Plant Productions - Articles List

Efficacy of nitric oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in improving growth, nutrition, metabolism and reproductive development in tomato plants

Elham Danaee; zahra oraghi ardebili

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46944.2170

Abstract

Introduction There is no doubt that significant progress is being made in nanoscience and technology, which has paved the way for advancements in many different fields such as agriculture, ... Read More Introduction There is no doubt that significant progress is being made in nanoscience and technology, which has paved the way for advancements in many different fields such as agriculture, biology, food, and medicine. Among the different types of nano-scaled metal oxides, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are among the most widely employed nano-compounds in various industries, including agriculture, food, and medicine. Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive signaling substance in living organisms, including plants, which plays vital roles in different stages of plant development during the life cycle. Physiological responses of crop plants to long-term application of NO or ZnONPs individually and mixed manners have not been well investigated and remain largely unknown. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of long-term foliar application of NO or ZnONPs on the growth performance and physiology of tomato plants. Considering the necessity of developing a sustainable agricultural approach, this project was designed to evaluate the effect of long-term foliar application of NO or ZnONPs on the growth, performance, nutrition and metabolism of tomato plants. Materials and methods This study was implemented as a completely randomized design with four treatment groups and three independent replications. This experiment was conducted in soilless conditions (cocopeat and perlite) in a greenhouse (Islamic Azad University, Garmsar branch, Garmsar). Tomato seedlings was irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution. 30-day-old tomato seedlings were sprayed with ZnO-NP at two concentrations (0 and 3 mg/L) or NO (0 and 25 μM) 15 times with an interval of 72 hours. Results and Discussion The results showed that NO and ZnONPs treatments, especially in the combined one, caused a significant increase in the biomass in shoot and root compared to the control. The applied treatments also affected the characteristics of the plants in the reproductive stage. The application of NO and ZnONPs treatments significantly reduced the time of entering into the reproductive phase, increased fruit production, and enhanced fruit biomass, which indicated the effectiveness of these treatments on plant reproductive development. Foliar spraying with NO and ZnONPs caused a significant improvement in the content of several essential minerals, including potassium (K+), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in both leaves and fruits, compared to the control group. The NO and ZnONPs treatments synergistically and significantly augmented in the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and carotenoids in leaves in comparison to the control group. The highest amount of proline amino acid was observed in ZnONP and NO+ZnONP treatment groups, which was significantly higher than the control group. Single and combined treatments of seedlings with NO and ZnONPs led to a significant increase in the content of soluble phenols in leaves compared to the control group. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity also followed the same trend as soluble phenols. Also, the activity of antioxidant peroxidase enzyme showed a significant up-regulation in response to the application of NO or ZnONPs. The highest activity of nitrate reductase enzyme was recorded in the leaves of plants simultaneously supplemented with NO and ZnONPs. Conclusion The results of this research indicated that foliar spraying with NO or ZnONPs at low concentration can lead to the promotion of plant growth and metabolism and also strengthening the plant's defense system, while reducing the risk of possible toxicity. These findings can be useful for designing future studies on nano-fertilizers or pesticides. This study also emphasizes the necessity of providing transcriptome and proteome data in future studies

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The Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside on some Morphological and Physiological Traits of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) under Salt Stress

Saeideh Alizadeh-salteh; Aysan Nourizad Ahmedabad; Sahebali Bolandnazar; Mina Amani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47316.2186

Abstract

Introduction: Salinity is one of the environmental stresses that has a negative effect on the growth and development process and causes oxidative stress in plants. By creating harmful ... Read More Introduction: Salinity is one of the environmental stresses that has a negative effect on the growth and development process and causes oxidative stress in plants. By creating harmful changes in the balance of ions, water status, nutrients, stomatal function and photosynthesis efficiency, salinity causes a decrease in plant growth and development processes such as germination, seedling growth, and finally, a decrease in the amount of crop production in the plant. Sodium nitroprusside is a relatively stable gas radical that prevents the production of reactive oxygen radicals in low concentrations. It has been reported that sodium nitroprusside as a signal conducting molecule in various physiological processes such as seed germination, leaf senescence, ethylene production, stomatal closure and various defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and UV-B radiation is involved. Also, sodium nitroprusside plays a role in regulating various developmental processes and plant growth, including root growth, respiration, flowering, and cell death. Considering the positive effects of sodium nitroprusside on plants and the importance of evening primrose, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside on improving the morphological and physiological properties of evening primrose medicinal plant in adjusting salinity stress in greenhouse cultivation. Materials and methods: In the present experiment, the effect of salinity stress caused by sodium chloride at four levels (0, 4, 8, 12 dS/m) and its modification by sodium nitroprusside as foliar spraying at four concentrations of zero (control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 mM as sodium nitroprusside releasing compound in evening primrose was carried out factorially based on a completely randomized design in three replications in the greenhouse of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. Salt treatment (NaCl) was applied after planting in pots and two times in the form of a solution in water and injected into the plant roots, and nitroprusside treatment was applied at four levels and with an interval of two weeks until flowering (mid-spring). It was done to the leaf. To facilitate sodium nitroprusside foliar spraying and also to increase accuracy, a sprayer was used so that foliar spraying is done uniformly on the aerial part of the plant. At first, the test of normality of the data and the uniformity of intra-treatment variances was performed and confirmed. Analysis of the variance of the data was done factorially in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications. The mean comparison of the treatments was done by Duncan's test at the probability level of 1%. SAS software (Ver. 9.3) was used for data analysis and Excel software was used for drawing graphs. Results and Discussion: In total, the results of the present experiment showed that the application of salinity treatment caused a significant decrease in fresh and dry weight of leaves, the amount of leaf area and leaf chlorophyll index, while it caused a significant increase in the percentage of ionic electrolyte leakage. The decrease in leaf area due to salt stress is either as a result of a decrease in the number of leaves due to a decrease in photosynthesis or a decrease in leaf size due to a decrease in turgor pressure. So that the highest number (47/08) was obtained in the 4 decisimons treatment and per meter and leaf area (247/95) in the control treatment. Also, the highest percentage of ionic electrolyte leakage (27.5%) was observed at a concentration of 12 deci-siemens/m, but the effect of different concentrations of salinity on the amount of antioxidant activity was not significant. The results showed that sodium nitroprusside treatment caused a significant decrease in leaf dry weight, ion electrolyte leakage percentage. On the other hand, it has caused a significant increase in dry matter percentage, leaf surface, chlorophyll index and antioxidant activity. So that the maximum amount of leaf area, chlorophyll index and antioxidant activity was obtained in the concentration of 0.15 mM sodium nitroprusside. Conclusion: Sodium nitroprusside has a useful and effective role in improving the growth characteristics and function of aerial organs and the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of evening primrose. So that the concentration of 0.15 mM was considered as the optimal concentration for improving the morphological and physiological traits.

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Effects of mycorrhizal and rhizobium inoculation on some physiological and biochemical traits of soybean under copper toxicity

Sharareh Shiati; Jalil Khara; Siavash Hosseini Sarghein; Abdollah Hassanzadeh Ghorttapeh

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 603-615

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41415.2048

Abstract

Introduction Heavy metals enter the surroundings through natural means as well as human activities. These metals reduce biomass, growth and photosynthesis and absorption of nutrients, ... Read More Introduction Heavy metals enter the surroundings through natural means as well as human activities. These metals reduce biomass, growth and photosynthesis and absorption of nutrients, which ultimately lead to plant death. Heavy metals such as copper, induce oxidative stress in plants by producing reactive oxygen species. Nowadays, heavy metal refining by physical and chemical methods are less used for economic and environmental reasons, and biological refining has been introduced as an alternative method. Among these, we can refer to the inoculation of plants with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium, which can protect the plants against this stress. The purpose of this research was to study the effects of mycorrhiza and rhizobium on the physiological and biochemical traits of soybean under copper stress. Materials and Methods For this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was performed in the Faculty of Science, Urmia University in 2021. Experimental factors included four levels of copper sulfate stress (0, 50, 400 and 200 mg/kg soil) and four inoculation treatments (control, mycorrhiza, rhizobium and mycorrhiza + rhizobium). Plants were colonized by inoculum Glomus verusiforme (for mycorrhiza) and Rhizobium japonicum (for rhizobium). The soybean plants were grown in 16 treatment groups with a diurnal regime of 16-hour light and 8 hours dark at 18-29°C. Forty days after planting, the harvest was done and the factors were examined. The studied traits included the activity of guaiacol peroxidase and catalase enzymes, malondialdehyde, fresh and dry weight, soluble sugar of shoots and roots and chlorophyll a and b content. Results and Discussion Results showed that chlorophyll a and b content, soluble sugar and dry and fresh weights of shoots and roots were significantly reduced in treated plants compared to the control. This decrease was less evident in Inoculated plants than in non- Inoculated samples. However, antioxidant enzymes activity and malondialdehyde increased under copper stress. Increased enzymatic activity was more dramatic in rhizobia and mycorrhizal plants samples than non- rhizobia and mycorrhizal ones, which was the opposite of malondialdehyde. Based on the results of this study, the use of fungi and rhizobia in copper stress conditions reduced the effects of stress. The highest enzymatic activity, soluble sugar, fresh and dry weight and photosynthetic pigments and the lowest amount of malondialdehyde were observed in co-inoculation with Mycorrhiza- Rhizobia and control, respectively. The efficiency of plants inoculated with rhizobium and mycorrhizal against copper stress can be due to the reduction of oxidative stress, high antioxidant capacity, maintenance of natural plant metabolism, increased phosphorus uptake, increasing the rate of photosynthesis, Impact on heavy metals bio-availability and improvement of nitrogen fixation e in these plants. Conclusion According to the results, it is concluded that copper stress has severe effects on effects on soybean (Saba cultivar) and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia can somewhat reduce this stress. Furthermore arbuscular mycorrhiza and rhizobia had synergistic effects so in many cases co-inoculation was more effective than single inoculation. On the basis of these results, co-inoculation with Glomus verusiforme and Rhizobium japonicum is suggested for improving soybean tolerance to copper stress.

Effect of Priformospora indica inoculation on biological activity of Stevia rebaudiana plants treated with selenium nanoparticles

Masoumeh Ahmadi Khoei; Roya Karamian

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 361-373

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.38237.1990

Abstract

IntroductionStevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a herbaceous plant from the family Asteraceae and used as a valuable sweetener in food industry and as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, ... Read More IntroductionStevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a herbaceous plant from the family Asteraceae and used as a valuable sweetener in food industry and as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, anti-fungal, and antibacterial agent in medicine and pharmacology. Piriformospora indica is an endophytic fungus, which is mainly used to improve plant growth and the amount of secondary metabolites. Selenium (Se) as an micronutrient increases the antioxidant properties and plant growth and its nano form (SeNPs) is considered as a synthetic antioxidant. To evaluate the effect of Piriformospora indica inoculation and selenium nanoparticles foliar application at two concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/l on biological activities of the methanolic extract of the regenerated S. rebaudiana plants, an experiment was conducted in 2020 in Plant Physiology Research Laboratory of the Bu-Ali Sina University of Hamadan in a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with three replications. Materials and MethodsTo investigate the effects of endophytic fungus P. indica and SeNPs application, in vitro regenerated Stevia plantlets were inoculated with P. indica and foliar sprayed with SeNPs at two concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/l. Plant samples were harvested at vegetative and initial flowering stages and used for further analyses. After measuring the growth parameters, total phenol content and antioxidant activity were evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH radical scavenging assays, respectively. In addition, antibacterial activity of the plant methanolic extracts was studied by disc diffusion method. Results and DiscussionInoculation of P. indica and application of SeNPs together resulted in plant growth improvement and also increase in total phenol content and antioxidant activity of the Stevia plants especially at vegetative stage. In addition, the studied extracts represented good antibacterial activity against two gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis and Staphylococcus aureus, and one gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli. The highest antioxidant and antibacterial activities were observed in the Stevia plants inoculated with P. indica and also treated with SeNPs. ConclusionRegarded to the results of the present study, P. indica inoculation and SeNPs application could result to the benefits in Stevia plants. Hence, it can be concluded that the biotic and non-biotic elicitors of P. indica and SeNPs can improve the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the Stevia plants by increasing the amount of total phenolic compounds.

Effect of Iron-Amino Acid Chelates on Antioxidant Capacity and Nutritional Value of Soybean

Mahboobeh Jalali

Volume 43, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 477-486

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30728.1810

Abstract

ABSTRACT Introduction:Supplying a sufficient amount of available iron (Fe) for plant growth in hydroponic nutrient solutions is a great challenge. There are various Fe fertilizers to ... Read More ABSTRACT Introduction:Supplying a sufficient amount of available iron (Fe) for plant growth in hydroponic nutrient solutions is a great challenge. There are various Fe fertilizers to eliminate iron deficiency in crops. The chelators commonly used to supply Fe in nutrient solutions have several disadvantages and may negatively affect plant growth. The objective of the current paper was to evaluate the effects of some various Fe- chelates, (Fe-arginine, Fe-glycine, Fe-histidine, Fe-lysine, Fe-glutamine and Fe-EDTA) on the physiological properties and nutraceutical potential of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) grown in nutrient solution. Materials and Methods:The experiments had a randomized complete block design with three replications and the treatments were arranged in factorial combination. The plants were grown in a greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture at Lorestan University in 2018. In this study, Fe- chelates were synthesized. Then, soybean seeds were sterilized and germinated in 11 μm filter paper. Seven-day seedlings were transplanted into perlite and watered regularly with distilled water for a week. Then, Two-pair leaflet seedlings were placed in continuously aerated solution under controlled conditions of the greenhouse. Six different iron treatments (at Fe level=50 µM) were applied including: Fe-EDTA, Fe-arginine, Fe-Glycine, Fe-histidine, Fe-glutamine, and Fe-lysine. The plant leaves were collected at 10-leaves stages. The seed collection was done in the maturity of harvest (R8). Afterwards, physiological parameters, antioxidant enzymes activity and seeds quantity and quality were measured. Results and Discussion:Fe-amino acid application significantly (P£0.05) enhanced root and shoot dry matter yield, total chlorophyll content, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, seed protein content, seed oil content, oleic acid, and number of seeds in each pod in comparison with Fe-EDTA treatment. The maximum chlorophyll content, seed protein and seed oil were observed in the Fe-glycine treatment (increased by 66.25%, 103.48% and 85.11%, respectively compared to that of control). Concentrations of ferritin, iron, zinc, and nitrogen in soybean seeds were also higher in Fe-amino acid chelate treatments compared to Fe-EDTA. The effect of Fe-amino acid chelates on the Fe content in seeds was in the order Fe-glycine> Fe-glutamine> Fe-lysine> Fe-histidine> Fe-arginine. Catalase activity (EC 1.11.1.6)and ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) significantly (P£0.05) increased in all Fe-amino acid chelates treatments compared to Fe-EDTA treatment. Conclusion: According to the results, Fe-amino acid chelates could provide the required amount of iron to soybean and this resulted in seed quality enhancement. Therefore, Fe-amino acids can be used as more efficient fertilizers than Fe-EDTA in nutrient solution, and they can be used as an alternative to Fe-EDTA to supply Fe in nutrient solutions.

Effect of Elemental Sulphur on Calcium Uptake and Translocation in Maize Grown in a High pH soil of Malaysia

Mehdi Karimi; Rostam Yazdani-Biouki; Aminuddin Hussin; Mohd Khanif Yousof; Radziah Othman

Volume 43, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 497-506

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31110.1826

Abstract

ABSTRACT Introduction:Acidification of high pH soils by elemental sulphur application is introduced for increasing plant nutrient availability and improving plant performance. ... Read More

Comparison of Physiological Indices in Response to Cold Stress in Wild Tomato (Solanum habrochaites) for Screening of Cold Tolerant Lines

Zahra Nemati; seyed hosein nemati; Amin Mirshamsi Kakhki; Jafar Nabati

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 395-406

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31274.1833

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionMany plants grown at low temperature exhibit different adaptation strategies involving physiological, ecological and morphological processes. Solanum lycopersicum ... Read More AbstractIntroductionMany plants grown at low temperature exhibit different adaptation strategies involving physiological, ecological and morphological processes. Solanum lycopersicum L. is affected by cold stress at all stages of growth; however, wild tomato species such as S. habrochaites rapidly improve after exposure to the cold stress through various changes in physiological processes. In this study, the short-term stress method was used for rapid screening and cold tolerance selection of tomato lines instead of long-term stress at 4 °C. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Iran in 2018. Experimental factors included two levels of cold stress (0 and 2 °C) and three tomato lines (LA1777, LA3969 and LA4024). In the study, electrolyte leakage, MDA, anthocyanin, phenol, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH, total soluble carbohydrate content, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II and the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX were measured. Results and DiscussionAccording to the results of this experiment, LA1777 line showed the lowest leaf wilting after exposure to low temperatures. There was a significant difference between these lines in terms of electrolyte leakage. Under cold stress conditions, lowest electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) were obtained from wild line LA1777 that compared to sensitive line LA4024. LA1777 and electrolyte leakage at LA4024 at 0 and 2˚C were 14 and 11% higher than LA1777, respectively. Inhibition of DPPH radical activity of tolerant line LA1777 were higher than sensitive line LA4024 at 0 and 2 °C (43 and 45% respectively). Anthocyanin content of LA1777 and LA3969 lines were 49% higher than LA4024 at 0 °C. Under cold stress, the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX significantly increased in wild line LA1777, indicating better hydrogen peroxide scavenging system. After cold stress, LA1777 and LA3969 had the highest maximum efficiency of photosystem II, respectively, in light-adapted conditions (F'v / F'm), which may be due to higher cell membrane stability. The results showed that instead of long-term cold stress at 4˚C, the short-term stress method can be used for rapid screening of tomato lines for cold tolerance selection. Assessment of physiological parameters such as chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, MDA level, DPPH radical scavenging, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes showed that these indices can be used to detect cold stress and to quantify the stress in tomato lines. ConclusionBased on our data, we conclude that this short-term stress method is a useful method for rapid assessment of tomato chilling tolerance. The physiological parameters used in this study showed adequate difference between tomato lines.

The Effect of Foliar Application of Zinc Oxide and Nanoparticles Zinc Oxide on Some Growth Characteristics and Elemental Concentration of Rosemary under NaCl Salinity

Mohammad Bagher Hassanpouraghdam; Lamia Vojodi Mehrabani; Tahereh Shamsi Khotab

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 421-432

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31067.1825

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionNowdays, one of the major environmental stresses challenging agricultural produce worldwide, is progressive soil salinity. The majority of the soils in the arid ... Read More AbstractIntroductionNowdays, one of the major environmental stresses challenging agricultural produce worldwide, is progressive soil salinity. The majority of the soils in the arid and semi-arid regions face salinity. This is a huge threat for agricultural sustainablitty. With salinity adding-up, plants growth and development greatly decline due to reduced osmotic potential, unbalanced nutrients available and the variations in the type and content of growth regulators which negatively influence the plant yield and productivity. Under salinity situations, using micronutrients plays a vital role in the tolerance of plant against ROS molecules. These nutrients motivate antioxidant enzymes and hence, improve plant responses to the ROS molecules generation. As a result, they improve the yield, quality and productivity of plants under stressful conditions. Materials and MethodsAn experiment was conducted to study the effects of NaCl salinity stress (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) and Foliar application of common and Nono-form Zinc-oxide (0, 5 and 10 mg L-1) on Rosmarinus officinalis as factorial based on RCBD with three replications at 2017- 2018. Results and DiscussionThe results revealed the interaction effects of salinity levels and Zinc Foliar application on chlorophyll b content, N, P, K, Na and Zn content, leave relative water content as well as essential oil yield. The highest data for chlorophyll b was recorded with no stress × 10 mgL-1 Nono-zinc spray. Relative water content for both Zn forms (0, 5 and 10 mgL-1) was maximum with no salinity treatments. The greatest data for essential oil yield was traced with NaCl0 × 10 mgL-1 Nano-zinc and NaCl0× 10 mgL-1 Zinc Oxide. NaCl0× 5 mgL-1 Nano-Zinc increased K+content in plant. For Zn compositional content, the highest data was recorded with no-salinity × 5 and 10 mgL-1of Nano-Zinc as well as with no-salinity × 10 mg L-1 of common zinc source. Aerial parts dry weight and Fe and Mg content were affected by independent effects of salinity and Foliar application of Zn. Aerial parts dry weight and Mg content increased at no salinity stress and 50 mM salinity. Chlorophyll a and Fe content were influenced by the non salinity levels. Foliar application with 0 and 10 mg L-1nano-Zn increased Mg content in plants. Salinity is one of the predominant stressors influencing the plants throughout all their life cycle. The results revealed that salinity drastically influenced rosemary dry weight, photosynthetic pigments content, as well as Mn, Cu, and Fe content. Zn Foliar application improved aerial parts fresh weight and the content of Mg, Cu, and Fe. In general, rosmary is salinity tolerant up to 50 mM without significant reduction in yield component. Therefore, the Foliar application of Nano-Zinc as Oxide form improved yield and growth characteristics. ConclusionSalinity drastically influenced the growth and physiological responses of the plants. Using Foliar treatments was able to partially ameliorate the salinity adverse effects and, promoted the growth and productivity of rosemary. However, economical administration of Foliar treatments needs more in-depth studies.

Effect of Harmel Extract on Bacterial Population in Vase Solution and Vase Life of ‘Stanza’ and ‘Pink Elegance’ Cultivars of Gerbera Cut Flower

Meisam Mohammadi; Mitra Aelaei; Mehdi Saidi

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 171-184

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27785.1680

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesGerbera is one of the important cut flowers in the floriculture industry, but it is sensitive to early wilting and neck bending which reduce its ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesGerbera is one of the important cut flowers in the floriculture industry, but it is sensitive to early wilting and neck bending which reduce its postharvest vase life. In cut flowers, water deficits are created when transpiration is more than water absorption. Therefore, petal wilting and neck bending increase in these flowers. These conditions are mainly due to occlusion of the vascular bundle, which can occur in different ways, such as the activity of pathogenic bacteria and other microorganisms in vascular bundle. In recent years, due to the adverse effects of chemical antimicrobial compounds on human health and the environment, many studies have been conducted to find replacement materials to maintain the quality and vase life of cut flowers in postharvest. Therefore, in this study, the effect of different concentrations of harmel aqueous-alcoholic extract (Peganum harmala L.) on bacterial population and vas life of ‘Stanza’ and ‘Pink Elegance’ cultivars of Gerbera cut flower were studied. Materials and MethodsThe effect of concentrations 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% of the aqueous-alcoholic extract of Harmel plant was studied in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications. At harvest time, 3, 6 and 9 days after harvest (at 20 °C and 70% relative humidity), the effect of treatments on the bacterial population of the vase solution and end stem, vase life and some characteristics of ‘Stanza’and ‘Pink Elegance’ Gerbera cut flowers were studied. ResultsThe results showed that the inhibitory effect of harmal extracts on gram-positive bacteria was higher than gram-negative bacteria. Also,‘Stanza’cultivar had better quality and longer vase life than ‘Pink Elegance’ cultivar. By increasing the vase life of flowers, the quality of these flowers decreased. In the first place, however, concentrations of 0.25% and then 0.5% of the harmal extract performed better than other treatments in various aspects: first, they reduced the bacterial solution, stem end, and electrolyte leakagein stem and petals; second, they preserved quality (discolored of vase solution, discolored of petals and stem), relative fresh weight, stem diameter, totalsolublesolids, catalase activity and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity; and finally, they increased vase life of gerbera flowers in both cultivars. Concentrations of 0.75% and 1% increased allelopathic substances in cut flower. While these treatments decreased the bacterial population in vase solution and stem end, they did not have a significant effect on the quality and vase life of gerbera cut flowers. DiscussionThe results of this study showed that the different concentrations of harmal extract significantly reduced the growth of microbial agents, including the bacterial population, but by increasing the concentration of the harmal extract, the allelopathic effects of this plant extract on gerbera cut flowers were harmful and did not affect their vase life and quality. Therefore, the concentration of 0.25% then 0.5% reduced the bacterial populations in vase solution and stem end of cut flowers and preserved the quality and vase life of ‘Stanza’ and ‘Pink Elegance’ cultivars. Therefore, the use of low concentrations of the harmel aqueous-alcoholic extract is recommended to reduce the microbial population of the vase solution and maintain the quality and vase life of the gerbera cut flowers.

The Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoids and the Antioxidant Capacity in Two Wild Species of Raspberry, Rubus persicus and R. caesius, at Different Maturity Stages of Fruits

Hamed Dadkhah Aghdash; Mehdi Daemi Saeidabad; Mohsen Falahati Anbaran

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 295-306

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26049.1615

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Antioxidants can harness the oxidative stress caused by free radicals by releasing single electrons and hydrogen ions. Myriad plants including ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Antioxidants can harness the oxidative stress caused by free radicals by releasing single electrons and hydrogen ions. Myriad plants including vegetables and fruits express enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant properties which are used by humans to maintain health.. In this study we aim to compare the level of antioxidants and the amount of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds at three different stages of fruit ripening including immature, semi-ripen and fully matured fruits in two species of raspberry after a period of storage at freezer. Materials and Methods Fruits of Rubus persicus and R. caesius were collected at different maturity stages including immature, semi-ripen and fully matured stages from natural habitats. The extracts of fruits were stored at -20 °C for 6 months. The antioxidant activities of extracts were determined using DPPH free radical purification and ferric iron regeneration ability (FRAP) methods in June, 2013 in Research Laboratory of Science and Technology Park of East Azerbaijan province. The content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was also quantified according to Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were compared between species at three maturity stages in a completely randomized factorial design with three replicates. Results Both methods applied to examine the antioxidant activity revealed a high mean value in extracts from fully matured fruits compared with immature and semi-ripen fruits. The magnitude of antioxidant activity was significantly higher in R. caesius than R. persicus except that the amount measured by DPPH free radical purification level was similar between species at only fully matured stage. A significant difference was observed in both total phenolic and flavonoid contents between immature, semi-ripen and fully matured stages in both species (P < 0.05) except that the total flavonoid content was similar between semi-ripen and fully matured fruits in R. caesius. Discussion Results showed that the highest antioxidant capacity was found in the fully matured stage of fruits in both species and thus the fully matured fruits might be capable of counteracting and even neutralizing free radicals. The results also showed that different species had different level of antioxidant activity. The level of total phenolic and flavonoid content at fully matured fruits was also higher than immature fruits in both species. Our results suggest that the antioxidant potential of raspberry can have several medicinal applications and play an important role by reducing the oxidative stress.

The effect of number of buds per vine and cane on the yield and productivity coefficient of perlette grape cultivar

Isa Arji; Rahman Fayz; Mohammad Gerdakaneh

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 321-332

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22517.1485

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesGrape is one of the fruit trees that need to well management to produce economical production. Farmers often do not properly prune vine grape. Grape cultivars ... Read More Background and ObjectivesGrape is one of the fruit trees that need to well management to produce economical production. Farmers often do not properly prune vine grape. Grape cultivars show different response to pruning severity. Perlette cultivar cultivation is increased recently. The main objective of this research was to determine the severity and number of buds per shoot on yield and productivity coefficient of perlette grape cultivar. Materials and methodsA factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted with three charges levels 42, 60 and 72 and three buds number per shoot include (6-2 buds), (5-2) and (4- 2) during 2012 in Garaban agro industrial complex. Some different traits on flower and fruit quantity and quality were measured. ResultsResults of mean comparison showed that Charge, number of buds per shoot and their interaction effects were significant on number of cluster, cluster weight, yield and productivity coefficient. The interaction effect between charge and the number of buds on the yield per plant showed that the highest yield (about 12 kg) was obtained by charge 60 and long pruning with 6 buds and the lowest yield (about 5.6 kg) was in charge 42 with 4 buds on the branches. The highest cluster weight of about 250 grams was obtained in charge 60 with 4 buds on the branches and the lowest cluster weight (182 g) found in charged 72 and 4 buds on the branches. The interaction effect of charge and the number of buds per shoot was significant on productivity coefficient at 1%. The highest productivity coefficient (0.9833) was found in the charge 42 and 5 buds per shoots and the lowest was in charge 60 with 4 buds per shoots. Generally 60 charge was recommended for this cultivar as mixed pruning with two replacing buds and a shoot with 6 bearing buds.DiscussionIncreasing the number of clusters possibly depend on increasing the charge level, which is one of the yield increasing factors. Berries weight loss and berries abscission lead to cluster weight reduction and yield was affected. Thus, the high charge of 72 buds per plant caused yield loss due to small clusters. This phenomenon is possibly due to lack of adequate nutrition by the vine for cluster growth. Yield reduction in 42 charges was due to a reduction in the cluster production number. Yield was increased with a decrease in pruning intensity, which represents an increase in the number of buds on the fruiting branches. The long pruning with 6 buds per cane and 60 charges was superior to the others. This pruning severity was determined based on fruit yield and quality. Proper pruning lead to balance on vegetative and reproductive growth and quantitative and qualitative yield will be increase.

Evaluation of Some Phytochemical Characteristics of Berberis integerrima in Response to Nano-Zinc Foliar Application and Post-Harvest Drying Temperature

lamia vojodimehrabani; Rana Valizadeh Kamran; mohammad bagher hassanpouraghdam

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 345-358

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22929.1503

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Mineral nutrition and post-harvest handling are the major factors affecting secondary metabolites content and composition of plants. Berberis integerrima ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Mineral nutrition and post-harvest handling are the major factors affecting secondary metabolites content and composition of plants. Berberis integerrima is one of the most important medicinal plants listed in all pharmacopeias. The bark, fruits and roots of this plant are commonly being used by traditional and modern medicine disciplines. They are well documented for their anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial activities with berberine as the main active constituent. Also, the shrub has ornamental uses in the landscape and the fruit is used as a food additive. In addition, anthocyanin of the fruit is useful as a natural coloring agent in food industries. There are few studies on the agronomic demands and post-harvest handling of this plant. The experiment was conducted to assay the effects of nano-zinc foliar application and postharvest plant drying temperature on some phytochemical traits of this highly valuable plant. Materials and Methods The treatments were applied to assay the phytochemicals content variations in roots, fruits and aerial parts of the plant (2 years old) by two separate experiments as factorial based on RBCD. In the first experiment, the effects of nano-zinc foliar spray on the yield, anthocyanin content, Zinc content and TSS at the different mentioned organs were studied. In the second experiment, the effects of diverse post drying temperatures (25, 50 and 750C) on total phenolics content, flanonoids content, hydrolysable tannin and berberin content in Berberis integerrima were assayed. Results Zn content, TSS content and anthocyanins were affected by the independent effects of foliar spray and plant part. Plant dry weight was impacted by the organ type. Phenolics, flavonoids and alkaloids contents were affected by the interactional effects of the foliar spray , the organ type, and the drying temperature. The highest figure for the contents of alkaloids (30 mg g-1DWt) and flavonoids (26.9 mg g-1DWt) were from the root × foliar spray by 6 mgL-1 Nano-Zinc at 250C drying regime. The maximum amount of total phenolics was attained by the aerial parts × foliar spray by 6 mgL-1 Nano-Zinc at 250C and fruits × 3 and 6 mgL-1 foliar spray at 250C. For hydrolysable tannins (1.9%), the root and the aerial parts × 250C showed the largest figure. Discussion The overall results revealed the positive effects of nano-zinc foliar application on the studied gross secondary metabolites content in Berberis integerrima. The post-harvest drying temperature influenced the metabolites content as well, and the optimized temperature in the experiments was 250C.

Relationship of Color Indices with Some Chemical Characteristic in Red and White Apple Cultivars

Mitra Jabari; Mohammad Mehdi ُSHARIFANI; Ahad Yamchi

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 359-372

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.23071.1506

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Apple is one of the most important common fruit trees in temperate regions of the world with a lot of phenotypes and genotypes. Fruit surface ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Apple is one of the most important common fruit trees in temperate regions of the world with a lot of phenotypes and genotypes. Fruit surface color is one of the important factors in evaluating the qualities and appearance of fruits. This is the first component of acceptance by the customer, which indicates anomalies in agricultural products. Materials and Methods For this purpose, a study was conducted in 2016 in a completely randomized design with 12 varieties of native and imported apples in three replications. In this research, qualitative characteristics including anthocyanins for skin and flesh fruit, total sugar, flavor index, pH and EC and color indexes including brightness index (L), redness index (a), yellowness index (b), Hue (H), and Chroma (C) were measured for each apple cultivar. Results The results showed the highest indexes of a and C of skin. Moreover, the index of a related to the flesh of fruit in Mazand 2 had the highest levels of Hue skin, brightness and Hue flesh in Gala cultivar. The highest amount of brightness and yellowneass of fruit skin and flesh was observed in Golden delicious cultivar. While the highest amount of anthocyanin in skin was found in Red delicious cultivar. the highest amount of anthocyanin in flesh was found in Mazand 2. Furthermore, the highest level of flavor index was found in Shahrod 10 and the maximum amount of total sugar was detected in Red delicious cultivar. The utmost EC juice and the highest juice pH were observed in Gol Ghermez and Golab Kohanz cultivars, respectively. The highest positive correlation was found between anthocyanin of skin and anthocyanin of fruit pulp in the red flesh apple (0.99). Based on the results of this research, the red index and the fruit flavor index correlated with skin Hue, brightness of skin correlated with yellow color of skin, and fruit EC correlated with sugar content of the fruit. Discussion Finally, the highest correlation was found between anthocyanin in skin and the red flesh apple. In other apple cultivars, a significant correlation was found between index (a) and the yellowness of the apples (0.92). Further positive correlation was set between index C and anthocyanin content and flavor index. A positive correlation was observed between H and L indexes and the yellow color of the apple. Index b indicated a significant negative correlation with anthocyanin of skin and flesh of apple. The highest red content in red flesh apples indicated positive correlation with a and c indices, which has already been confirmed by the results of other researchers.

Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation Regime on Vegetative and Pomological Characteristics and Yield of Table Olive Konservolia Cultivar in Field Condition

rahmatollah gholami; Aboalmahsan Hadjiamiri; marzaban Najafi

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 575-585

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22905.1501

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the every green trees that tolerance to Drought. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the every green trees that tolerance to Drought. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean area, so understanding the mechanisms by which olive plants face drought stress under environmental conditions is essential for the improvement of olive yield and oil quality. Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the fruit trees which become important in the Iranian fruit industry at the near future. It seems that olive tree has potential for resistance to drought conditions of semi-arid regions of Iran. There is a high production potential for olive tree in many regions of Iran. Regulated deficit irrigation is an optimizing strategy under which crops are allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. During regulated deficit irrigation the crop is exposed to certain level of water stress either during a particular period or throughout the growing season. The main objective deficit irrigation of is to increase water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop by eliminating irrigations that have little impact on yield, and to improve control of vegetative growth (improve fruit size and quality). The resulting yield reduction may be small compared with the benefits gained through diverting the saved water to irrigate other crops for which water would normally be insufficient under conventional irrigation practices. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of regulated deficit irrigation regime on vegetative and pomological characteristics and yield of table olive konservolia cultivar in field condition. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in Dallaho Olive Research Station (Geographical characters was longitude of 45˚, 51΄ E and latitude of 34˚, 30΄ N and the height of sea level 581m) located in Kermanshah province. An experiment was used based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Adult table olive Konservolia cultivar was uesd. Each experiment unit consists of Three trees. Vegetative and reproductive traits were evaluated according to I.O.O.C. descriptors. Six irrigation regimes including of full irrigation (as control), regulated deficit irrigation (100% of full irrigation during growing season plus 25% irrigation during pit hardening, regulated deficit irrigation (100% of full irrigation during growing season plus 75% irrigation from Start pit hardening to harvesting), irrigation in three stage (before flowering, pit hardening and before Harvesting , 60% of full irrigation (continuous deficit irrigation) and no irrigation (Rainfed). To elevate the effect of irrigation regimes, some growth vegetative traits measured at the end of growth season including current-season shoot growth and current-season shoot diameter as well as some fruit traits including fruit and oil yield, fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent, pulp percent were measured. Collected data were analyzed with SAS program. Results Obtained results showed that the highest fruit yield, oil yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, pulp percent were observed at full irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation (100% of full irrigation during growing season plus 25% irrigation during pit hardening, but the lowest one found at Rainfed. There was no significant difference between deficit irrigation in three stage and 60% of full irrigation (continuous deficit irrigation) in fruit yield, oil yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight. The water use efficiency of fruit yield of T4 and T2 was higher than 100ETc and other treatments. Overall, the results showed that RDI during fruit pit hardening could increased water use efficiency, whitout reduce fruit yield, oil yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter and pulp fresh and dry weight. Discussion In the arid and semi arid as well as sub-tropical regions, water shortage is a normal phenomenon and seriously limits the agricultural potential.Therefore, under irrigation or rain-fed conditions, it is important for the available water to be used in the most efficient way. Regulated deficit irrigation is an optimizing strategy under which crops are allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. During regulated deficit irrigation the crop is exposed to certain level of water stress either during a particular period or throughout the growing season. The main objective deficit irrigation of is to increase water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop by eliminating irrigations that have little impact on yield, and to improve control of vegetative growth (improve fruit size and quality). According to the results of this research, it can be concluded thatthat RDI during fruit pit hardening could increased water use efficiency, whitout reduce fruit yield, oil yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight.

Investigating of Copper Effect on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Nasturtium Officinale

M. T.; Ahmad Mohtadi; T. A.

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 101-114

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12432

Abstract

Background and Objectives Environmental pollution is the result of industrial societies and industrialization of human society. Copper is an essential micronutrient for plants growth ... Read More Background and Objectives Environmental pollution is the result of industrial societies and industrialization of human society. Copper is an essential micronutrient for plants growth and development when the copper concentration in the water is high, as one of the most toxic heavy metals for living organisms. Some plants are known as copper accumulator. Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) is an aquatic plant species from Brassicaceae family. Greenhouse experiments have showed that watercress has high accumulation ability of some heavy metals. Material and methods This study aimed to examine the effects of copper on growth and physiological characteristics of Nasturtium officinale. Accordingly, effects of different levels of copper sulfate (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 µM) in N. officinale in a complete randomized design with three replications were studied. Rooted cuttings of N. officinale were transferred to hydroponic culture, in 1-L polyethylene pots containing a modified half-strength Hoagland’s solution. Nutrient solutions were renewed weekly and plants were grown in a growth chamber (20/15 °C day/night; light intensity 200 µE m-2 s-1, 16 h day-1; relative humidity 75 %). After 14 days of pre-culture, plants were exposed to different levels of copper sulfate. The plants were harvested for analysis after having grown in the test solution for 2 weeks. Results The results showed that in the 4 µM copper treatment, fresh and dry weight of shoots, shoot length, leaf area and RWC increased, but at higher concentrations (8, 12, 16 µM) these characteristics significantly decreased. The root and shoot copper concentrations consistently increased with increasing copper exposure. At the 16 µM of copper in the nutrient solution, the average of copper concentrations in root and shoot was 4210 and 558 µg/g d.w., respectively. According to the results, shoot copper concentration was lower than the root and very little of that was transferred into the shoot. Discussion In total, according to the results, copper sulfate significantly decreases the shoots and roots of fresh and dry weight as well as root length, shoot length and leaf area, and increases the total chlorophyll, but no significant effect on the amount of Protein, Carbohydrate, Anthocyanin and Carotenoid. Generally, the threshold of this plant is to 4 µM copper.

Relationship between accumulation of nitrogen compounds and sugars, and salt tolerance in rapeseed plant (Brassica napus L.)

V. Atlassi Pak; M. Nabipour; M. Meskarbashee

Volume 39, Issue 1 , June 2016, , Pages 1-1

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.11951

Abstract

Abiotic stresses, like salinity, cause an increase in nitrogen compounds such as proline and soluble proteins in plant. In order to investigate the role of these compounds in salt tolerance, ... Read More

Effects of intermittent warming on chilling index and some quality properties of “Kinnow” mandarin in cold storage

S.M.H. Mortazavi; A.R. Dehghan; M. Rahemi; N. Moalemi

Volume 38, Issue 3 , December 2015, , Pages 1-11

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11440

Abstract

Mandarin is considered as a sensitive fruit to low temperatures and its long term cold storage would result in some disorders such as pitting and reducing quality. This experiment was ... Read More

Allelopathic effects of walnut decomposed leaf extract on some physiological traits of wild oat (Avena fatua L.)

E. Ghojavand1; A. Danesh-Shahraki2; A. Tadayon

Volume 37, Issue 3 , December 2014, , Pages 13-21

Abstract

In order to evaluate the allelopathic effects of decomposed walnut leaf extract on some physiological traits of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) an experiment was conducted in Shahrekord University ... Read More

Influence of three species of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus SPP.) on physiological characters of wheat under the salinity conditions

S. Habibi; M. Meskarbashee; M. Farzaneh

Volume 37, Issue 3 , December 2014, , Pages 37-52

Abstract

Investigation in to the phenology stages, some growth indices and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of three potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars

A. Darabi; A. Eftekhari

Volume 37, Issue 3 , December 2014, , Pages 53-67

Abstract

In order to study phenology, some growth indices and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of potato cultivars (Savalan, Sante and Cozima) an experiment was conducted for one ... Read More

Effect of different levels of potassium on soluble carbohydrate remobilization in two bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)

A. Alizadeh; M. Nabipoor; A. Rahnama

Volume 37, Issue 3 , December 2014, , Pages 69-82

Abstract

Side transportation of storage carbohydrates is one of the most important physiological indices in yield formation. In order to study potassium variation levels (200, 300 and 400 mg ... Read More

The effect of culture media and cytokinin on the primary steps of walnut micro propagation, selected genotype 305

Sh. Mohamadi Nejad; M. Gholami; M. Esna Ashari

Volume 37, Issue 3 , December 2014, , Pages 83-92

Abstract

This research was conducted through a factorial experiment with two factors including culture media (DKW and WPM) and Benzyl Adenine (BA) at three concentrations (0: control, 0.5 and ... Read More

Effects of GA3 and BA on quantitative and qualitative traits of Date palm (cv. Estaamaran) in Ahvaz

M. Jalali; N. Moallemi; S.M.H. Mortazavi; A. Torahi

Volume 37, Issue 3 , December 2014, , Pages 105-114

Abstract

Growth regulators have important effects on improvement of quality and quantity of horticultural commodities. In this research, to study the effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs) ... Read More

A comparison of various Substrates impact on yield and quality of Chrysanthemum ×morifolium cv. Puma in Hydroponic and Aquaponic systems

M. Alaei; H.R. Roosta; N. Mortazavi; H. Alaei

Volume 37, Issue 3 , December 2014, , Pages 115-127

Abstract

Abstract With expansion of hydroponic culture, demand for subsrate materials also has increased and necessity for more study to find the best substrate according to the plant characteristics ... Read More Abstract With expansion of hydroponic culture, demand for subsrate materials also has increased and necessity for more study to find the best substrate according to the plant characteristics seems to be necessary. For this purpose, a study was carried out on chrysanthemum cv puma using a factorial design with two factors, first a different substrate (cocopeat: perlite, 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0) and second, a culture system (aquaponic and hydroponic) with compeletly randomized design and three replicates for 5 months. Results of ANOVA showed that the culture system and substrate form and their interaction has a significant (p<0.01) effect on chrysanthemum quantity and quality characteristics. According to the results of this study, in hydroponic system, vegetative growth characteristics of plants were higher compared to aquaponic. In substrate with 100% pelite, fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots were the lowest, whereas plants in 25% perlite+75% cocopeat had the highest fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots. Thus, the substrate ratio of 25% perlite+75% cocopeat was the best substrate for vegetative growth. There was a significant difference between hydroponic and aquaponic in reproductive characteristics of plants e.g., flower number per plant, flower number on one shoot, flower bud number, quality index and length of king flower. Plants in hydroponic system had the highest flower in the substrate ratio of 50% perlite+50%cocopeat, although this increment in flower number caused the reduction of flowers quality compared to other cocopeat contained substrates, whereas, in aquaponic system the highest flower number of plants was observed in 100% perlite substrate. Generally, plants in the substrate with mixture of cocopeat and perlite especially in the higher ratios of cocopeat had the best growth which is related to good physical characteristics of perlite and good physicochemical characteristics of cocopeat especially higher water and nutrient maintenance of cocopeat.

Study of soybean genotypes reaction to the application of bacteria and different nitrogen levels in North Khouzestan conditions

S.A. Kalantar Ahmadi; J. Daneshian; S.A. Siadat

Volume 37, Issue 2 , September 2014, , Pages 1-13

Abstract

In order to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and bacteria application on the yield of soybean genotypes, an experiment was conducted at Safiabad Agricultural Research ... Read More

Volume 47 (2024)

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = H: Plant Physiology

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