For example, a general physiological mechanism adopted by plants to cope with abiotic stresses is the production of large amounts of low molecular weight, water-soluble, non-toxic organic compounds even in high amounts called osmolytes. One of the most important of them is proline. Therefore, the genotypes with higher amount of proline can be more tolerant to drought conditions. The next osmolyte is glycine betaine, which has a significant protective role in the stability of enzymes and the structure of plasma membranes when faced with drought stress. Therefore, glycine betaine plays a significant role in the resistance of plants to stress through the protection of enzymes, the photosynthetic apparatus, the elimination of free radicals, the preservation of membrane integrity, the protection of large molecules, and as a non-toxic compatible osmolyte. It has an environment. Carbohydrates also increase membrane stability in response to drought stress. Therefore, the accumulation of carbohydrates in the osmotic responses of plants is one of the factors that can prevent disorders in the cell membrane. In addition, phenols are also one of the antioxidant mechanisms of plants in drought stress conditions, because such compounds act as scavengers of reactive oxygen species and thus stabilize membranes. cells and prevent lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde is also a decomposition product of unsaturated fatty acids and hydroxides and is used as a suitable marker for lipid peroxide. Therefore, the amount of malondialdehyde obtained from the peroxidation of membrane lipids is used as an indicator for oxidative damage in most cases. ConclusionBased on the results of the present research, it seems that it is possible to use the hybrids of Sorkhe Hosseini × Integerrima, Ahmad Aghaei‌ ×‌ Integerrima, and Akbari‌× ‌Integerrima as drought-tolerant genotypes in dry areas. Therefore, based on the results of the present research, it seems that the plants in question can be used as drought tolerant genotypes in arid regions.

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The effect of salinity stress on morphological and physicochemical traits of pomegranate to select the tolerant genotypes and cultivars

Seyed Rasoul Ziatabar Ahmadi; Esmaeil Seifi; Ferial Varasteh; Vahid Akbarpour

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 199-211

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42780.2073

Abstract

IntroductionSalt stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth, development and the yield of plants that cause structural changes in important plant organs such as ... Read More IntroductionSalt stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth, development and the yield of plants that cause structural changes in important plant organs such as stems, roots, leaves and petioles. In salinity conditions, the pomegranate tree cannot produce an economic product. Therefore, identification and use of selected pomegranate cultivars tolerant to salinity stress are necessary for breeding programs, introducing better cultivars and developing the pomegranate industry. Morphological and physicochemical changes can be used as indicators for selecting tolerant cultivars. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted in 2019 in a factorial design based on a completely randomized block design in four replications in the laboratory of the department of horticultural sciences at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The first factor was pomegranate genotypes in 15 levels, including four wild genotypes (Vahshi Inchehbrun, Vahshi Aliabad and Vahshi Kordkoi from Golestan province, and Miankaleh from Mazandaran province), eight local genotypes (Qand and Torsh Galoogah, Shirin, Torsh, and Gol Anar Behshahr, Fereshteh qermez Sari, Shirin and Torsh Shivand of Khuzestan), two commercial export genotypes (Yosefkhani and Malas momtaz Saveh) and one foreign genotype (Wonderful) and the second factor was the salinity at three levels including control, 2.5 and 6.4 grams per liter of sodium chloride (EC 1.4, 4 and 8 dS/m, respectively). After rooting of the cuttings and growing the new pot plants, salinity stress was applied for 10 weeks. Then, the morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical traits were measured. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that after applying salinity stress in all genotypes and cultivars, morphological and physicochemical traits such as stem length, stem diameter, the number of branches, the total number of leaves, root length, root diameter, leaf surface and leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, the relative water content of leaf, chlorophyll, total phenol and anthocyanin decreased in comparison with the control. Some of the other physicochemical and phytochemical traits such as electrolyte leakage, the percentage of abscised leaves and the percentage of necrotic leaves, cell membrane damage, salinity damage index and proline increased in comparison with the control. Also, the responses of genotypes were different in terms of tolerance to salinity stress and growth traits. Some of the cultivars were introduced as tolerant cultivars, some as semi-tolerant and some others as sensitive. With increasing the salinity stress, the amount of morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical traits changed significantly in sensitive cultivars. Moreover, the results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of salinity on all measured traits was significant except the root dry weight. ConclusionBased on the obtained results, and after ranking and standardization, the Wonderful cultivar was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar. It was able to tolerate the salinity of 6.4 grams per liter of sodium chloride (8 dS m-1) well; followed by Fereshteh qermez and Malas Saveh. Torsh Galoogah, Torsh Shivand, Vahshi Inchehbrun, Shirin Shivand, Qand Galoogah, and Vahshi Miankaleh were identified as semi-tolerant cultivars and Vahshi Aliabad, Torsh Behshahr, Gol Anar behshahr, Vahshi Kordkoy and Shirin Behshahr were identified as sensitive cultivars to salt stress.

Effect of vermicompost and nitroxin on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of blackberry

Roya Mousavi; Vida Chalavi; Kamran Ghasemi; Mehdi Hadadinejad

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 491-503

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.40821.2034

Abstract

IntroductionBlackberry is a plant of the genus Rubus and family Rosaceae, which due to its nutritional properties has role in human health. One way to increase nutritional properties ... Read More IntroductionBlackberry is a plant of the genus Rubus and family Rosaceae, which due to its nutritional properties has role in human health. One way to increase nutritional properties is to use bio-organic fertilizers such as vermicompost and nitroxin. These fertilizers not only reduce the negative effects of chemical fertilizers, but also improve the growth and reproductive characteristics of blackberries. Materials and MethodsTo investigate the effect of nitroxin and vermicompost on the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of blackberry, a factorial study was performed in a completely randomized design at 5 levels of vermicompost (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40) and two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation of nitroxin in pots in Noor city. For this experiment, culture media were prepared by mixing different levels of vermicompost with the base soil in the pot. Then, the rooted and uniform seedlings were prepared and selected for use in the experiment and the roots of the plants were placed in nitroxin solution (ratio of 1 to 10 with water) for 10 minutes and then planted in pots. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the highest number of buds (42.5 per plant), the number of clusters (5.5 per plant), fruit weight (3.37 grams per plant) and the shortest ripening period were produced in 20% volume of vermicompost. The highest weight of drupelets (0.10 grams) was obtained in 30% volume of vermicompost. In addition, the largest flower diameter (3.77 cm) was seen in nitroxin treatment with 30% vermicompost by volume. The highest internode length (5.65 cm), branch length (2.55 m) produced in nitroxin treatment alone. The highest internode length (5.65 cm), branch length (2.55 m) produced in nitroxin treatment alone. The largest number of nodes (67 per plant) belonged to nitroxin in combination with 20% vermicompost by volume treatment and the largest vegetative branch diameter (2.8 cm) and leaf surface (25.83 cm2) was obtained in vermicompost treatments of 20% and 10% by volume, respectively. The use of vermicompost at the level of 20 to 30 percent by volume can show the greatest effect on fruiting branches, while nitroxin alone or in combination with vermicompost had a greater effect on vegetative branches. Vermicompost improves the growing medium conditions by stimulating beneficial soil microorganisms and the stable supply of mineral elements, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. The physical and chemical properties of humic acid in vermicompost increase plant nitrogen accumulation by increasing nutrient storage capacity and growth regulatory hormones, and plant growth factors such as height, number of nodes, internode distance and leaf area will increase with increasing nitrogen. However, increasing the level of vermicompost increases the concentration of soluble salt, toxicity due to increasing the concentration of heavy elements and the presence of toxic compounds in the plant, which leads to reduced growth and yield. Under these conditions, the use of nitroxin modulates or neutralizes the harmful effects of abiotic stresses. Bio fertilizers that contain growth-promoting bacteria, in addition to providing part of the nutrients and their balanced absorption, increase the nutritional value of the fruit by preventing the imbalance between the plant's internal components. ConclusionThe use of vermicompost at the level of 20 to 30 percent by volume can show the effect on fruiting branches, while nitroxin alone and together with vermicompost has a greater effect on vegetative branches.

The Effect of Free and Controlled Pollination on Fruit and Pistachio Seed Characteristics of Ahmad Aghaei Cultivar

Hassan Farhadi; Mohammad Mehdi Sharifani; Hossein Hokmabadi

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 299-309

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.34075.1927

Abstract

IntroductionIran, as the largest producer and exporter of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), is among the major pistachio producing countries in the world including USA, Turkey, Italy and ... Read More IntroductionIran, as the largest producer and exporter of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), is among the major pistachio producing countries in the world including USA, Turkey, Italy and Greece. Due to the altered nature of the pistachio, the high yield of the pistachio is due to the fact that the environment is quite suitable and fertility of the female flowers is high. As the edible and consumable part of this fruit is its brain, it is essential for brain formation, pollination and intercourse. Therefore, it is more important for fruit formation, pollination and blending than many fruits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of artificial parent pollination of integerrima species on seed properties obtained by crossing with Ahmad aghaei and also to compare the effects of integerrima pollen with domestic pistachio pollen on the quantity and quality of pistachio fruit and seed. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely block design with three replications in one of the Astan Qods Razavi pistachio orchards in Bardsaskan-Anabed city, 297 km from Mashhad during 2016-2017. Experimental treatments included two pollinator methods (spray and brush) and five flour-pollen combinations (Table 1). Each replicate had one tree and five branches were selected from each tree with at least three to four flower buds. Four of them were controlled for pollination and one branch was considered for negative control. The branches were insulated by two-layer bags. The fruits were harvested in late summer and some quantitative and qualitative traits were measured. Results and DiscussionThe results of statistical analysis showed that the use of vera free pollen had a significant positive effect on most of the traits compared to other integerrima pollen treatments. On the other hand, integerrima pollen showed better results in IF4 treatment (0.50 g of integerrima pollen + 0.25 g flour) than control and other treatments. Also, the highest reduction of traits was observed in IF1 treatment (2 g of integerrima pollen + 0.25 g of flour) compared to other treatments in most of the traits. On the other hand, spraying method showed more favorable effects on most of the traits than brush pollinator method. Based on the results of this study, it seems that using spray pollinator and pollen of integerrima can reduce some traits such as Indehiscent nut in pistachio orchards. ConclusionIn general, the results showed that supplemental pollination using spray-spraying method in flour-pollen mixtures can be commercially available to increase fruit formation, and reduce osteoporosis to some extent. However, little research is needed on the role of different pollen grains on the quantitative and qualitative traits of the resulting fruits.

Predicting the Final Fruit Size of Kiwifruit cv. 'Hayward' Using Mathematical Equations

Ebrahim Abedi Gheshlaghi

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 433-446

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30831.1818

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionFruit size is an important attribute of all fruit crops and harvest fruit weight has a major influence on market acceptance and returns for many fruit crops like ... Read More AbstractIntroductionFruit size is an important attribute of all fruit crops and harvest fruit weight has a major influence on market acceptance and returns for many fruit crops like kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward'. The purpose of this study was to develop a non-destructive technique by measuring fruit dimensions and fruit volume by water displacement to measure fruit growth and using this information to develop a method for predicting fruit weight at different stages of its development. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted using the mature vines of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit. The kiwifruit vines were grown in an orchard located in Astara, Guilan province, Iran (latitude 38.22°N and longitude 48.51°E), trained to a T-bar system with plants spaced of 4×5 m. Fruits were destructively harvested at one-two weeks after fruit set during the season to obtain measurements of individual fruit volume by water displacement, fruit fresh weight, circumference of fruit and three linear measurements of fruit size, from which a correlation relation was derived to enable estimation of fruit volume, fruit fresh weight from the fruit measurements (r> 0.995). This enabled the growth of tagged fruit on the vine to be followed by nondestructive measurements of the fruit dimensions and the growth curves of each mean were estimated at each measurement step.Results and DiscussionThe increase in the fresh weight or volume of 'Hayward' fruit over the season was a double sigmoid in shape. The fruit density was less than one in about three months after the fruit set and then increased to more than one unit. Correlation analysis between the data of different stages of measurement with fruit harvesting data showed that with the progress of fruit growth, the correlation between fruit size and its final size increased, and about 55 days after fruit set reached to more than 0.95. The standard deviation of fruit size at this stage was 11.55 cm3. The correlation coefficient above 0.95 between fruit weight and its length with fruit weight and length at harvest time was calculated 72 and 89 days after fruit set, respectively. Fruit size in kiwifruit is affected by various factors and the final size and weight of the fruit is likely to be determined by the rapid fruit growth period. This period that results from cell division and cell size enlargement took about 50-60 days after fruit set for Hayward cultivar when the fruit reaches approximately half of its volume in this period. Applying any stress at the cell division stage will affect the final fruit size. Given the high correlation between the dimensions of the fruit with the final fruit size at the end of the rapid growth period, it is possible to predict the final fruit size at the end of this period with great accuracy. Therefore, using the obtained mathematical equations, the final size of the fruit can be estimated by the measurement of the length and circumference of fruit in one and a half months to two after the fruit set. ConclusionBased on the results of this study, with a simple and practical method and with a high and significant correlation coefficient, by measuring the length and circumference of the fruit about one and a half months to two after fruit formation, the final fruit size at harvest can be predicted in order to take the necessary measures to export, sell and/or store the fruit.

Phenotypic Diversity for Fruit Yield and some Related Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Local Populations of Kalaybar Region

Behrooz Valaei; Iraj Bernousi

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 387-396

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28002.1691

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the vegetable crops of a global economic importance. The reduction of genetic variation in tomato ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the vegetable crops of a global economic importance. The reduction of genetic variation in tomato through domestication and breeding has resulted in the need for conservation and utilization of all existing genetic resources. Local populations are among the most important genetic resources. They are often heterogeneous and composed of different genotypes which are mostly homozygous. Therefore, assessment of their diversity requires a different approach of common methods. The objective of this study was estimating the phenotypic variation among and within the tomato local populations of Kalaybar area using Nei’s genetic diversity index. Materials and Methods Plant material consisted of 8 tomato local populations collected from Kalaybar area in the East Azerbaijan province.The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. A total of 36 plants of each population in three blocks were planted with the distance of 140 cm between rows and 80 cm between plants. Seven traits, including fruit yield and some of its related traits, was measured. All continuous traits were divided into three classes with equal width and the frequency of classes was used to estimate total diversity index (HT), phenotypic diversity within each population (Hs) for each trait. Then, mean diversity index () for all traits, proportion of phenotypic diversity among populations (GST) for each trait, and mean diversity index for each population across all traits () were calculated. Results The total diversity index (HT) for each trait ranged from 0.46 to 0.53 with an average of 0.49. Most of values were around the mean. All traits had relative high value of mean diversity index ( > 0.40). The mean phenotypic diversity among populations (GST) was 0.10. For the majority of traits, little diversity was observed among populations. The greatest value of GST (0.16) was relevant to the mean of fruit weight per plant. Most of population had similar magnitudes of mean phenotypic diversity within each populations () across all traits (0.42 to 0.49). The fruit yield (0.51) and mean of fruit weight per plant (0.51), the number of fruit per plant (0.56), the number of node on stem (0.54), the number of floret (0.54), the number of days to flowering (0.44), and the number of days to fruit (0.54), had the highest diversity index (Hs) values in Gharavanloo, Rostamkandi, Sheykhlan-sofla and Kalantar, Sheykhlan-olya, Alisharloo, and Sheykhlan-olya populations, respectively. Discussion The results showed a relatively wide phenotypic diversity present in tomato local population of Kalaybar area for most of the studied traits. The highest diversity was within the populations and there was little variation among the populations. The traits that contributed the most to within populations’ heterogeneity differed from population to population. However, the Sheykhlan-olya population had the highest fruit yield (4.83), the number of fruits (18.4), the number of nodes on stem (20.7), the number of flowers (83.5), and it was concluded that population could be used as a genetic source for future tomato breeding programs in Kalaybar region.

Effect of Different Concentrations of Spermidine at Different Harvesting Times on the Quality of Apricot Fruits ”Shahroudi“ Cultivar

Jassim Taha; Jafar Hajilou

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 409-418

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28168.1703

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Apricot is one of the most important horticultural crops because of its attractive taste and nutritive value. Different cultivars of ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Apricot is one of the most important horticultural crops because of its attractive taste and nutritive value. Different cultivars of apricot contain highly variable content of ascorbic acid, cartenoids, and phenolic compound,which are good sourecs of antioxidant. Fuit quality is an important trait for concumers and producers. The purpose of this work was to estimate the effects of pre-harvest application of polyamines on quality characteristics of apricot fruits at the end of fruit ripening process. Materials and Methods The experiment was carried out as a factorial based on the randomized complete block design (three concentrations of spermidine at three harvesting time) with four replications. The selected branches of trees were sprayed as a pre-harvesting application method by three concentrations of spermidine (0, 2, and 3 mili molar) 7 days before commercial harvesting time. Fruits were harvested during harvesting times (3 days interval) and then some fruit characteristics such as total soluble solids (TSS), total ccidity (TA), vitamin C, firmness of fruit tissue, pH of fruit extract, total phenol, flavonoid, and total antioxidant capacity were measured in the laboratory of flower biology and fruit growth development at the department of horticulture, faculty of agiculture, university of Tabriz. Results The results showed that the effects of different harvesting times were significant regarding all traits. The best results were observed in 3 mM spermidine and this treatment improved all the measured characteristics of fruit. The highest value of total antioxidant capacity (3.01%), vitamin C (3.29%), and fruit firmness (3.27%) were found in 3 mM spermidin at three harvesting times. In some characteristics such as TSS and TA, there was no significant difference between 2 and 3 mM spermidine, but among treated and non-treated fruit a full significant difference was observed. We assume that the second harvesting time can be the best harvesting time regarding fruit quality parameters. During fruit ripening, the amount of TSS and TA increased, while firmness, total phenolic, and flavonoids compounds and total antioxidant capacity decreased gradually. Discussion Fruit physicochemical properties are very important for understanding the product behaviour during the harvesting, transporting, packaging, and storing of fruit crops. The results of this study showed that the pre-harvesting application of polyamines delayed the ripening and increased the quality of fruit during the different harvestings times.

The Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoids and the Antioxidant Capacity in Two Wild Species of Raspberry, Rubus persicus and R. caesius, at Different Maturity Stages of Fruits

Hamed Dadkhah Aghdash; Mehdi Daemi Saeidabad; Mohsen Falahati Anbaran

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 295-306

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26049.1615

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Antioxidants can harness the oxidative stress caused by free radicals by releasing single electrons and hydrogen ions. Myriad plants including ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Antioxidants can harness the oxidative stress caused by free radicals by releasing single electrons and hydrogen ions. Myriad plants including vegetables and fruits express enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant properties which are used by humans to maintain health.. In this study we aim to compare the level of antioxidants and the amount of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds at three different stages of fruit ripening including immature, semi-ripen and fully matured fruits in two species of raspberry after a period of storage at freezer. Materials and Methods Fruits of Rubus persicus and R. caesius were collected at different maturity stages including immature, semi-ripen and fully matured stages from natural habitats. The extracts of fruits were stored at -20 °C for 6 months. The antioxidant activities of extracts were determined using DPPH free radical purification and ferric iron regeneration ability (FRAP) methods in June, 2013 in Research Laboratory of Science and Technology Park of East Azerbaijan province. The content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was also quantified according to Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were compared between species at three maturity stages in a completely randomized factorial design with three replicates. Results Both methods applied to examine the antioxidant activity revealed a high mean value in extracts from fully matured fruits compared with immature and semi-ripen fruits. The magnitude of antioxidant activity was significantly higher in R. caesius than R. persicus except that the amount measured by DPPH free radical purification level was similar between species at only fully matured stage. A significant difference was observed in both total phenolic and flavonoid contents between immature, semi-ripen and fully matured stages in both species (P < 0.05) except that the total flavonoid content was similar between semi-ripen and fully matured fruits in R. caesius. Discussion Results showed that the highest antioxidant capacity was found in the fully matured stage of fruits in both species and thus the fully matured fruits might be capable of counteracting and even neutralizing free radicals. The results also showed that different species had different level of antioxidant activity. The level of total phenolic and flavonoid content at fully matured fruits was also higher than immature fruits in both species. Our results suggest that the antioxidant potential of raspberry can have several medicinal applications and play an important role by reducing the oxidative stress.

The Effect of Pollen Type of Some Walnut Genotypes on Fruit Set, and Fruit Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of MSG15, MKG23 and MKG24 as Seed Parents

Mousa Rasouli; Bahman Ershadi; Rouhollah Karimi

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 307-320

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22840.1498

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives To achieve optimal fruit set, economic productivity and targeted crossings in seedlings and grafted walnut orchards, the flowering time of ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives To achieve optimal fruit set, economic productivity and targeted crossings in seedlings and grafted walnut orchards, the flowering time of both male and female flowers and their overlapping is important. Since the walnut ovule longevity is limited, fertilization should occur at the shortest possible periods to lead to fruit set. Therefore, the evaluation of effective pollination periods and the needed time for the growth of pollen tube and ovule fertilization are important for successful fertilization. The aim of this study was to investigate the compatibility and the effect of pollen on some selected genotypes of walnut as pollinizers on the fruit set, fruit composition and the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the progeny derived from MSG15, MKG23 and MKG24 genotypes as maternal parents. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in 2016-2017 in the research garden of Malayer University in Hamedan province. In this study, female parents including MSG15, MKG23 andMKG24 were pollinated with pollinizers of MKG4, MKG5, MKG10, MKG13, MKG14, MSG15, MKG23 and MKG24. Some of the characteristics of the fruit and the kernel were also evaluated in the offspring resulting from controlled pollination. Results Based on the results, the cross between female parent genotype of MSG15 with pollinizers of MKG4 (%79.33), MKG5 (%81.67) and MSG15 (%79.67), female parent genotype of MKG23 with pollinizers genotypes of MKG5 (%83.67) and MKG10 (%62.67), female parent of MKG24 with pollinizer genotypes of MKG5 (%81.67) and MKG14 (%81.33) showed the highest fruit set. Also, female parent of MKG15 with pollinizers of MKG13 (%38.33), MKG23 (%37.33) and MKG24 (%38.33), female parent of MKG23 with pollinizer MKG24 (%40.00), female parent of MKG24 with pollinizers MKG10 (%42.33) and MKG23 (%42.33)showed the maximum flower abscission. Moreover, the highest percentage of kernel (%61.9) was found in combination cross of female parent of MSG15 with MKG5 pollinizers. The lowest fruit weight with husk (250 gr) and kernel fresh weight (50.5 gr) was found in combination cross of female parent MKG23 with pollinizer of MKG24. In addition, the lowest percentage of kernel (%28.98) was totally obtained in combination cross of female parent MSG15 with pollinizer of MKG24. Discussion The highest percentage of fruit was obtained in hybridization of maternal parent MSG15 with pollinizers MK4, MKG5, MSG15, and MKG23 as seed parents with pollinizers MKG5, MKG10, and MKG23 mother's parents with paternal parents MKG5 and MKG10. According to the results of this research, it is possible to use compatible and suitable genotypes introduced in this study in other walnut breeding programs.

Improvement of Anthocyanin and Antioxidant Properties of Strawberry (cv. Amaros) by Calcium Lactate and Potassium Sorbate Application

Farah Hosseini; Mohamd Esmail Amiri; Farhang Razavi

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 455-468

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.25261.1580

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is one of the most popular soft fruits worldwide. It is a rich source of health promoting compounds ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is one of the most popular soft fruits worldwide. It is a rich source of health promoting compounds such as essential macro/micro-nutrients, polyphenols, anthocyanin, vitamins and amino acids, while showing a high antioxidant capacity. Preharvest applications of calcium lactate and potassium sorbate have shown to be promising as a tool to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of various fruits. To our knowledge, however, little information is available regarding the effect of calcium lactate and potassium sorbate on strawberry fruits. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of foliar application of calcium lactate and potassium sorbate on important quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of ‘Armas’ strawberries. Materials and Methods This research was performed at a commercial orchard on 2-year old strawberries in Marivan, Iran in 2015. The experiment was arranged as factorial based on randomized complete block design with two factors and four replications. The first factor included different levels of calcium lactate (0, 0.5 and 1%) and the second factor included different levels of potassium sorbate (0, 0.5 and 1%). Foliar spraying was performed in three stages: three weeks before commercial harvesting, at initial coloring, and one week before harvest. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and immediately transported to the laboratory at University of Zanjan and subjected to physicochemical analysis. Differences among means of data were analyzed by Duncan’s test at p ≤ 0.05 (n = 3). All statistical analyses were performed with SAS version 9.4. Results The results showed that the combination of calcium lactate and potassium sorbate (0.5 Percent concentration) treatment significantly (P £ 0.01) increased the total anthocyanin content of the whole fruit, reuslting into further attractive fruit color and market than the control. It also increased antioxidant properties up to a level of 57.07%. On the other hand, the application of this treatment (calcium lactate and potassium sorbate 0.5 Percent) significantly increased the total flavonoid content, total soluble solids, flavor index (1.1 Percent) and calcium lactate (1 Percent). Potassium sorbate increased total phenol, total acidity, and fruit acidity significantly compared to other treatments and control (P £ 0.05). Discussion In general, the results of the present study showed that a preharvest application of calcium lactate and potassium sorbate increased firmness, nutritional quality, and antioxidant potential of strawberry fruits. Thus, the use of these two materials is recommended to improve the qualitative and antioxidant properties of strawberry fruit.

Evaluation of Some Phytochemical Characteristics of Berberis integerrima in Response to Nano-Zinc Foliar Application and Post-Harvest Drying Temperature

lamia vojodimehrabani; Rana Valizadeh Kamran; mohammad bagher hassanpouraghdam

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 345-358

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22929.1503

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Mineral nutrition and post-harvest handling are the major factors affecting secondary metabolites content and composition of plants. Berberis integerrima ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Mineral nutrition and post-harvest handling are the major factors affecting secondary metabolites content and composition of plants. Berberis integerrima is one of the most important medicinal plants listed in all pharmacopeias. The bark, fruits and roots of this plant are commonly being used by traditional and modern medicine disciplines. They are well documented for their anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial activities with berberine as the main active constituent. Also, the shrub has ornamental uses in the landscape and the fruit is used as a food additive. In addition, anthocyanin of the fruit is useful as a natural coloring agent in food industries. There are few studies on the agronomic demands and post-harvest handling of this plant. The experiment was conducted to assay the effects of nano-zinc foliar application and postharvest plant drying temperature on some phytochemical traits of this highly valuable plant. Materials and Methods The treatments were applied to assay the phytochemicals content variations in roots, fruits and aerial parts of the plant (2 years old) by two separate experiments as factorial based on RBCD. In the first experiment, the effects of nano-zinc foliar spray on the yield, anthocyanin content, Zinc content and TSS at the different mentioned organs were studied. In the second experiment, the effects of diverse post drying temperatures (25, 50 and 750C) on total phenolics content, flanonoids content, hydrolysable tannin and berberin content in Berberis integerrima were assayed. Results Zn content, TSS content and anthocyanins were affected by the independent effects of foliar spray and plant part. Plant dry weight was impacted by the organ type. Phenolics, flavonoids and alkaloids contents were affected by the interactional effects of the foliar spray , the organ type, and the drying temperature. The highest figure for the contents of alkaloids (30 mg g-1DWt) and flavonoids (26.9 mg g-1DWt) were from the root × foliar spray by 6 mgL-1 Nano-Zinc at 250C drying regime. The maximum amount of total phenolics was attained by the aerial parts × foliar spray by 6 mgL-1 Nano-Zinc at 250C and fruits × 3 and 6 mgL-1 foliar spray at 250C. For hydrolysable tannins (1.9%), the root and the aerial parts × 250C showed the largest figure. Discussion The overall results revealed the positive effects of nano-zinc foliar application on the studied gross secondary metabolites content in Berberis integerrima. The post-harvest drying temperature influenced the metabolites content as well, and the optimized temperature in the experiments was 250C.

Relationship of Color Indices with Some Chemical Characteristic in Red and White Apple Cultivars

Mitra Jabari; Mohammad Mehdi ُSHARIFANI; Ahad Yamchi

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 359-372

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.23071.1506

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Apple is one of the most important common fruit trees in temperate regions of the world with a lot of phenotypes and genotypes. Fruit surface ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Apple is one of the most important common fruit trees in temperate regions of the world with a lot of phenotypes and genotypes. Fruit surface color is one of the important factors in evaluating the qualities and appearance of fruits. This is the first component of acceptance by the customer, which indicates anomalies in agricultural products. Materials and Methods For this purpose, a study was conducted in 2016 in a completely randomized design with 12 varieties of native and imported apples in three replications. In this research, qualitative characteristics including anthocyanins for skin and flesh fruit, total sugar, flavor index, pH and EC and color indexes including brightness index (L), redness index (a), yellowness index (b), Hue (H), and Chroma (C) were measured for each apple cultivar. Results The results showed the highest indexes of a and C of skin. Moreover, the index of a related to the flesh of fruit in Mazand 2 had the highest levels of Hue skin, brightness and Hue flesh in Gala cultivar. The highest amount of brightness and yellowneass of fruit skin and flesh was observed in Golden delicious cultivar. While the highest amount of anthocyanin in skin was found in Red delicious cultivar. the highest amount of anthocyanin in flesh was found in Mazand 2. Furthermore, the highest level of flavor index was found in Shahrod 10 and the maximum amount of total sugar was detected in Red delicious cultivar. The utmost EC juice and the highest juice pH were observed in Gol Ghermez and Golab Kohanz cultivars, respectively. The highest positive correlation was found between anthocyanin of skin and anthocyanin of fruit pulp in the red flesh apple (0.99). Based on the results of this research, the red index and the fruit flavor index correlated with skin Hue, brightness of skin correlated with yellow color of skin, and fruit EC correlated with sugar content of the fruit. Discussion Finally, the highest correlation was found between anthocyanin in skin and the red flesh apple. In other apple cultivars, a significant correlation was found between index (a) and the yellowness of the apples (0.92). Further positive correlation was set between index C and anthocyanin content and flavor index. A positive correlation was observed between H and L indexes and the yellow color of the apple. Index b indicated a significant negative correlation with anthocyanin of skin and flesh of apple. The highest red content in red flesh apples indicated positive correlation with a and c indices, which has already been confirmed by the results of other researchers.

Determination of the Optimal Dosage of Physical and Chemical Mutagenesis Agents in Callus Tissue of Kiwifruit Leaf

Hassan Saeiahagh; Mousa Mousavi; Ranjith Pathirana

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 523-534

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26394.1623

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Induced mutations have been used in a wide range of horticultural crops for more than half a century. This approach has opened up great opportunities ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Induced mutations have been used in a wide range of horticultural crops for more than half a century. This approach has opened up great opportunities for biotechnologists and plant breeders to produce new varieties with several new traits including resistance to disease, and tolerance to adverse environmental conditions or even produce new horticultural characters in some crops. The optimization of dosage of the physical and chemical mutagenic agents for inducing mutations is the first step in using this technique in plant breeding. This study was thus conducted to determine the optimum dosage of two mutagenic agents including gamma radiation as a physical agent and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) as a chemical agent in kiwifruit callus in in-vitro conditions. To that end, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to detect the mutations in the regenerated plantlets. Materials and Methods Having induced the callus in tissue culture media containing naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-benzylamino purine and meta-Topolin, the produced calli were exposed to different dosage of gamma radiation (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 Gy) or different EMS concentrations (0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2 % for 60 min). Then, the callis were transferred to the shoot regeneration media. The number of dead calli, and the size of live calli as well as the number of shoots generated in live calli were then recorded. Afterwards, the regenerated shoots were transferred to elongation media, and the DNA was extracted. The SSR markers analysis was followed on the randomly selected plantlets to detect the SSR markers using a Genetic Analyzer. Results As expected, with increasing the dosage of gamma radiation, the number of dead calli increased and the callus growth was thus retarded. The lowest number of dead calli was, indeed, detected in the control and the 50 Gy dose resulted in the highest number of dead calli. The morphology of shoots generated in the treated calli and the SSR marker analysis showed that 50 Gy dose could be used as the optimum radiation dose to produce an acceptable mutation rate in kiwifruit callus. In turn, EMS as a chemical mutagenic agent showed a different pattern in increasing the number of shoots regenerated with increasing dosage, however the same trend happened with gamma radiation in the number of dead calli and live callus size. Considering the effect of EMS on callus and the number of shoots regenerated per callus, a treatment with 1% EMS for 60 min can be used to produce a high density mutant population in kiwifruit. The highest mutation rate (12.5 %) was observed in the 50 Gy gamma ray treatment with changes in 12 pairs of SSR markers among 25 loci. For EMS, this value was 2.6 % in 1% concentration treatment. Discussion To detect the induced mutations using Gamma ray and EMS, the SSR markers can be applied. However, for the EMS mutation detection, more studies are needed to evaluate the efficiency of other techniques such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs).

Screening Salt Tolerance in Pistachio Seedlings by Evaluating Growth, Oxidative Damages and Mineral Composition

Z. Mirfattahi; M.R. Roozban; S. Karimi; V. Tavallali; S. Aliniaeifard

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 13-28

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.18881.1371

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Salinization of the central lands of Iran has had limited pistachio cultivation and production during the recent decade. Materials and Methods In ... Read More

Effect of postharvest treatment of gamma-amino butyric acid on some biochemical and antioxidant properties of sweet cherry cv. Tak Daneyeh Mashhad

H. Hassanpour; A. Bisti; S. Nojavan

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 67-78

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.20300.1422

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Sweet cherry fruit due to high water content and respiration rate is rotten in post-harvest period and hence has a short storage life. So, reducing ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Sweet cherry fruit due to high water content and respiration rate is rotten in post-harvest period and hence has a short storage life. So, reducing of respiration rate and delaying of senescence process are required for increasing of storage life. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid with low content in the cell in normal state. No study has taken into account the effect of GABA on the storage life of sweet cherry fruit and also, increasing of shelf life by natural compounds seems essential to maintain the quality. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of improving the post-harvest quality of sweet cherry fruit, increasing biochemical and antioxidant properties and improving fruit appearance using GABA with the purpose of replacing it with synthetic chemicals. Materials and Methods Fruits of sweet cherry cv. Tak Daneyeh Mashhad were harvested at commercial maturity from a commercial orchard in Urmia (Iran) and transported to laboratory immediately. GABA was used in three concentrations (5, 10 and 20 mM). Titration method was used for determination of Titratable acid (TA) and pH was determined by pH meter. TSS was determined by refractometer. Total antioxidant capacity was determined by ferric ions reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Total phenolic content was determined by Folin ciocalteu method and total flavonoid content was determined by the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Results The results showed that TA content remains constant with treatment of GABA during storage. GABA treatment leads to an increase in total antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoid and activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes in the treated fruits compared to control fruit after 30 days of storage. The pH value in treated fruits compared to untreated fruits was decreased during storage. Also, GABA at 10 mM level compared with other concentrations had the highest effect on total antioxidant capacity after 30 days of storage. Discussion The increasing of organic acids in treating fruits can be probably due to increasing of antioxidant capacity by GABA treatment, hence the damage to membrane was prevented and the organic acids were used less frequently. Treatment of fruits with GABA decreased the pH during storage, which may be due to its role in reducing of respiration rate in harvested fruits. The mechanism of the effect of GABA on increasing of total phenol and flavonoid content may be due to stimulating the production of Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) which can trigger phenylpropanoid pathway and hereby, syntheses of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids compounds were occurred. Catalase is one of the key enzymes to protect the cells and cause the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Therefore, probably the GABA treatment via the increasing the antioxidant system such as catalase leads to scavenge free radicals thereby protecting plants against oxidative stress.

The Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Three Commercial Rootstocks of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Under Controlled Temperature Conditions

H. Hokmabadi; M. Rezaei; H. Hokmabadi

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 79-90

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.20314.1423

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives In recent decades, global warming causes climate changes which triggers physiological and nutrition disorders in plants. Iran is a main pistachio ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives In recent decades, global warming causes climate changes which triggers physiological and nutrition disorders in plants. Iran is a main pistachio producer in the world. Pistachio cultivar is mainly grafted into seedling rootstocks are which obtained from especial cultivars and wild type pistachio. The changes in the vegetative growth and yield in pistachio orchards have been obviously observed in the years with so warm or so cold weather conditions. The purpose of this research was evaluating the effects of temperature on the growth of three pistachio rootstocks. Materials and Methods In order to study the effect of temperature on the growth and physiological characteristics of three commercial pistachio rootstocks, a factorial experiment on the basis of a completely randomized design (CRD) was carried out with three replications. The first factor was three rootstocks including: Pistacia vera cv. Badamie-zarand, P. vera cv. Ghazvini and P. vera var. Sarakhsi and the second factor was four temperature conditions including: 10, 15, 20 and 25 degrees Celsius. Pistachio seedlings after planting up to 15-leaf stage were kept in the greenhouse condition and then the pots were transferred to growth chambers which adjusted to defined temperature treatments. The plants were kept in temperature treatments for fifteen days. At the end of experiment, growth parameters including fresh and dry leaf weight, fresh and dry weight in shoot and root and leaf area and physiological parameters including stomatal conductance, relative water content of leaves and leaf chlorophyll index were measured. The statistical analysis was done using SAS 9.1 software and mean comparison was done by using the lowest significant difference test (LSD). Results The results showed that with increasing environmental temperature, an increase in the number of leaves, stem height, dry weight of leaf, stem and root, leaf area was observed in pistachio rootstocks. There were significant differences among rootstocks in most of the growth parameters. Badamie-Zarand was more vigorous than the other rootstocks in low temperature. The highest SPAD index was observed in high temperature environment (20, 25°C) beside lowest SPAD index level was observed at Low temperature environmental (10, 15°C). Minimum and maximum stomatal conductance was respectively obtained at 10 and 25 °C in Sarakhsi rootstocks which reveals the sensitivity of this rootstock to temperature fluctuations. In contrast, stomatal conductance variations in the Ghazvini rootstocks are lower than the other rootstocks when exposed to different environmental temperature. This may show the tolerance of this variety to changes of environmental temperature conditions. The leaf RWC in three pistachio rootstocks at different ambient temperatures shows a significant difference. At 15 and 20°C, Ghazvini rootstock has the highest RWC and Badamie- Zarand rootstock has the lowest levels of RWC. The highest relative water content was obtained at 10°C in Sarakhsi rootstock and at 25°C in Badamie-Zarand rootstock. Positive correlation between root dry weight and stomatal conductance reflects the rootstock compatibility with ecological conditions. Discussion Badami Zarand rootstock has more vegetative growth in low temperature environment and more adaptation to a wide range of temperature in comporison to two others rootstock and also can be recommended to nursery as a rootstock for planting.

Evaluation of fruit physico-chemical characteristics of new mandarins - Noushin (Citrus reticulata cv. Noushin) and Shahin (Citrus reticulata cv. Shahin) - during different harvesting time

J. Fattahi Moghadam; S. E. Seyed Ghasemi; K. Najafi

Volume 40, Issue 4 , March 2018, , Pages 77-90

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.13441

Abstract

Background and objectives: According to a breeding program carry out in Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center (Ramsar), ‘Noushin’ and ‘Shahin’ mandarins ... Read More Background and objectives: According to a breeding program carry out in Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center (Ramsar), ‘Noushin’ and ‘Shahin’ mandarins were created from crossing between Clemantin mandarin×Salustiana orange and Clemantin mandarin×Hamlin orange, respectively. The fruits of this new varieties on Sour orange rootstock did not study yet, completely. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the Noushin and Shahin physico-chemical characteristics on Sour orange rootstock during two years. Materials and methods: ‘Noushin’ sampled from October to December during three months. ‘Shahin’ fruits were collected from October to February (5 times) as monthly. Various physico-chemical characteristics evaluated including fruit lenght, width, thickness; arithmetic, geometric, equivalent and harmonic diametrics means; aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, true volume, apparent volume, volume error, density, peel thickness, Easy of peeling, weight, juice percentage, seed number, peel color indices (L*, a*, b*, hue angle, chroma and CCI), total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), technological index (TI) during experiment. Results: The results showed that fruit size, arithmetic, geometric, equivalent and harmonic means of both varieties had not significantly (p<0.01) changes from the first to final time of harvesting. There was a positive correlation between fruit sphericity and arithmetic, geometric, equivalent diametric means. Fruit of ‘Shahin’ had high aspect ratio, less sphericity and low density (<1). Fruit density showed an increasing trend during the harvest time. The green colour of peel in ‘Noushin’ and ‘Shahin’ changed to orange colour at the last week of November and December, respectively. Based on citrus colour index (CCI), no cultivars necessary to de-greening after the last week of November. The TSS:TA ratio was optimum for harvesting in late of October (9.81) in ‘Noushin’ and at the last week of December (8.32) in ‘Shahin’. Although the technology index in both varieties had not significantly (p<0.01) changes from the first to final harvesting but it was high in ‘Shahin’ with 50 percent nearly. The peel thickness in ‘Noushin’ and ‘Shahin’ was 3 and 2 mm respectively which had not significantly (p<0.01) changes during harvesting time. The seed number in ‘Noushin’ was 19 to 27 and in Shahin was 15 to 35 that revealed both of them belonged to high seed content category. Conclusion: According to TSS:TA ratio index, ‘Noushin’ as an early ripening variety can harvested in the last October and ‘Shahin’ as mid ripening variety can harvested in late of December. Both of varieties is sutaible for the north of Iran climate. Based on juice percentage and TI data, the amount of juice with about 50% was higher in ‘Shahin’ that sutaible for prosessing industries. Due to empty space inside the fruit skin and flesh of ‘Noushin’ and low dansity (<1), fruits are floating on washing water during prosessing. The skin colour was green in both of varity in late of October. Becase of TSS:TA ratio is sutaible at this time in ‘Noushin’, there fore growers can harvested ‘Noushin’ variety with green skin colour in late of October but ‘Shahin’ must be remained on tree until late December.

Interaction Effects of Oxalic Acid and Storage Time on Some Qualitative Characteristics of Plum Fruit cv. Santa Rosa

h. khosroabadi; F. Varasteh; E. Seifi

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 15-24

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13113

Abstract

Background and Objectives Plum as a climacteric fruit has high ethylene production and respiration rate at the ripening stage which is the reason for its short postharvest life. In ... Read More Background and Objectives Plum as a climacteric fruit has high ethylene production and respiration rate at the ripening stage which is the reason for its short postharvest life. In order to evaluate the effect of oxalic acid treatment on postharvest storage life and maintain qualitative characteristics of plum fruit cv. Santa Rosa, an experiment was performed based on factorial in completely randomized design with two factors, oxalic acid concentration and storage time, in three replications. Material and Methods Plum fruits were harvested at the commercial harvest stage from a commercial orchard located in Golestan Province, Iran. On the same day, harvested fruits were transported to the laboratory and selected for the uniformity in size, shape and color. The selected fruit samples were distributed into four groups of 60 (each replicate contained 5 fruits). The selected fruits were immersed in oxalic acid solutions (0, 2, 4 and 6 mM) for 3 minutes and after removing the surface moisture at room temperature stored at 4 ◦C and 80 % relative humidity. The quantitative and qualitative traits of the fruit were evaluated every two week intervals during 42 days of storage. The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS (9.1) software, and LSD values were calculated for the mean comparisons. Results The results showed that oxalic acid had a significant effect on soluble solids content, titratable acidity, vitamin C, peel anthocyanins and browning index, whilst weight loss, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, vitamin C, fruit flavor index, pH, flesh and peel anthocyanins, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a, b, total carotenoids, phenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, electrolyte leakage and browning index were significantly influenced by storage time. The increment of the oxalic acid concentration led to increase of soluble solids content by the late week 4 of storage. The highest (1.21%) and lowest (0.38%) titratable acidity was recorded for 6 mM oxalic acid in week 2 and 2 mM oxalic acid in week 6 of storage, respectively. At the end of the storage, 6 mM oxalic acid caused to preserve the maximum Vit C content (11.63 mg/100g) compared to control. Oxalic acid had no significance on total phenols and flavonoids; however, the interaction between storage time and oxalic acid had also a significant effect on soluble solids content, titratable acidity, vitamin C, fruit flavor index, peel anthocyanins, phenols, flavonoids and browning index. The weight loss reached 9.96% by late week 6. The electrolyte leakage percent and browning index increased during storage period and the minimum browning index without any significant difference was observed in 2 mM (41.11%) and 4 mM (43.89%) oxalic acid treatments. Discussions In conclusion, oxalic acid significantly increased titratable acidity, vitamin C, plum peel anthocyanins and soluble solids compared to the control. The treated fruits had a lower browning index than the control. As a whole, regarding the results of this research, post-harvest application of 4 mM oxalic acid treatment could be used to maintain plum fruit qualitative properties and increase the time of storage.

The Effects of Ethylene and 1-MCP on Storability of Pomegranate Fruit cv. ‘Malase Yosef Khani’

O. Khademi; S.M. Hosseini Molla; D. Talei; E. Sepahvand

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 25-36

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13114

Abstract

Background and Objectives Pomegranate is classified as a non-climacteric fruit, so it is considered as insensitive to ethylene. However, in some other non-climacteric fruit it has been ... Read More Background and Objectives Pomegranate is classified as a non-climacteric fruit, so it is considered as insensitive to ethylene. However, in some other non-climacteric fruit it has been shown that ethylene accelerates senescence or increase chilling injury symptoms during postharvest life. In this study, to determine the sensitiveness of pomegranate fruit to ethylene, the effects of ethylene and 1-MCP (as an ethylene inhibitor material) treatments were investigated on the pomegranate storability. Material and Methods Pomegranate fruit cv. ‘Malase Yousef Khani’ was harvested at the ripening stage (full aril coloring) from an orchard near Saveh city, and treated following treatments; 2 μL/L ethylene for 48 hours, 1 μL/L 1-MCP for 24 hours, and 2 μL/L 1-MCP for 24 hours as well as a combination of 2 μL/L 1-MCP and μL/L ethylene treatments. Fruit without any treatment was put as control. The treatments were applied inside the polyethylene container. Then the treated fruits were stored at 4°C and 90% RH for up to 3 month. The fruits were removed from storage in 1, 2 and 3 months of storage and after 3 days keeping at room temperature as shelf life was analyzed. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications at Shahed University in 2016. Results Results showed that ethylene treated fruits, as compared to 1-MCP treated fruit (even in presence of ethylene in combination treatment) had less fruit and aril marketability, as well as less firmness, ion leakage, total phenol content and antioxidant capacity, whilst this fruit had more weight loss than 1-MCP treated fruits. Ethylene treated fruit had also less fruit and aril marketability, and less antioxidant capacity than control fruit. The control fruit had less fruit and aril marketability, ion leakage, total phenol content and antioxidant capacity than 1-MCP fruits. Discussions According to these results, pomegranate fruit was sensitive to ethylene and its postharvest loss, such as chilling injury symptoms, electro leakage, and antioxidants reduction was accelerated by presence of ethylene around the fruit. On the other hand, since in the most measured characteristics, control fruit had a lower quality than 1-MCP treated fruit, it seems that pomegranate is very sensitive to ethylene and even low level of internal ethylene is enough to accelerate the postharvest loss of this fruit. Therefore, removal of ethylene from the pomegranate storage, or using the anti ethylene materials such as 1-MCP can be effective in increasing posthrevst life of pomegranate fruit.

Effect of Rosemary and Artemisia Essential Oil on Decay Control and Quality Characters of Mango Fruit During Storage

A. Golestani; S. Rastegar Rastegar

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 53-62

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13118

Abstract

Background and Objectives Postharvest diseases are one of the major causes of storage losses of mango. The incidence of postharvest diseases can affect the quality and limits the shelf ... Read More Background and Objectives Postharvest diseases are one of the major causes of storage losses of mango. The incidence of postharvest diseases can affect the quality and limits the shelf life of the horticultural fresh products. Generally, there is a great interest in using essential oils (EOs) as biological control to increasing shelf life of fruits. Mango is one of the most important tropical fruits. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo effectiveness of Artemisia persica and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils against Aspergillus niger, which are one of the most important postharvest diseases of mango. Material and Methods Inoculation of artificial fungal was done at room temperature. One day after inoculation, fruits were treated with different concentrations of EOs. The fruits were placed into boxes and kept in 25°C for three weeks. Then decay, weight loss, firmness, ascorbic acid and values of surface color were determined during storage. Fruits surface color was measured using a chromameter (CR 400, Minolta) which provided (CIE L*, a*, and b*). Firmness values were measured by using a texture analyzer. Results Results showed that all treatments had significant effects in preventing fruits decay during storage. Rosemary essential oil at low concentration (500 μl/l) (13.3%) significantly reduced deterioration of mango fruits, followed by Artemisa persica (1000 μl/l) (12%). Quality of fruits was also affected by essential oil. Fruit treated by Rosmarinus officinalis showed the highest firmness (3.7 kg/cm2) rather than other treatments. Different treatments showed more firmness rather than control and different concentrations of treatment did not show any significant difference. Discussions Modifications induced by EOs might be due to theirs components interactions with cell wall synthesis, which affects fungal growth and morphology. Moreover, the presence of an aromatic nucleus and one hydroxyl group is important for their antimicrobial activity. Some reported that efficacy of plant EOs depends on their composition

Investigation effects of Malling and Malling Merton rootstocks and planting distances on the quality and quantity characteristics apple cultivar red delicious in Meshginshahr region

H. karbalaei Khiavi; A. pirayesh

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 89-98

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13122

Abstract

In order to determine the most suitable dwarf rootstock for apple cultivar 'Red Delicious' and optimal planting distances under climatic conditions of Meshginshahr region, this research ... Read More

Evaluation of storage temperature and container material effects on summer wild blackberry postharvest

M. Haddadinejad; K. Ghasemi; A.A. Mohammadi

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 99-112

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.19095.1376

Abstract

Background and objectives: Blackberry due to its short post-harvest shelf life and rapid perishability cannot be conserve for long time. Recently, using small plastic containers became ... Read More Background and objectives: Blackberry due to its short post-harvest shelf life and rapid perishability cannot be conserve for long time. Recently, using small plastic containers became popular that unfortunately is non-biodegradable and incompatible with environment so these materials are dangerous for environment. But using biodegradable packages which made up by natural materials like starch, corn, potato and wheat can be a suitable substitution. This research aimed to evaluate optimum conditions including temperature and container material for increasing summer wild blackberry shelf life.Materials and methods: With the aim of evaluation of summer wild blackberry optimum storage conditions, its fruits were compared via three levels of temperature (0, 4 and 25˚C) and two kinds of containers (biodegradable and non-biodegradable) during 14 days. Different characteristics comprising of visual quality (fruit weight, fruit weight loss and market acceptance), edible quality (TSS, pH, TA, TSS/TA, flavor and taste) and health value (total antioxidant activity, total phenol content, total flavonoid content and total anthocyanin) was evaluated. Results: The obtained results showed fruits weight lost, during postharvest maintenance in all of treatments the highest fruit weight recorded on the first day and after that decreased significantly. In addition to fruit weight, length, width, flavor, taste and market acceptance of fruit decreased during storage, significantly. Visual quality of fruits packed in polystyrene container was better than bio based one. Total soluble solids of blackberries stored in biodegradable package were significantly higher than non-biodegradable container. Inhibitory percentage of DPPH radicals in all treatments showed powerful antioxidant properties of blackberry. The highest phenol content (62.33 gGalicacid/ g fruit juice) of fruits was recorded in 3th day at 4˚C in polystyrene container. The lowest amount of total phenol in the same temperature was observed after 8 days storage in biodegradable container. In both of containers, the temperature of 0 ˚C showed less decrease of flavonoid content. During the experiment conduction, anthocyanin content decreased generally but in 8 and 14th day in polystyrene container and 0˚C, its content increased from 224,99 in first day at 0oC to 57.89 and 90.3 mg Cyanidin/Lit fruit juice in both containers types at 14th day, significantly.Discussion: Water loss due to transpiration and respiration is the main reason for weight loss during post-harvest period. Because of this, using Nano particles in containers materials around the fruits to control water exchange can reduce weight loss and influence different fruit characteristics as well. Conclusion: The positive effect of the 0 ˚C temperature on blackberry shelf life was significant. Using biodegradable package despite its environmental importance showed less efficiency for increasing blackberry postharvest life in comparison with plastic one and require additional researches.

Effect of Potassium Nitrate and Phenyl Phthalamic Acid on Some of Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Strawberry ‘Gaviota’

S M; M H; M S; S A

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 43-52

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12427

Abstract

Background and objectives Proper plant nutrition is very important for high productivity and fruit quality. Strawberry has more need for potassium because this element is a major component ... Read More Background and objectives Proper plant nutrition is very important for high productivity and fruit quality. Strawberry has more need for potassium because this element is a major component of the fruit. Size, colour, and acidity of the fruit have a positive relation with potassium amount. Also, the phenyl phthalamic acid is a regulator that increases the working life of stigma and supports the better pollination, which results in a higher yield. This study was performed to increase the quantity and quality of strawberry fruits. Materials and Methods To study the effect of potassium nitrate and phenyl phthalamic acid on vegetative and reproductive growth of strawberry cv. Gaviota, a research was conducted as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Potassium nitrate (0, 1, 2 and 5 g.l-1) and phenyl phthalamic acid (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg.l-1) were sprayed on leaves and flowers, respectively. The parameters such as inflorescense and fruit number, yield per plant, fresh and dry weight of fruit, TSS, TA and N, P, K and Ca content of leaf and fruit were measured. Results The results showed that the use of 5 g.l-1 of potassium nitrate or 500 mg.l-1 phenyl phthalamic acid had the greatest effect on the fresh and dry weight of fruit. Also, potassium nitrate in concentration of 2 g.l-1 has a significant effect on the number of inflorescences and phosphorus of leaves and fruits. The highest number of fruits (26 fruits per plant) with 2 g.l-1 potassium nitrate and the highest yield per plant (541.2 g) and TSS juice (8.3) with 2 g.l-1 potassium nitrate + 500 mg.l-1 phenyl phthalamic acid were obtained. Discussion The phenyl phthalamic acid could increase fruit setting, which resulted in a yield increase too, especially when it was applied with potassium nitrate. In general, the use of potassium nitrate and phenyl phthalamic acid in concentration of 2 g.l-1 and 500 mg.l-1, respectively, resulted in increase of yield and qualitative and quantitative traits of strawberry.

Effects of Harvesting Time and Fruit Size on Physical and Biochemical Properties of Pomegranate Fruit cv. ‘Rabab Neiriz’ in Ghalletol-Baghmalak

Fatemh rashno nuzhad; norola moallemi; seyad mohamad hasan Mortazavi

Volume 39, Issue 3 , December 2016, , Pages 27-38

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12065

Abstract

Background and Objectives Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a nonclimacteric fruit rcent respectively. In general, the results of the present study confirmed that the medium fruit size ... Read More

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = H: Pomology

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