Plant Productions - Articles List

Optimization of antibiotics during co-culture of Petunia hybrida leaf explants and Agrobacterium tumefaciens to increase gene transgenic efficiency

Azadeh Khadem; zahra sargazi moghaddam; Mahboobeh yazdi; Mahdiyeh Kharrazi; Ahmad Sharifi

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 353-366

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.43645.2099

Abstract

IntroductionGene transfer by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens is one of the well-known methods for the production of the transgenic plants. The success rate of this method depends on the ... Read More IntroductionGene transfer by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens is one of the well-known methods for the production of the transgenic plants. The success rate of this method depends on the growth of the bacteria and the regeneration of the plant explants. Among these variables, the antibiotics functioning as bacterial growth regulators have mainly inhibitory effects on the plant growth. Therefore, the introduction of a successful gene transfer method which is mediated by Agrobacterium requires the identification of an antibiotic with an inhibitory effect on the growth of the bacteria and also has a minimal effect on the regeneration of the explants and the growth of the transgenic plants. In this regard, the present research was conducted with the aim of optimizing the antibiotic used in co-culture in order to increase the transgenic yield of Petunia hybrida. For this purpose, a variety of antibiotics in different concentrations were tested.Materials and MethodsThe growth rate of A. tumefaciens in the different medium culture with two suitable pH for the bacterial growth (7) and plant growth (5.7) in the presence of 500 mg/L of the cefotaxime antibiotic as a common antibiotic for controlling bacterial growth was investigated. Sensitivity tests were run. The second experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of five different antibiotics in three concentration on the regeneration of the petunia leaf explants. Results and DiscussionThe results of the bacterial sensitivity test showed that the type and concentration of salt and the pH of the medium culture significantly affect the growth rate of the bacteria. So that the highest rate of bacterial growth was observed in LB and MH medium culture at pH=7, but on the contrary, no growth was observed in MS medium culture. In addition, two antibiotics of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone at 700 mg/L concentration had the highest inhibitory effect on the bacterial growth. The results of this experiment showed that different antibiotics have different effects on the regeneration of explants and the growth of the seedlings. According to the results, the highest volume of callus and also the highest percentage of regeneration were observed in the presence of ceftizoxime and coamoxiclav antibiotics in all three concentrations and cefepime at 300 mg/L. The highest number of the seedlings was also observed in the treatment of ceftizoxime at concentrations of 300 and 500 mg/L with an average of 7.70 seedlings. In relation to the seedling growth traits, the highest number and length of root per seedling were observed in ceftizoxime at 300 mg/l and cefotaxime at the same concentration, respectively. The highest dry weight belonged to the grown seedlings in the presence of co-amoxiclav antibiotic followed by the ceftizoxime (300 mg/L).Conclusion The overall results of these experiments show that the seedlings which are grown in the presence of ceftizoxime antibiotic had a good growth rate, while the use of this antibiotic was effective in inhibiting the growth of A. tumefaciens. Therefore, we recommend that the use of ceftizoxime antibiotic in the co-culture process will be effective in increasing the efficiency of the gene transfer. Further studies will solidify these results..

Comparison of three different genomic RNA extraction methods from peel and pulp of Thomson navel orange fruit (Citrus sinensis L.)

Fatemeh Ahmadi; Mohamad Mehdi Sharifani; Amir Mosavi; Negin Akhlaghi Amiri; Mostafa Khoshhal sarmast; Khalil Zaynali Nezhad

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 1-10

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41200.2043

Abstract

IntroductionEfficient genomic RNA extraction is a basic requirement of molecular biology and the primary step in the study of gene expression. Woody plants are problematic due to the ... Read More IntroductionEfficient genomic RNA extraction is a basic requirement of molecular biology and the primary step in the study of gene expression. Woody plants are problematic due to the presence of polyphenolics, polysaccharides and other compounds that bind or co-precipitate with the RNA. The present study is to compare different methods of extracting high-quality total RNA in Thomson navel orange. Citrus is one of the most strategic fruits of Iran, finding an efficient and low-cost method is important for executive and molecular works. Materials and MethodsPlant materials used to extract total RNA were collected from two different parts of Thomson navel orange peel (consisting of both flavedo and albedo) and pulp from Ghaemshahr Horticultural Research Station, Mazandaran in 2020. Fruits were frozen in liquid nitrogen after sampling and were stored at -80°C until used. These samples were transferred to the laboratory department of horticultural science and engineering, Gorgan where the samples were applied to analyze the molecular expriment. For this study three methods including of: Trizol, Non-column Denazist and RNX-PlusTM were evaluated for total RNA extraction. In order to show the quality and quantity of RNA, were assessed on 1% agarose gel and using a nanodrop spectrophotometer with 230, 260 and 280 wavelength. Results were analyzed using a completely randomized design with three replicates, Duncan test with a significance level of 0.05 using SAS 9.0 software. Results and DiscussionThe result showed a distinct 28S and 18S rRNA bands visible on an agarose gel. The RNA integrity was assessed by the sharpness of ribosomal RNA bands. Also by using this protocols, the absorbance ratio at 260/280 was ranged between 1.80 – 1.93 which indicated there were no protein in the extracted RNA. A ratio A260/ A280 ratio from 2.0 to 2.14 indicated a lack of polysaccharides and phenol contamination. Trizol method, which was significantly different than compared to other methods. This protocol was successfully applied to isolate total RNA from the organ of two section fruit. Generally, the samples with a ratio in the range of ~ 1.9 to 2 revealed high purity of the extracted RNA using Trizol and the average concentration of RNA ranged from 379.90 (ng/µl) of orange peel and 352.15 (ng/µl) of orange pulp, respectively. And concentration was observed in Non-column Denazist method which treated with the lowest concentration (263.10 ng/µl) of orange pulp. ConclusionThe Trizol method was the best choice for extraction of high-quality total RNA. In this respect method represented the highest RNA yield and purity from various samples (peel and pulp) of citrus. However, generally peel samples (flavedo and albedo) produced high concentration total RNA.

The Effect of Ultraviolet-C radiation on Expression Pattern of some enzymes involved in the Programmed Cell Death of Bread Wheat

Zahra Shokrgozar; Sodabeh Jahanbakhsh Godehkahriz; seyedeh yalda Raeisi Sadati,

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 589-601

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41508.2052

Abstract

Introduction Wheat is one of the plants that is important in terms of diet and business, and the global demand for it is increasing. One of the harmful and dangerous stresses is ultraviolet ... Read More Introduction Wheat is one of the plants that is important in terms of diet and business, and the global demand for it is increasing. One of the harmful and dangerous stresses is ultraviolet light, which affects the growth and production of plants and leads to the production of reactive oxygen species, which are very toxic. The present study was evaluated in order to investigate the effect of C type ultraviolet light on seedlings of three varieties of wheat in order to identify the systems involved in transmitting the defense message of this plant from biochemical and molecular aspects. Materials and Methods The experiment was carried out in a factorial manner based on a completely randomized design with three replications at Mohaghegh University of Ardabil. The investigated factors included the first factor of Control and treatment with ultraviolet light (type C with a wavelength of 254 nm) and the second factor of wheat cultivars (Sardari, Morvarid, and Gaspard). Type C ultraviolet light stress was applied at the stage of three-four leaves for 20 minutes and then sampling of the treated leaves at zero, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 18, 24 and 48 hours later. The treatment was done. Results and Discussion The results showed that the quantitative activity of peroxidases in Sardari and Gaspard cultivars was not significantly different in front of type C ultraviolet light, while in Morvarid cultivar, this enzyme increase had an upward trend from the very first hours. Also, the results of the qualitative examination of peroxidase enzymes against C type ultraviolet light showed the number of 5, 6 and 9 peroxidase isoenzymes in three of Sardari, Morvarid and Gaspard wheat cultivars. Qualitative analysis of catalase enzymes in Sardari and Gaspard cultivars identified 4 isoenzymes and 3 isoenzymes in Morvarid cultivar. On the other hand, in DNA electrophoresis, the effect of type C ultraviolet light on the DNA of three wheat cultivars showed that DNA breakage occurred in Sardari and Gaspard cultivars 48 hours after treatment compared to control samples and in Morvarid cultivar, from the first hours after treatment. Investigation the changes in expression of genes involved in metabolism such as hexokinase and plant defense such as PR1 in three wheat cultivars as a result of treatment with type C ultraviolet light shows that the expression changes of these two genes in Sardari and Gaspard cultivars follow almost the same pattern and 10 hours after From the treatment, they have shown a decrease in expression, but in Morvarid cultivar, the expression of HK and PR1 genes increased from the very first hours. Conclusion In general, the results show that the increase in the activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes and changes in the expression of PR1 and HK genes in the path of transmission of ultraviolet light C type in three cultivars Sardari, Morvarid and Gaspard gives. DNA breakage along with other changes in wheat indicate the possibility of programmed cell death in wheat.

Investigate the Possibility of Early Prediction of Sweet Cherry Graft Incompatibility by in vitro Techniques

Arezoo Jalali; Ebrahim Ganji Moghaddam; Ali Marjani

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 287-298

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.37508.1982

Abstract

IntroductionGraft compatibility is one of the most problems in fruit tree. Determination graft compatibility, it may last a long time but it was achieved in a short time by in vitro ... Read More IntroductionGraft compatibility is one of the most problems in fruit tree. Determination graft compatibility, it may last a long time but it was achieved in a short time by in vitro techniques. Plants increase their capacity antioxidant rapidly when stress occurs to increase resistance and tolerance to the conditions created. Since grafting in plants is also considered a form of stress, this way. It can be said that the plant's ability to disperse excess energy and neutralize free radicals is impaired, thus increasing the antioxidant capacity to increase the resistance to stress, so in incompatible grafts increases phenolic compounds and peroxidase to minimize oxidative damage compared to compatible grafts. This study Investigation the possibility of early determination of grafting (in) compatibility of sweet cherry by compare phenolic compound and peroxidase activity in vitro techniques. Materials and MethodsTwo factorial experiment was carried out on the base of completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments including the first factor, four levels of sweet cherry cultivars “Bing’’, “Takdaneh”, “Siyah Mashhad”, and “Adli” and the second factor, four levels of rootstocks Gisela-5, Gisela-6 (compatibility control), Mahaleb-168, and GF-305 (incompatibility control). Measurement of total phenolic compounds was determind according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method (Singleton et al., 1999). Antioxidant enzyme extraction was determined with the method of Mac Adam (1992) with some modifications. Analysis of variance was carried out by SAS software ver. 9.1 and mean comparison was conducted using LSD test. Results and DiscussionThe result showed that the highest and lowest percentage of grafting were “Bing” cultivar on Gisela-6 rootstock with an average of 64.21% and “Bing” cultivar on GF-305 rootstock of 1.1%. The highest number of leaves and longitudinal growth of scion was in “Bing” cultivar on Gisela-6. The highest number of roots and root lengths were in “Takdaneh” cultivar on Gisela-6 and “Bing” on Gisela-6. The highest amount of total phenol at the graft union was GF-305 and the lowest at the graft union was Gisela-5. The highest and lowest of peroxidase were at the graft union of “Bing” on-G5-305 and “Bing” and “Siyah mashhad” on Gisela. In general, the highest levels of total phenol and peroxidase at the graft union were higher on the GF-305 incompatible rootstock than Gisela-6 compatible rootstock. Therefore, our finding leads to the conclusion that phenolic compounds and peroxidase activity can be used to pre-screen for incompatible grafts. In general, the amount of total phenol in the grafts made on Gisela-6 (compatible control) and Gisela-5 rootstocks was less than GF-305 (incompatible control). GF-305 is incompatible with cherry cultivars. Phenolic compounds such as Catechins above the graft site can be used as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of graft incompatibility (Baron et al., 2019). Peroxidase levels in incompatible grafts were higher than compatible grafts. It seems that the peroxidase enzyme can be used to predict incompatible grafts quickly. Preliminary analyzes on the role of peroxidase indicate that this enzyme is involved in the formation of cell wall constituents and in the next step reduces the flexibility of the cell wall by creating cross-linking between phenolic polymers of the cell wall (Cassab & Varner, 1987). ConclusionThe highest levels of total phenol and peroxidase at the graft union were higher on the GF-305 incompatible rootstock than Gisela-6 compatible rootstock. Therefore, the finding of this study leads to the conclusion that phenolic compounds (mostly) and peroxidase activity can be used to pre-screen for incompatible grafts

Phenotypic Diversity for Fruit Yield and some Related Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Local Populations of Kalaybar Region

Behrooz Valaei; Iraj Bernousi

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 387-396

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28002.1691

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the vegetable crops of a global economic importance. The reduction of genetic variation in tomato ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the vegetable crops of a global economic importance. The reduction of genetic variation in tomato through domestication and breeding has resulted in the need for conservation and utilization of all existing genetic resources. Local populations are among the most important genetic resources. They are often heterogeneous and composed of different genotypes which are mostly homozygous. Therefore, assessment of their diversity requires a different approach of common methods. The objective of this study was estimating the phenotypic variation among and within the tomato local populations of Kalaybar area using Nei’s genetic diversity index. Materials and Methods Plant material consisted of 8 tomato local populations collected from Kalaybar area in the East Azerbaijan province.The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. A total of 36 plants of each population in three blocks were planted with the distance of 140 cm between rows and 80 cm between plants. Seven traits, including fruit yield and some of its related traits, was measured. All continuous traits were divided into three classes with equal width and the frequency of classes was used to estimate total diversity index (HT), phenotypic diversity within each population (Hs) for each trait. Then, mean diversity index () for all traits, proportion of phenotypic diversity among populations (GST) for each trait, and mean diversity index for each population across all traits () were calculated. Results The total diversity index (HT) for each trait ranged from 0.46 to 0.53 with an average of 0.49. Most of values were around the mean. All traits had relative high value of mean diversity index ( > 0.40). The mean phenotypic diversity among populations (GST) was 0.10. For the majority of traits, little diversity was observed among populations. The greatest value of GST (0.16) was relevant to the mean of fruit weight per plant. Most of population had similar magnitudes of mean phenotypic diversity within each populations () across all traits (0.42 to 0.49). The fruit yield (0.51) and mean of fruit weight per plant (0.51), the number of fruit per plant (0.56), the number of node on stem (0.54), the number of floret (0.54), the number of days to flowering (0.44), and the number of days to fruit (0.54), had the highest diversity index (Hs) values in Gharavanloo, Rostamkandi, Sheykhlan-sofla and Kalantar, Sheykhlan-olya, Alisharloo, and Sheykhlan-olya populations, respectively. Discussion The results showed a relatively wide phenotypic diversity present in tomato local population of Kalaybar area for most of the studied traits. The highest diversity was within the populations and there was little variation among the populations. The traits that contributed the most to within populations’ heterogeneity differed from population to population. However, the Sheykhlan-olya population had the highest fruit yield (4.83), the number of fruits (18.4), the number of nodes on stem (20.7), the number of flowers (83.5), and it was concluded that population could be used as a genetic source for future tomato breeding programs in Kalaybar region.

Evaluating the Effects of Growth Promoting Fertilizer Containing Seaweed Extract and Mother Corm Weight on Antioxidant Activity and Stigma Quality of Saffron

Sakineh Khandan Deh-Arbab; Mohammad Hossein Aminifard; Hamid-Reza Fallahi; Hamed Kaveh

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 213-226

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26492.1630

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesAlgae are usually aquatic photosynthetic organisms that sequester CO2 in their biomass. They are rich in organic matter and nutrients, and thereby ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesAlgae are usually aquatic photosynthetic organisms that sequester CO2 in their biomass. They are rich in organic matter and nutrients, and thereby can be used in agriculture as an organic fertilizer. Their application will lead to the production of healthy and qualitative foods. To the best of our knowledge, so far the effect of application of marine algae has not been evaluated on saffron qualitative parameters. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of algae in different levels of mother corm weight on qualitative indices of petals and stigmas in saffron. Materials and MethodsTo investigate the effect of growth promoting fertilizer containing seaweed extract and mother corm weight on qualitative parameters in petals and stigmas of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), an experiment was conducted at Research Field of College of Agriculture at University of Birjand in 2017. The experimental factors included seaweed extract (0, 15 and 30 l ha-1) and corm weight [0.1-4 (small), 4.1-8 (medium) and 8.1-12g (large-sized)], which were tested in a RCBD with three replications. ResultsThe use of algae extract had a significant effect on the petal yield, carotenoid content and antioxidant activity of petals (antioxidant and anthocyanin content) and quality of stigma (picrocrocin, safranal and crocin content). The highest amounts of dry petal yield (0.027 g plant-1), carotenoid content (1.83 mg g-1 FW), anthocyanin (24.49 mg 100g-1 DW), antioxidant (29.80%), safranal (42.43), crocin (198.78) and picrocrocin (74.57) were obtained when seaweed extract was used at the rate of 30 l ha-1. However, no significant difference was found between the two levels of algae extract in terms of all mentioned parameters. The lowest values of petal yield (0.023 g plant-1), carotenoid (1.04 mg g-1 FW), anthocyanin (22.29 mg .100 g DW), antioxidant (25.54%), safranal (40.61 λ), crocin (176.64 λ ), and picrocrocin (72.60 λ ) were obtained from control treatment. Mother corm weight also exerted a significant effect on antioxidant activity, petals anthocyanin content and safranal content in stigma and the highest of them were gained when large-sized mother corms were planted. The interaction effect of experimental factors was not significant on measured parameters. DiscussionOverall, the results of this study indicated the beneficial effects of seaweed extract on improving biochemical traits and effective ingredients, which is appropriate for organic production of saffron. The positive role of algae on plants is related to providing micro- and macro-nutrient as well as production of biologically active biotical substances against plant-infecting pathogens. In addition, they have a significant role in improving soil physical and chemical properties, which lead to better growth and development of the plants. Better quality of saffron produced from larger mother corms may also be related to more nutrient reservoir in such corms.

Genetic Diversity Study of Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) Genotypes for Agro-morphological Traits Under Normal and Drought Stress Conditions

Ali Saremi-Rad; Khodadad Mostafavi

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 227-240

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.27588.1671

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesAs the world's population grows, increasing demand for edible oils is inevitable. In addition to plant genetics, environmental variability plays ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesAs the world's population grows, increasing demand for edible oils is inevitable. In addition to plant genetics, environmental variability plays a key role in plant yield. Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses that reduce the productivity of sunflower and other crops. Understanding the nature of phenotypic traits that improve performance under stress conditions and identifying the complex physiological and genetically mechanisms is fundamental to plant stress. Improving drought tolerance and increasing water productivity in plants is one of the most important goals of the breeders. Gaining knowledge of the amount of phenotypic and genetic parameters in the plant species for genetic and plant breeding studies is very important for the exact selection of the genotypes according to the objectives of the breeding programs. Understanding the nature of morphological, physiological, genetic and molecular mechanisms under the influence of drought tolerance can play an important role in the development of drought tolerant genotypes for cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas. The main aims of this study included investigation of genetic diversity of sunflower germplasm (to understand the relationships between morphological traits and their heritability) and accurate identification of the most important traits that affect the sunflower yield in each of the normal conditions and drought stress. Materials and MethodsAn experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in normal and drought stress conditions in 2014 growing season on 12 sunflower genotypes in a research field of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch. Each block consisted of 12 plots and each plot contained five rows. Each row was 5 meters length with 60 cm spacing, and plant spacing on rows was 20 cm. The studied traits included grain yield, seed length, seed width, seed diameter, leaf length, leaf width, plant height and stem diameter. ResultsThe results of combined analysis of variance confirmed the significant diversity among genotypes for most traits. Grain yield showed higher values for parameters of genetic efficiency, genotypic and phenotypic variation coefficients under drought stress and non-stress conditions compared to other traits. While the highest percentage of heritability in the normal condition belonged to grain yield, it belonged to plant height in the stress conditions. Plant height, leaf width, stem diameter and leaf length showed the highest change in terms of traits in stress conditions compared to normal conditions. Dendrograms derived from cluster analysis classified genotypes into three groups based on studied traits under both drought stress and non-stress conditions. According to the cluster analysis, under drought stress condition, the Sor and Progress genotypes were identified as tolerant genotypes and, in contrast, genotypes of Favorite, Record, SHF81-90, Master and Lakomka were recognized as sensitive genotypes. DiscussionIn the combined analysis of variance the significance of the environmental effect shows that drought stress has significantly affected all traits. Therefore, the applied stress reveals the differences between the cultivars and the evaluation of the cultivars in the stress environment can lead to the selection of suitable cultivars. The effect of genotype was not significant for some traits, which suggests that the selection of cultivars for these traits is complex because the differences between the cultivars are not clearly defined. Selection is more reliable for traits that are significant, such as grain yield. The interaction between genotype and environment also increases the complexity of selection, which was significant only for plant height in this study. The high coefficient of phenotypic variation for traits indicates that the expression of these traits is greatly affected by the environment. Also, the high coefficient of genotypic and phenotypic variation for some traits indicates the wide range of changes for these traits. In general, the correspondence of the phenotypic coefficient and the genotypic coefficient in some traits indicates that the environmental effects on trait expression are negligible. However, when the phenotypic variation coefficient is higher than the genotypic variation coefficient, it indicates a high environmental effect. The low difference between the phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation for some traits suggests that these traits are more controlled by genetic factors. Therefore, the selection of parents for these traits is appropriate for hybridization programs.

Effect of Different Media and Growth Regulators on Micropropagation of GF677

Mohammad Gerdakaneh; Hedieh Badakhshan; Maryam Mohamadi; Issa Arji

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 241-254

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27439.1667

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives GF677 is a widely used rootstock for peach, nectarine and almond. It is vigourous and adapts well to limestone soils and drought. Due to low ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives GF677 is a widely used rootstock for peach, nectarine and almond. It is vigourous and adapts well to limestone soils and drought. Due to low efficiency of propagation trough cutting, tissue culture is a good and fast method for propagation of disease-free plants of GF677. In vitro multiplication efficiency in GF677 is widely dependent on the type of culture medium and growth regulators. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the conditions required to optimize micropropagation methods for GF677 rootstock from nodal explants. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted during 2015 at the laboratory of plant tissue culture at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Kermanshah, using a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Sterile nodal explants were cultured onto different media of MS, WPM and B5 supplemented with benzyl adenine (BA) at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L. Elongated shoots of GF677 were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l IBA and 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/l BA for rooting. Factorial analysis of variance was carried out and differences between means were scored with LSD tests. Results The effect of different culture media (MS, B5 and WPM) and plant growth regulators (BA and IBA) on a number of shoots per proliferated explant of GF677 proved that the highest rate of adventitious shoot initiation, percentage of egeneration, shoot length and diameter, number and length of nodal, leaf number and multiplication was obtained in MS medium containing 1 mg/l BA + 0.5 mg/l IBA. Cytokinin stimulates the initiation and activity of axillary meristems, which result in shoot formation. This study showed that the number of shoots increased as concentration of BA increased to a certain amount. As concentration of BA increased to 1 mg/l, the number of shoots increased, too. It seems that there is a positive correlation between concentration of BA and the number of shoots to a certain concentration of BA. At concentrations higher than 1 mg/l BA the number of shoots increased. One of the possible reasons can be the reductive effect of higher concentrations of BA. Apparently, a certain amount of BA is required to obtain the best effect. Higher concentrations of BA cause formation of high amount of callus, which is not appropriate in tissue culture. The results of this experiment confirmed the positive influence of the growth regulator on the number of roots per shootlet. Among the various plant growth regulators used, the highest rate of rooting (33%) and the number of roots per shootlet (1.62) were obtained on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l IBA and 0.5 mg/l BA. The concentration of auxin during rooting period strongly influenced the quality of root system during the rooting period. Rooted plants were transferred to a combination of terrestrial environments, including perlite, sand and soil in the ratio of 1: 2: 1, respectively. Among rooted plantlets that were acclimatized and transferred to the potting mix successfully, 90% survived and grew naturally after strengthening and transferring to the soil. Discussion The shoot multiplications are influenced by the media and growth regulators. The MS medium gave the best results for the proliferation of cultures from explant among the tested media (MS, B5 and WPM). Growth regulators compounds have significant effects on different traits and these changes depend on type and concentration of hormone. Both cytokinin and auxins are important in micropropagation for GF677 rootstock.

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Investigating the Expression of Pinene Synthase and Linalool Genes in Response to Gibberellic Acid in Yarrow (Achillea millelium L.) Plant

Omid Poorraskari; Daryoosh Nabati Ahmadi; Khosro Mehdikhanlou; Leila Nejhadsadeghi

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 13-24

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27042.1652

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Currently, there is an immense attention towared medicinal plant and secondary motabiltes. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) is a medicinal plant which ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Currently, there is an immense attention towared medicinal plant and secondary motabiltes. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) is a medicinal plant which consists of two important compounds; including penene and linalool. Since these two compounds have the importance values, the researchers significantly focused on them. The rate of transcript expression of penene synthesis and Linalol synthesis induced at the end of 2-c-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway that caused to produce Penene and Linalol. In order to evaluate the synthesis of Penene and Linalol, a research study was carried to exame the exogenous treatment (zero, 25 and 50 mg/l) of gibberellic acid (GA3) at different times (24, 48 and 74 hr.) on Yarrow at the greenhouse on 1395-1397. The results of R-PCR indicated that significant rate of the transcript expression was related to the Penene synthesis at 25 mg concentration of GA3 at the 48 hr after treatment. In the most samples as the rate of the Penene synthesis increased the rate of Linalol synthesis decreased. The evidences suggested that the exogenous treatment of GA3 induced a transduction signal in the plant. In which at the end, the plant molecular process respond to it and showed in overall that evaluation of GA3 implemented different encoding gene expression for theses compounds, and illustrated that when the Penene synthesis inceased in the treated plant the Linalol synthesis dcreased simontenously. Materials and Methods A greenhouse pot trial was conducted at the Experimental Research Station of College of Agriculture at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The plants used in this study were provided from the National Center for Genetic and Biological Resources of Iran, with access code P1000093. Two months after seed germination, the desired amounts of gibberellic acid were prepared with distilled water (25 mg/l and 50 mg/l), and then each potted plant was sprayed uniformly with 10cc of prepared solution. Sampling was carried out by collecting the leaves of treated plants at 24, 48 and 72 hours after the treatment. The phenol-chloroform method (Wang and Ghabrial, 2002) was conducted with some modifications to extract RNA of collected leaves at the two biological replications. Quantity and quality of extracted RNAs were measured using Nanodrop and electrophoresis of %1 agarose gel. Synthesis of cDNA was performed using the Takara cDNA synthetase kit according to its manufacturer's instructions. Partial sequences of pinene synthase and linalool synthase genes were obtained in an early experiment in our laboratory (data is not published). The coding sequence of the target genes in other plants within the same family aligned with our obtained sequences to identify conserved segments for each gene using CLUSTAL W program. The standard housekeeping actin for yarrow with accession number JX679606.1, which is available in the public GenBank database, used to normalize the expression of the genes of interest. The primers of all genes (pinene synthase, linalool synthase and actin) were designed from the conserved sequences by PrimerQuest Tool, and then verified with oligoanalyzer v.3.1. Relative expressions of target genes were determined using real-time PCR with SYBR green fluorescence detection. Relative differences in target gene expression were calculated using REST software. Results The acquired result of real-time PCR revealed that in pinene synthase gene, the highest amount of transcription occurred at 48 hours after the treatment with the concentration of 25 mg of gibberellic acid and, interestingly, the lowest expression of the transcript for linalool synthase gene observed at the same level of concentration and time. In most of the samples, with the increase in pinene synthase transcriptase, the amount of linalool synthase transcript decreased. Discussion Taking into account the fact that both pinene and linalool are synthesized from the common substrate geranyl diphosphate. Therefore, an increase in the expression one leads to reduction in the transcript expression of the other one in the same pathway. Our results also confirmed that the transcription level of pinene synthase gene has been increasingly altered in response to the applied concentrations of exogenous gibberellic acid, resulting in a reduction in the expression of linalool synthase gene. Evidence suggests that the application of gibberellic acid triggers a cascade of molecular events which ultimately constitutes the plant response to the elicitor.

Isolation, Cloning, Bioinformatics Analysis of Protein Properties and Gene Expression Analysis of Dihydrosanguinarine Oxidase (DBOX) from Opium Poppy (Papaveer somniferum L.)

Kamran Samiey; Ahmad Ismaili; Farhad Nazarian Firoz-abadi; Seyed Mohsen Sohrabi

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 67-80

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.21559.1463

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Opium poppy (Paoaver somniferum L.) is one of the important medicinal plants considered the only source for several high-value pharmaceutically ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Opium poppy (Paoaver somniferum L.) is one of the important medicinal plants considered the only source for several high-value pharmaceutically BIAs. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloieds (BIAs) are a very large and complex group of plant alkaloids. Today’s various methods of genetic engineering are applied to improve the biosynthetic pathways in medicinal plants. For successful implementation of techniques such as gene silencing and over-expression, it is important to get accurate and complete information about genetic characteristics of related genes in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. DBOX is one of the important genes in biosynthesis of sanguinarin and papaverin alkaloids of poppy. According to the cause, the present study was performed on DBOX to explain genetic characteristic and gene expression pattern. Materials and Methods Specific primers were designed based on databases, and complete sequences of DBOX gene were amplified using DNA and cDNA as a template, and then were cloned in pTZ57R/T plasmid. After sequencing of cloned fragments, CDD, CELLO and ProtParam tools were used to determine ORFs, domains and the location of protein accumulation. Phylogenetic relationship between the gene in this plant with other plants was determined. Finally, the pattern of gene expression in different tissues was assessed using real time RT-PCR technique and RNA-seq data derived from SRA data bank. Results Sequencing results showed the 1614-bp fragment that has 100% identity with the DBOX gene of P. somniferum. The protein encoded by this gene was analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Three domains including FAD binding, Berberine and FAD/FMN-containing dehydrogenase in the protein sequence were identified and the existence of an N-terminal signal peptide was also determined in this protein. The results also showed that the highest concentration of protein was present in the plasma membrane and highest function of this protein was in the extracellular. In order to analyze and determine the expression pattern of DBOX gene in different tissues, 5-gene libraries of RNA-seq data of opium poppy (with ERX651037, ERX651023, ERX651056, ERX651082 and ERX651062 access numbers) derived from NCBI-SRA were analyzed. The numbers of sequences from the alignment between different tissues were compared using the Fisher exact test and Chi-squared 2X2 tests. Results of the gene expression analysis showed that the highest level of gene expression of this gene performed in roots and the lowest level of gene expression occurred in the stems. In addition, results of the real-time RT-PCR experiment were similar to in silico tests and the present results demonstrated that DBOX gene transcript levels in root were significantly more than other plant tissues. Discussion Results showed that DBOX gene is an intron less gene. According to existing domains, this gene is a member of a FADOX gene family. Due to the presence of FAD and berberin like domains in protein sequence of this gene, its key function in biosynthesis of BIA alkaloids was confirmed. Different expression patterns of DBOX gene in root confirmed accumulation of high value sanguinarin alkaloid in this tissue.

Effect of Silicon Nutrition on Strawberry cv. Camerosa Yield and Growth in Outdoor Hydroponic System

Kamran Ghasemi; Mehdi Ghajar Sepanlou; Mehdi hadadinejad

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 93-106

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26611.1634

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Strawberry is one of the important small fruits worldwide because of its high economical value. Mazandaran is ranked second among Iran’s ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Strawberry is one of the important small fruits worldwide because of its high economical value. Mazandaran is ranked second among Iran’s strawberry prodcing provinces with about 14581 tones of strawberry yearly. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of different silicon sources on the reproductive and vegetative growth of strawberry in an outdoor hydroponic system. Materials and Methods This experiment carried out in a factorial format with two factors consisting of growth media (double medium: 1 cocopeat + 1 perlite, and triple medium: 1 cocopeat + 1 perlite + 1 rice husk) and silicon spray (control, 50 mg/L Si from sodium silicate, 100 mg/L Si from sodium silicate, 50 mg/L Si from potassium silicate, 100 mg/L Si from potassium silicate). It was performed in Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University at 2016. Different characteristics including silicon concentration in the leaf, aerial fresh and dry weight, leaf number, fresh and dry weight of crown, fresh and dry weight of root, yield, weight of single fruit, number of the produced fruits in each plant were evaluated. Results Potassium silicate 100 increased silicon concentration of strawberry leaf significantly. Leaf number of the plant and aerial dry weight in triple medium were significantly higher than the double medium. High rate of potassium silicate in the triple medium caused lower crown diameter in comparison with potassium silicate 50 in the same medium. However, in the double medium, the potassium silicate 50 was the best treatment for crown diameter. Both fresh and dry weight of strawberry roots were the highest in the double medium and potassium silicate 50 treatment. Single fruit weight was maximum in the double medium and potassium silicate 100, which was not significantly different from potassium silicate 100 in triple medium. Fruit dry matter in the double medium and potassium silicate 50 treatments was more than other treatments. Fruit size was affected by medium, so that fruit size in the double medium was more than the triple medium significantly. Discussion Sodium toxicity in sodium silicate treatment, low rate of silicon in potassium silicate 50 treatment, and lack of rice husk in the double medium could all negatively affect different physiological aspects of strawberry growth; or at least, they hindered achieving positive results. In summary, it can be concluded that the double medium and potassium silicate 100 can be recommended for higher yield and big strawberry fruit, but the triple medium and potassium silicate are useful treatments for vegetative growth specially for more crown diameter and root growth.

Effect of different factors on induction of hairy roots in Iranian garlic

Fatemehe Moradi; Mahboobeh Zare Mehrjerdi; kourosh Vahdati; Tahereh Hasanloo

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 43-54

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.22526.1487

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Garlic (Allium sativum( is one of the most important pharmaceutical and industrial plants with medicinal properties such as lowering blood ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Garlic (Allium sativum( is one of the most important pharmaceutical and industrial plants with medicinal properties such as lowering blood pressure and cholesterol, fighting against infectious diseases, cancer prevention, anti-diabetic properties, antioxidant and anti-fungal properties. It is a rich source of organosulphur compounds such as allicin (diallyl disulphide oxide) which is produced enzymatically from alliin (S-2- propenyl-L-cystiene sulfoxide) if cells are damaged. Hairy root culture using Agrobactrium rhizogenes is one of the practical methods for studying secondary metabolite pathway. These hairy roots are genetically stable and grow rapidly. Materials and Methods In this study, the hairy root induction is studied in two separate experiments which were run in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. In the first experiment, the effects of bacterial strain (ATCC15834 and A4), variety (Gorgon and Ramhormoz), inoculation medium (MS, MS containing 3% sucrose and MS containing 6% sucrose) and bacterial densities (OD600 = 0.6 to 0.9 and 1.2 to 1.5) were examined. In the second experiment, the effects of co-culture medium (MS, MS containing acetosyringone, B5 and B5 containing acetosyringone) and co-culture time (24, 48 and 72 hours) were studied. Results A systematic study using two strains and densities of Agrobactrium rhizogenes was carried out to determine the best condition for hairy root induction in two varieties of garlic in different inoculation and co-culture media. Results showed that bacterial strain A4, MS inoculation medium containing 6% sucrose, OD between 0.5 and 1, MS co-culture medium containing acetosyringone, and co-culture time 72 hours had the highest percentage of hairy root induction. Hairy roots were approved using polymerase chain reaction for gene rol B. Amplification of the specific gene was noted in the transformant at 780 bp. Discussion Hairy root cultures have received more attention in recent years and were extensively used to produce important secondary metabolites and also as experimental systems for secondary metabolic pathway elucidation studies. The results of this studymay be very helpfulfor hairy root induction in garlic which could further be useful for studying gene function and consequently, production of secondary metabolites in this plant.

Effect of Different Elicitor Treatments on Hairy Root of Medicinal Plant Poppies (Papaver somniferum L.)

Sh. Siahmansour; A. Ismaili; F. Nazarian Firouzabadi

Volume 41, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 29-42

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.13548

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives As a source of alkaloids, Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), is one of the most important plants in the field of pharmaceutical industry. Various methods ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives As a source of alkaloids, Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), is one of the most important plants in the field of pharmaceutical industry. Various methods including use of elicitors, adding precursor, optimizing culture, culture of hairy roots and its metabolites engineering are used to increase the production of secondary metabolites in plant cell cultures. In recent years, cultivation of hairy roots, to the production of valuable metabolites in a number of species of medicinal plants, has taken on commercial scale; but in most cases, this technique produces low amount of alkaloid in commercial scale. Hence, it is needed to optimize the production rate using biological and non-biological elicitors. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in 2015 in biotechnology laboratory of Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. Sterile explants were prepared from seedling and were then inoculated with Agrobacterium. Inoculated explants were kept in a dark condition for 2 days and then washed and transferred to glasses containing½ MS medium complemented with cefotaxime. Finally, the glasses were kept in tissue culture room until production of hairy roots. The produced hairy roots were used as explants for elicitors' experiments in flask containers. In this study, in order to increase biomass of hairy roots, 4 types of elicitor treatments (salicylic acid, silver nitrate, copper sulphate and yeast extract) were evaluated in separate experiments based on a completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Results Confirmation of transgenic hairy roots was tested by PCR using the rolC gene primers to ensure the removal of bacteria from the produced roots. Results of PCR products were separated by electrophoresis and expected fragments were observed in gel. The results showed that the concentration of 5.0 mg/mL of yeast extract elicitor had the most impact on morphological traits. Totally, results showed that biotic elicitors had better effects in comparison to abiotic elicitors. Also, high concentrations of elicitors in all biotic and abiotic cases had a negative impact on biomass of hairy roots. Discussion It was shown that biotic elicitors had better effects than abiotic elicitors. The remarkable result of this study was that the high concentration of elicitors had negative effects on biomass hairy root production in poppies plants. It seems that bio-active compounds elicitors induce the plant responses but high concentration of biotic and abiotic elicitors may cause cell death and browning of hairy root tissues.

Identification of Restoring Fertility and Maintainer Rice Varieties Using SSR Marker

GH. Kiani

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 81-86

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12363

Abstract

Background and Objectives In classical plant breeding, restorers are identified by the cross test, of existing varieties with cytoplasmic male sterilty (CMS) lines and evaluating F1 ... Read More Background and Objectives In classical plant breeding, restorers are identified by the cross test, of existing varieties with cytoplasmic male sterilty (CMS) lines and evaluating F1 progenies in terms of fertility of pollen and spikelete. Lines showing more than 80 percent fertility of pollen and spikelete are considered as restorer lines. This study aimed at applying marker assisted selection (MAS) using linked SSR markers to restoring fertility (Rf) genes for identification of restorer and maintainer lines in hybrid seed production in rice. Materials and Methods In this study, 15 rice varieties wer planted at the research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and marker assisted selection (MAS) was used for identification of two Rf genes located on chromosomes 1 and 10 of rice using SSR markers RM171, RM258 and RM3148. The PCR reaction was performed at 94 °C for 5 min; then for 35 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min; 55°C for 1 min; 72 °C for 2 min followed by 72 °C for 5 min. PCR products were resolved by electrophoresis in agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and then photographed. Results Results of molecular analyses using microsatellite markers RM171, RM258 and RM3148 linked with Rf genes showed that rice varieties namely Hashemi and Deylamani had both Rf genes in their genomes and were considered as putative restorers and were suggested to be test crossed with male sterile lines to assess their F1 generations. Rice varieties namely Shiroudi, Tabesh, Fajr and Shafagh were identified as maintainers. Thus backcross breeding method is suitable for transferring sterile cytoplasm to them for development of new CMS lines. Discussions Identifying restorer lines by means of molecular marker technology is more cost effective and reliable than phenotypic assays especially in hybrid rice production. Restorer and maintainer lines identified in this study could be used for promotion of hybrid rice technology in the country.

Induction of Transgenic Hairy Roots in Medicinal Plant Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) by Agrobacterium Rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation

A Jalilian; A A; F N; S.Z H

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.12057

Abstract

Background and Objectives Opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the oldest known medicinal plants. Since the potential of medicinal components production in medicinal ... Read More Background and Objectives Opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the oldest known medicinal plants. Since the potential of medicinal components production in medicinal plants is very limited in natural conditions, plant tissue culture, as a new technology, has an important role in industrial production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Among different tissue culture systems, hairy root is very stable in hormone-free culture conditions and these roots stably produce secondary metabolites over a long period due to their inherent genetic and biochemical stability. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of some different parameters on optimization of hairy production in P. somniferum. Materials and methods In the present research, for the optimization of hairy root in papaver, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The factors included different Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (ATCC15834, A4 and GMI9534), medium (MS and ½ MS medium), two temperatures (17 and 25 °C) at co-cultivation period, and two different explants (excised shoot and hypocotyl). Different traits were evaluated including percentage of induced hairy roots, number of lateral branches/1cm, number of hairy root per explants and days after inoculation (DAI). Results Hairy roots were induced at the wound site of explants after weeks of culture. Analysis of the results showed that strain ATCC15834, ½ MS medium, temperature 25 °C and excised shoot explant were the best treatment combination for hairy roots induction in the poppy plant. Transformed hairy roots were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using rolB gene specific primers. Discussion All of the A. rhizogenes strains led to hairy root induction, but there were no hairy roots formed from control explants. Differences in virulence, morphology and growth rate can be partially explained by the variety of plasmids harbored by the A. rhizogenesis strains. In the present study, excised shoot explants were highly and significantly susceptible to infection by each strain of A. rhizogenes and hypocotyl explants showed low rate of hairy root induction.

Utilization of Indirect Regeneration to Induce Micropropagation of Fritillaria imperialis L. on in vitro Culture

Mojtaba Rahimi; Mohammad Hosein Daneshvar

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 31-42

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.12066

Abstract

Background and Objectives Iran is home of one of the most delightful and graceful flower of Fritillaria in the world. Its habitation is commonly expanded on the vast areas: growing ... Read More Background and Objectives Iran is home of one of the most delightful and graceful flower of Fritillaria in the world. Its habitation is commonly expanded on the vast areas: growing in beds, borders, backgrounds and rock gardens. Besides, it is also suitable for naturalizing and excellent for cut flowers. Fritillaria imperialis as a medicinal plant has pharmaceutical purpose in which possesses a health beneficial essence that used in production of mucus and cough medicine. In addition, extractions of plant tissues contain certain of properties which affect to reduce blood pressure and blood sugar. Unfortunately, the habitation of this ornamental plant is under threat and majority of its habitation already being to ruin due to human activities and urbanization. The propagation of Fritillaria through offsets (bulblets) is prolonging approach which takes approximately 3-4 years. Whereas, using tissue culture technique for flower production is required less time probably within a few months and economically has a huge advantage due to low cost and a numerous plant production in a short time. Materials and methods This research was carried out in four experiments: callus formation, bulblet production, root formation and acclimatization. In the present study, a factorial experiment was assigned as completed randomized design (CRD) with three replications. In the first experiment, leaf primordia and scale explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and IBA in order to produce callus formation. In the second experiment, the calli were cultured on organogenesis medium which were contained MS medium supplement, with kin. and TDZ, after 6 and 12 weeks. In the third experiment, the bulblets were transferred into rooting media, which were contained MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l). In the fourth experiment, after washing the bulblet whit warm distilled water (40ᵒC) that contain 2.0 mg/l benlate fungicide, they then were planted into the pots containing sterilized perlite, cocopeat and perlite along with cocopeat. Results In the first experiment, the results demonstrated that the highest weight of callus (3.29g) was sustained in scale explants on basal MS medium which was supplemented with 0.5mg/l NAA along with 0.5mg/l IBA. In second experiment, the result indicated that the numerous of bulblets were developed on MS medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l TDZ along with 0.5mg/l kin. Which of these, the callus scale were produced on MS medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l NAA. In the third experiment, in order to retain rooting the bulblets, they were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentration of NAA. The result elucidated that the large quantity of roots (7.7) were obtained from leaf primordia on MS medium supplemented with 1.0mg/l NAA. In the fourth experiment, rooted bulblets were washed with warm distilled water for 5-10min, and then they were transferred into pots with perlite, cocopeat and perlite + cocopeat. Discussion The results revealed information that the rooted bulblets from scale growing on cocopeat substrate had retained the most diameter (21.64mm) as compared to other treatments. The finding results under this investigation strongly suggested that using micropropagation it is definitely a possible trend to abolish the barriers which caused to deteriorate of Fritillaria imperiallis.

Studying Heritability and Heterosis of Traits of Inbred Lines and Single Crosses Hybrids of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

A. Mahdipour; S. Khavari Khorasani; H. Hamidi; E. Azizi

Volume 39, Issue 1 , June 2016, , Pages 103-118

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12045

Abstract

Background and objective Sweet corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most popular vegetable in many countries. It is characterized by translucent, horny appearance of kernel when matures ... Read More Background and objective Sweet corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most popular vegetable in many countries. It is characterized by translucent, horny appearance of kernel when matures and wrinkled when it dries. The efficiency of maize breeding programs would be significantly enhanced if superior crosses could be predicted before field evaluation based on screening of parental inbred lines. Even though remarkable advances in maize breeding have been achieved, field trials involve significant resources and are time consuming. However, field tests still have an irreplaceable role in modern hybrid breeding programs. Determining performances of maize inbred lines as potential hybrid parents in field experiments based on combining ability of inbred lines and heritability of traits that are related to grain yield is very important in breeding programs. Materials and methods This experiment was conducted in Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Mashhad, Iran in 2012-2013. The experimental materials were 37 sweet corn genotypes consisting of 18 inbred lines and 19 single cross hybrids that were evaluated in complete block design (CRD) with three replications. In each plot, seeds were planted in two 5m length rows with 75cm between two rows. The final plant density was 7.6 plants per square meter. The measured traits were some of morphological and phenological characteristics, yield and yield components that were recorded for 10 competitive plants or ears in each experimental plot. Analysis of variance was performed by SAS ver 9.1. Means with significant differences were compared using Duncan’s multiple range tests. Results The results showed significant differences between different sweet corn genotypes for all studied traits (p≤0.01). The mean comparison showed that hybrid Temptation* chase with 26.273 ton/ha has the highest conservable grain yield. Also, the highest heritability belonged to tassel length with 96.63 %. The most yield heterosis and heteroblitiosis were 280.72 and 337.1 percent in genotype Temptation 2* Chase, respectively. The cluster analysis divided genotypes to 4 clusters with inbred lines located in A and B clusters and single cross hybrids in C and D clusters. Discussion We concluded that the selected elite single cross hybrids like Temptation*Chase can be used as good candidates for final comparison yield trials in future breeding programs.

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = B: Plant Biotechnology

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