Plant Productions - Articles List

Effect of Amino Acids Combination on the Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Garlic (Allium Sativum L.)

Ali Heidarzadeh; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42775.2071

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesGarlic is one of the most widely employed condiments in cooking. It has been found to possess important biological properties with high therapeutic potential, ... Read More Background and ObjectivesGarlic is one of the most widely employed condiments in cooking. It has been found to possess important biological properties with high therapeutic potential, which is influenced by the mode of its utilization, preparation, and extraction. It has been attributed with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory capacities. Garlic, in particular its organosulfur compounds, can maintain immune system homeostasis through positive effects on immune cells, especially by regulating cytokine proliferation and expression. Amino Acids are the building units of proteins. There are about 300 amino acids occur in nature. Only 20 of them enter in proteins synthesis. Amino acids are essential nutrients for plant growth. Due to the characteristics of amino acids, they have a unique promotion effect on plant growth, especially on photosynthesis. Amino acids are good organic nitrogen sources in plant. They can be directly absorbed and utilized by cells, promote protein synthesis, and have a good effect on the growth. Spraying or irrigating amino acid nutrient liquid fertilizer can increase the element of various nutrients required in the plant, aggravate the accumulation of dry matter and the speed and quantity of the operation from the root or leaf to other parts, and adjust the proportion and balance of macroelement, trace element and other nutrients. Thus, the normal growth of the plant will be regulated. Many studies proved that amino acids play a positive role in enhancing the plant yield and quality when they are sprayed at different growth stages. This research was done to study effect of different amino acids compound on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of garlic.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was performed at three replications in a completely randomized blocks design in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2018-19 growing season. The experimental treatments included: 1) Arginine + Aspartic acid 2) Arginine + Valine 3) Arginine + Tyrosine 4) Arginine + Leucine 5) Aspartic acid + Valine 6) Aspartic acid + Tyrosine 7) Aspartic acid + Leucine 8) Valine + Tyrosine 9) Valine + Leucine 10) Tyrosine + Leucine 11) Trade amino acid 12) Distilled water 13) No amino acid (control).ResultsThe results showed that the maximum bulb fresh weight (13.054 t ha-1) and photosynthetic rate (10.58 µmol m-2s-1) was obtained from the aspartic acid + leucine. Also, the highest catalase activity was observed in the use of arginine with aspartic acid (9064 U mgFW-1), while the peroxidase activity was higher in the aspartic acid + valine (517 U mgFW-1), arginine + and tyrosine (511 U mgFW-1) and arginine + leucine (496 U mgFW-1) treatments.DiscussionIn general, it seems that foliar spraying of amino acids increases the plant's energy efficiency (plant energy storage for the production of amino acids) and also increases the photosynthesis rate and thus helps the plant to increase the yield of the plant. Among the investigation of different combinations of amino acids, the combination of aspartic acid and leucine increased the performance more than other combinations and is introduced as the best treatment.

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Effect of Seed Treatment on Physiological Traits of Two Safflower Cultivars under Defoliation

Mina Pedram; Ali Hatami; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; Zahra Tahmasebi

Volume 43, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 507-516

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31631.1845

Abstract

ABSTRACT Introduction:To evaluate the effects of priming and defoliation on some physiological traits of two safflower cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted as a randomized ... Read More

Effects of Application and Type of Amino Acids on the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes, Proline Content and Seed yield of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

Ali Heidarzadeh; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 381-394

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31327.1834

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionLentil is used mainly for human consumption as a source of protein and carbohydrates in soups, stews and vegetarian dishes. It is grown to improve economical returns ... Read More AbstractIntroductionLentil is used mainly for human consumption as a source of protein and carbohydrates in soups, stews and vegetarian dishes. It is grown to improve economical returns to producers, diversify and lengthen crop rotations and reduce the requirement for nitrogen fertilizer. Lentil, a member of the legume family, Leguminosae, can supply a significant part of its Nitrogen requirement by fixing Nitrogen from the air when inoculated with the appropriate rhizobial inoculant. The pattern of nutrients in the proximal composition of lentil is similar to that of other grain legumes, but seed protein content (19.5–35.5%) is less than in soybean. Fiber concentration is low and is largely within the seed testa, so the fiber in lentil meal can be reduced if it is de-hulled before grinding. In addition to high-quality protein, essential amino acids, and major minerals, the seed contains iron up to 505 mg kg-1 and zinc up to 330 mg kg-1 on a whole seed basis. Amino acids are help in tissue protein formation. Some amino acids are not synthesized in the body and it is necessary to take them in diet. Lentils contain different amino acids that can be used by most people. This research was carried-out to study effect of different amino acids on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, Proline content and seed yield of lentil in delayed planting. Materials and MethodsThe research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, through May to July, 2018. The studied factors included mode of application (priming, spraying and priming + spraying) and type of amio acids (Arginine, Aspartic acid, Proline, trade amino acid (proamin) and distilled water (control). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and also mean comparisons were accomplished using the general linear model (GLM) procedure. LSD procedure at a probability level of 0.05 was used to determine statistically significant differences among treatment means. Results and and DiscussionThe results showed that the highest total dry weight was obtained from the application of Arginine spraying (2330 kg ha-1), priming + spraying aspartic acid (2388 kg ha-1) and trade amino acid (2219 kg ha-1). The highest amount of catalase (CAT) activity was observed in the treatment of distilled water by foliar application and its least effective activity was observed in the application of Arginine as priming. The application of aspartic acid as acidic acid with 888.7 kg ha-2 produced the highest yield. As a result, it is more than three times the performance of using distilled water (control). The application of Arginine (555.1 kg ha-2), commercial amine (444.0 kg ha-2) and Proline (327.8 kg ha-2) were established in the next rank, respectively. According to the results of this study, amino acids can reduce the stress of heat. In the absence of amino acid, yield reduction will be higher. Although amino acids are a Nitrogen source, the routine concentrations involved in exogenous supply are so low that its positive effects can be attributable to an increase in Nitrogen availability. ConclusionAspartic acid and Arginine due to their role in the Nitrogen cycle and also, due to the fact that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, improved lentil yield. Therefore, it is recommended to use amino acids to increase the yield of lentils. The application of aspartic acid via both priming and spraying is suggested as the best treatment.

Effect of N Fertilizer and Growth Stimulating Bacteria on Growth of Sugar Beet in Delayed Sowing

Nasrullah Nusrat; Morteza Goldani; Javad Rezai

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 295-304

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30457.1811

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionConcurrency of cereals late-season irrigation with early irrigation of sugar beet season and lack of water resources at this time, has made some farmers to ... Read More AbstractIntroductionConcurrency of cereals late-season irrigation with early irrigation of sugar beet season and lack of water resources at this time, has made some farmers to delay sugar beet cultivation. The planting date plays a key role in growth, quality and yield of sugar beet. Delayed cultivation leads to reduced sugar beet yield. In late cultivation of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), the use of nitrogen fertilizer and growth promoting bacteria can be of great importance in accelerating growth and compensating for lost time. The aim of this study was to find a sustainable way to increase the growth rate of sugar beet in delayed cultivation, so as to compensate for the delayed growth season as possible. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted as a split split plot in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications on Arta sugar beet cultivar at the Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2018. The factors included planting date (regular and delayed sowing) as main factor, nitrogen fertilizer (based on recommendation and 25% less than recommended) as sub-factor and Nitrobacter application and non-Nitrobacter were considered as sub-factors. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the inoculation effect of Nitrobacter on leaf area, total dry matter, root yield and sugar content increased by 13, 20, 9 and 8 percent, respectively. Also, Nitrobacter treatment had the least effect on the amount of sodium, potassium and nitrogen of root in both sowing dates. For delayed planting date, using nitrogen fertilizer plus growth promoting bacteria can offset the delay in planting date. Therefore, this recommendation can reduce water consumption by reducing sugar beet growing season and reduce fertilizer use. It seems that the combination of chemical and biological fertilizers is effective on sugar beet delayed cultivation in order to compensate for lost time. ConclusionThe combination of chemical and biological fertilizers is effective on sugar beet delayed cultivation in order to compensate for lost time.

Effect of Different Seed Rates on Yield and Some Agronomic Traits of Alfalfa Mohageran Ecotype in no-till and conventional tillage Methods in Semirom Region

Masoud Torabi; Mohsen Heidarisoltanabadi

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 375-386

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27979.1690

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives In agriculture section, more than half of the consumption energy is used for tillage. No-till systems can provide optimal conditions for some ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives In agriculture section, more than half of the consumption energy is used for tillage. No-till systems can provide optimal conditions for some crops production because of less energy usage, optimal watering, and physical regime for plant and optimal microbial activities for humus synthesis. Although the climate change and the drought in recent years have restricted alfalfa cultivated area, it still provides about 40% of animal feed within 35 million hectares. Alfalfa with 20% protein is the first forage in the world. Materials and Methods In order to compare alfalfa cultivation in no-till and tillage methods with different rate of seeding, an experiment was carried out as RCBD in the form of a strip split plot plan, during 2013-2015 in Semiroum region, Esfahan province, Iran. The main strip plot (horizontal) was cultivation methods including no-till and conventional tillage methods, and strip subplot (vertical) was the four rate of alfalfa seeding including 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg/ha. The cutting time of alfalfa was the time factor in treatments. The planting operation was carried out after harvesting of barley cereals with 30% residual straw in the mid-summer. The measurable parameters in different treatment included the number of established plants in the first spring, fresh and dry forage yield divided different cuts, stem density divided different cuts, and the numbers and weight of weed. Results Variance analysis showed that there is no significant difference between no-till and conventional tillage methods in terms of fresh and dry forage production. The seeding rate as a sub-factor has significant effect (level 1%) on fresh and dry forage and number of stem per unit area, whereas the interaction effect between cultivation methods with seeding rate has not significant effect on forage production and number of stem per unit area. The plant density, and the number of weeds were affected from cultivation methods (conventional tillage and no-till), whereas the plant density and number of weeds in no-till method was superior to tillage system. The plant density was varied between different of seeding rate, whereas the number of weed has not affected from the seeding rate. Discussion The obtained results indicated that regarding the alfalfa cultivation in no-till method (with 30% residual straw), not only the forage production was equal to conventional tillage method, but also the number of plant in no-till method was higher than tillage method. It seems that the superiority of no-till method in plant referred to proper seed placement because of minimum plough of soil in no-till method. However, the number of weed in no-till method was higher than conventional tillage method, but this item had no effect on the yield and stability of alfalfa, because the presence of weeds was only related to the first cutting. Using the no-till cultivation method with 30 kg of seeding rate per hectare produced 60.76 ton/ha fresh forage and 10.77 ton/ha dry forage.

Identification of Effective Traits on Forage Yield in Tall Fescue (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.)

Ehsan Rahimi; Reza Mohammadi; Alireza Pourmohammad; Ali Asghar Aliloo

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 419-430

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28151.1704

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Introduction of high yielding forage cultivars for different climates is necessary to use in pasture establishment and rangeland renovation. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Introduction of high yielding forage cultivars for different climates is necessary to use in pasture establishment and rangeland renovation. Thus, increasing forage yield is one of the most important goals in cool-season grass breeding programs. Tall fescue (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.) is a perennial cool-season grass adapted to a wide range of growing conditions. Tall fescue is one of the most drought, heat, and wear tolerant species among perennial cool-season grasses. Due to its large and deep root system, it is able to take up water in dry periods when other grasses have stopped their growth. Then it could be a good choice for pasture establishment and rangeland renovation in Iran. This study was carried out to identify important traits which are effective to increase forage yield in the tall fescue in East Azarbaijan region of Iran. Materials and Methods For this purpose, 32 tall fescue genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications in research farm of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Northwest and West region of Iran- Tabriz in 2016. Each replication contained 5 spaced single plants 60 cm apart. Eleven agro-morphological characteristics were measured. Results The correlation coefficients showed that total dry forage yield and seed yield had significant and positive correlation with all traits except days to heading and days to pollination. Total dry forage yield had significant and positive correlation with plant height, canopy diameter, stem number, and crown diameter (0.650**, 0.763**, 0.500**, and 0.750**, respectively). Stepwise regression analysis, considering the total dry forage yield as the dependent variable, showed that canopy diameter and crown diameter were entered into the model. These traits in total justified 64.1 percent of the regression model changed. Moreover, stepwise regression analysis, considering the seed yield as the dependent variable, showed that total dry forage yield, stem number, and canopy diameter were entered into the model. According to the results, canopy diameter (0.453) and crown diameter (0.394) had highest direct effects on the total dry forage yield and for the seed yield, total dry forage yield (0.797) and stem number (0.423) had highest direct effects. Discussion Based on the results of this study, canopy diameter and crown diameter had greater relative importance in determining the total dry forage yield of tall fescue. Thus, plant canopy and crown diameter cold be used as an indicator in selection of best tall fescue genotypes in breeding programs.

Effect of Various Irrigation Methods on Tuber Yield and Water Productivity of Potato Varieties

Bagher Mastalizadeh; Gholamreza khajoei-Nejad; Rooholla Moradi

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 431-442

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28244.1706

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Potato is extremely sensitive to water stress, both from inadequate or excess water, resulting in reductions of tuber yield and quality. The ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Potato is extremely sensitive to water stress, both from inadequate or excess water, resulting in reductions of tuber yield and quality. The plant has a relatively shallow root system, locating about 85% typically in the upper 30 cm of soil, which increases the sensitivity of the crop to water stress. Variation in soil moisture conditions can also lead to the occurrence of tuber physiological disorders such as brown center, hollow heart, growth cracks, bruise susceptibility, and heat necrosis, typically during the bulking period. A direct relation between low moisture conditions of soil and misshapen tubers has been reported. The aim of study was to assess the growth, yield, yield components, and water productivity of some conventional potato varieties in Bardsir region of Kerman. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the effect of various irrigation methods on growth, yield and yield components of potato varieties, an experiment was conducted as the split-plot based on the randomized complete block design with three replications at experiment station of the Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman during 2015 and 2016. The experimental treatments were irrigation methods: 1- Furrow (flooding), 2-sprinkler and 3- drip assigned to main plot and potato varieties: 1- Marfona, 2- Sante, 3- Agria and 4- Banba as the subplot. Results The results showed that the effect of irrigation method was significant (P≤0.01) on all the studied traits except in water productivity and percentage of tuber dry mater. The highest mean of tuber weight (71.55 g), number of marketable tuber (6.99), tuber yield (36.98 t ha-1), and shoot dry weight (5.97 t ha-1) were recorded in the furrow irrigation method. The lowest values of the traits were observed using the sprinkler method. The effect of variety treatment on all traits was significant (P≤0.01). For drip and sprinkler irrigation methods, the largest tuber was related to Sante variety, and regarding the surface method, it was gained at Marfona. The highest number of tuber per plant belonged to Sante variety (9.50) followed by Marfona (8.89) which had a significant difference with Banba (7.15) and Agria (6.88) varieties. Tuber percentage of dry weight for Agria variety (27.22) was significantly higher than other varieties (19.93-22.74). The tuber yield for Sante, Marfona, Banba, and Agria was 34.84, 28.91, 26.14, and 21.57 t ha-1, respectively. The maximum level of water productivity (5.93) was gained for santé variety using the sprinkler irrigation method. Discussion In general, the results indicated that Marfona variety was justly appropriate for flooding irrigation conditions, and santé variety is best for low water supply (drip and sprinkler irrigation methods).

Evaluation of the Biochemical Reaction of Sunflower Seedlings to Selenium Levels in Saline Conditions

Masoumeh Abedini; Gader Habibi; Samad Arezoomand

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 443-454

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28539.1722

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity is one of the detrimental environmental factors that limit the productivity of crop plants worldwide. Most of the crop plants are ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity is one of the detrimental environmental factors that limit the productivity of crop plants worldwide. Most of the crop plants are sensitive to salinity. Selenium (Se) has not been classified as a plant essential element, but its role as a beneficial element and its ability in amelioration of different environmental stresses has been reported in different plant species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Se on sunflower plants under salt stress conditions. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design by three replications in a hydroponic system with a temperature regime of 25/18°C, photoperiod of 14 h, and relative humidity of 70% in a growth chamber. Seeds were germinated in petri-dishes and then uniform 3-day old seedlings were transferred to 50% Hoagland solution. One week after pretreatment, plants were transferred to 100% Hoagland solution and treated with selenium) sodium selenate; 0, 5, and 10 µM) and salinity (sodium chloride; 50 and 100 mM) for two weeks. Plant's shoots were harvested 15 days after treatments, and frozen in liquid nitrogen until assays. Results The results indicated that salinity at both levels significantly increased the MDA as well as free phenol and decreased the flavonoids contents of plants. The anthocyanin, soluble sugars, and total protein contents and the activity of APX increased significantly in response to 50 mM of NaCl, while the proline, tannins, and lignin contents increased, but dry weight and height of shoot decreased significantly in response to 100 mM of NaCl. In non-saline condition, Se application at 5 µM decreased the flavonoids and lignin contents and increased the free phenols, shoot height, and POD activity significantly. Application of Se at 10 µM in non-saline conditions significantly increased the lignin and MDA contents and APX activity. In saline condition with 50 mM of NaCl, Se application at both two levels decreased the soluble sugars and APX activity, and at 10 µM decreased the lignin and increased the tannin contents significantly. In saline condition with 100 mM of NaCl, Se application at both two concentrations considerably decreased the proline, lignin, and tannin contents but increased the APX activity. Furthermore, a reduction in soluble sugars by application of 5 µM of Se was seen in plants that were in saline conditions with 100 mM of NaCl. Discussion According to the results of this study, salinity induced oxidative stress in sunflower, especially at 100 mM that was obvious by elevated level of MDA. Even though the Se application in saline condition could induce the notable changes in the phenolic compounds and promoted the activity of APX, it could not inhibit the MDA formation and dry weight falling in plants. Selenium application in non-saline conditions also could not result to the considerable benefits in sunflower plants.

The Effects of Biological and Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizers and Iron Micronutrient on Forge Quality and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Hoda Mohammadi; Gholamreza Heidari; Yousef Sohrabi

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 185-198

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27736.1678

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesImproving forage yield and quality is a major concern for the producer. Sustainable crop production requires careful management of all nutrient ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesImproving forage yield and quality is a major concern for the producer. Sustainable crop production requires careful management of all nutrient sources in agroecosystems. Biological fertilizers, including Azospirilum, Azotobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas bacteria, can increase plant growth and yield through biological nitrogen fixation and increased solubility of macro elements such as phosphorus. Iron is the most important micro element for crops. Iron is required to perform many plant metabolism and growth activities. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers combined with chemical fertilizers and iron micro element on yield and quality of maize (MV 500 cultivar) forage. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots consisted of different levels of urea fertilizer: Nitrokara biofertilizer, 150 kgha-1 urea + Nitrokara biofertilizer (Azorhizobium caulinodans), Super Nitro Plus biofertilizer (Azospirillum, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens), Super Nitro Plus biofertilizer + 150 kgha-1 urea without nitrogen fertilizer 450 kgha-1 urea, Nitrokara biofertilizer +300 kgha-1 urea, and Super Nitro Plus biofertilizer + 300 kgha-1 urea. The subplots consisted of two iron levels, including 10 kgha-1 iron chelate (Fe EDTA) and without iron application. The measured traits were crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, leaf to shoot ratio, ear to plant ratio and forage yield. Data were analyzed using MSTATC software. ResultsAnalysis of variance showed that the interaction effects of nitrogen fertilizer sources and iron levels were significant on crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, ear/plant ratio and forage yield. The highest crude protein and ash of maize forage were obtained from supernitroplus + 300 kgha-1 urea and iron application. Control treatment (without nitrogen and iron fertilizers) produced the most ADF and NDF values. The highest dry forage yield belonged to Super Nitro Plus + 300 kgha-1 urea with iron fertilizer and the lowest value obtained from control treatment without N and iron fertilizers. DiscussionThe results of this study showed that the combined application of supernitroplus biofertilizer and urea fertilizer along with iron micro element increased maize forage quality and yield compared to the sole application of urea chemical fertilizer. Microorganisms constituting biofertilizers are very benefitial to the plant. They have the ability to enhance plant growth through increasing nutrient availability and uptake with minimal contribution to the environmental pollution, unlike the use of pure mineral fertilizers. The integration of biofertilizers and moderate mineral N fertilizer application accompanied with iron micro element is highly recommended in the production of maize forage.

Genetic Diversity Study of Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) Genotypes for Agro-morphological Traits Under Normal and Drought Stress Conditions

Ali Saremi-Rad; Khodadad Mostafavi

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 227-240

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.27588.1671

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesAs the world's population grows, increasing demand for edible oils is inevitable. In addition to plant genetics, environmental variability plays ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesAs the world's population grows, increasing demand for edible oils is inevitable. In addition to plant genetics, environmental variability plays a key role in plant yield. Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses that reduce the productivity of sunflower and other crops. Understanding the nature of phenotypic traits that improve performance under stress conditions and identifying the complex physiological and genetically mechanisms is fundamental to plant stress. Improving drought tolerance and increasing water productivity in plants is one of the most important goals of the breeders. Gaining knowledge of the amount of phenotypic and genetic parameters in the plant species for genetic and plant breeding studies is very important for the exact selection of the genotypes according to the objectives of the breeding programs. Understanding the nature of morphological, physiological, genetic and molecular mechanisms under the influence of drought tolerance can play an important role in the development of drought tolerant genotypes for cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas. The main aims of this study included investigation of genetic diversity of sunflower germplasm (to understand the relationships between morphological traits and their heritability) and accurate identification of the most important traits that affect the sunflower yield in each of the normal conditions and drought stress. Materials and MethodsAn experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in normal and drought stress conditions in 2014 growing season on 12 sunflower genotypes in a research field of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch. Each block consisted of 12 plots and each plot contained five rows. Each row was 5 meters length with 60 cm spacing, and plant spacing on rows was 20 cm. The studied traits included grain yield, seed length, seed width, seed diameter, leaf length, leaf width, plant height and stem diameter. ResultsThe results of combined analysis of variance confirmed the significant diversity among genotypes for most traits. Grain yield showed higher values for parameters of genetic efficiency, genotypic and phenotypic variation coefficients under drought stress and non-stress conditions compared to other traits. While the highest percentage of heritability in the normal condition belonged to grain yield, it belonged to plant height in the stress conditions. Plant height, leaf width, stem diameter and leaf length showed the highest change in terms of traits in stress conditions compared to normal conditions. Dendrograms derived from cluster analysis classified genotypes into three groups based on studied traits under both drought stress and non-stress conditions. According to the cluster analysis, under drought stress condition, the Sor and Progress genotypes were identified as tolerant genotypes and, in contrast, genotypes of Favorite, Record, SHF81-90, Master and Lakomka were recognized as sensitive genotypes. DiscussionIn the combined analysis of variance the significance of the environmental effect shows that drought stress has significantly affected all traits. Therefore, the applied stress reveals the differences between the cultivars and the evaluation of the cultivars in the stress environment can lead to the selection of suitable cultivars. The effect of genotype was not significant for some traits, which suggests that the selection of cultivars for these traits is complex because the differences between the cultivars are not clearly defined. Selection is more reliable for traits that are significant, such as grain yield. The interaction between genotype and environment also increases the complexity of selection, which was significant only for plant height in this study. The high coefficient of phenotypic variation for traits indicates that the expression of these traits is greatly affected by the environment. Also, the high coefficient of genotypic and phenotypic variation for some traits indicates the wide range of changes for these traits. In general, the correspondence of the phenotypic coefficient and the genotypic coefficient in some traits indicates that the environmental effects on trait expression are negligible. However, when the phenotypic variation coefficient is higher than the genotypic variation coefficient, it indicates a high environmental effect. The low difference between the phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation for some traits suggests that these traits are more controlled by genetic factors. Therefore, the selection of parents for these traits is appropriate for hybridization programs.

Comparison of Carbohydrates and Delta12 and delta15 Genes Expression in Tetra and Hexa Ploid Wheat under Cold Acclimation and Cold Stress

Leila Nejadsadeghi; Reza Maali-Amiri; Hasan Zinali khangah

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 387-400

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22457.1481

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Plant cells often increase cold tolerance by reprogramming their genes expression, which results in adjusted metabolic alternations, a process ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Plant cells often increase cold tolerance by reprogramming their genes expression, which results in adjusted metabolic alternations, a process enhanced under cold acclimation (CA). In this study, responses of Carbohydrate alteration and delta12 and delta15 genes expression to cold stress (CS) phases were comparatively studied in three genotypes of bread and durum wheat differing in sensitivity. Two of them (Norstar, bread wheat and Gerdish, durum wheat) were tolerant to CS and the other one, SRN (durum wheat) was sensitive to CS. Materials and Methods Seeds of Norstar (hexaploid, bread wheat) and the two genotypes of Gerdish and SRN (tetraploid, durum wheat) provided by Dryland Agriculture Research Institute (DARI) of Iran were soaked in distilled water and then germinated in Petri dishes on filter paper for 72 h at 25 C in a thermostat. Subsequently, the seedlings were planted in pots. The cooling regime adopted in our experiments allowed us to differentiate the examined genotypes in terms of their tolerance to CS. In our experiment, the plants were moved from control conditions immediately into the acclimated temperature of 4–5 ºC for 14 days with the same photoperiod and irradiance. Leaf samples of genotypes were harvested and analyzed after 14 days under these conditions. After 14 days of CA, the plants were placed into a climatic chamber chilled preliminary to 0 ºC. During further treatments, the temperature was lowered gradually to -5 C (at the rate of 0.5 ºC min-1 ), and the plants were incubated at this temperature for 12 and 24 h. Total cellular RNA was extracted by Biozol method (Fersion Pooyesh, Tehran, Iran) using 80 mg FM leaflets. Applying fermentase reverse transcriptase enzyme instruction, the first strand of cDNA was produced after DNase treatment. Primers were designed using primer 3 to obtain 18–21 bp length. Carbohydrate extraction and determining the carbohydrate concentration were done by 80% ethanol and the AOAC method, respectively. Results These responses confirmed the existence of a wide range of genetic capacity in durum wheat to increase cold tolerance particularly in Gerdish. The findings of the present study showed that under experimental treatments, the carbohydrate content significantly changed so that cold stress in acclimated plants increased sucrose, glucose and fructose contents particularly in Norstar and Gerdish as compared to the SRN plants. Increasing expression of delta12 and delta15 genes under cold stress in Norstar and SRN genotypes in comparison with SRN indicates the capacity of cells in increasing cold stress. Discussion The results may be a sign for associating other metabolite or enzyme activities to create relative tolerance against cold-induced oxidative stress. Also, these responses showed high genetic diversity for cold tolerance in durum. Eventually, assessing the dynamics of cell responses after CS without CA phases could profitably be a novel path in plant stress response investigations in the short run.

Evaluating Quality Indices of Extracts in Green and Burnt Sugarcane Harvesting

Reza Moradi; SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Abdolreza Siahpoosh; Abdulmahdi Bakhshandeh; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 402-415

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.25618.1595

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives International forces and public pressure to prevent environmental pollution have changed burnt sugarcane harvesting to green sugarcane harvesting ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives International forces and public pressure to prevent environmental pollution have changed burnt sugarcane harvesting to green sugarcane harvesting in most important sugarcane-producing regions of the world. In the major countries that produce sugarcane, sufficient research has been done on green sugarcane harvesting. Due to climate difference between Iran and other countries, it is essential to investigate all the aspects of green cane harvesting such as the quality indices of extracts in Khuzestan, Iran. Materials and Methods To compare extract quality in burnt and green sugarcane harvesting, a test was performed in 2015-2016 at Emam Khomeini Agro industry company (latitude 31,44o N, longitude 48,44o E and 24 m asl). A spilet plot design was used. Three sugarcane varieties with different ripeness durations were considered as the main plot and five harvesting methods and ratooning including burnt harvesting, green cane harvesting without rationing, green cane harvesting with rationing, green cane harvesting with one reshape replication and green cane harvesting with two reshape replications with four replications were considered as the sub plot. Trash percent, extraction percent (Ex), total solid material solute in extract (Brix), sugar percent in extract (Pol), extract purity degree (Pty), recovery sugar percent in factory (R.S) and the yield were studied. Results Results showed the varieties had a significant difference regarding all the parameters except Ex. Maximum Ex (%41.863), and the yield (93 t/ha) belonging to Cp69-1062 varieties. Cp73-21 had the maximum Brix (%20.35) and Pol (%18.16). Methods of harvesting and ratooning caused a significant difference as to the trash percent, R.S, the yield and Brix. The mean of trash in green harvesting was 7 %but it was 4% in burnt harvesting. Maximum Brix belonged to the burnt but had no significant difference with that of the green harvesting. Pol percent in the burnt was not significantly different from the two green harvesting methods. The average yields of burnt and green harvestings were 83 t/ha and 74 t/ha respectively. Finally, green harvesting increased Pty. Discussion The results of this study show that in green cane harvesting, as compared with burnt cane harvesting, the trash is increased and the yield is decrease. Because the trash prevents the recovery sugar, we expected that quality indices in green cane harvesting to be worse than burnt cane harvesting. However, due to having fresh cane in green cane harvesting, the parameters of quality, especially the purity, were higher than those in burnt cane harvesting. In the executive phase, the difference between the green and burnt harvesting is more than this experiment because a cane field that has been burnt for harvesting is usually detained for more than 12 hours for transporting the cane to the factory, resulting in much lower quality. The benefits of green cane harvesting will better be understood now if the trash is decreased in green cane harvesting by setting and changing the harvesters.

Effect of Plant Density on Some Physiological and Phenological Indices of Oat (Avena sativa L.) Genotypes in Climatic Conditions of Ahvaz

Maryam Dolatabadi; Payman Hassibi; Habibolah Roshanfekr Dezfuli; Behzad Sorkhi

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 415-428

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24683.1561

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives This study aimed at determining growth indices and temperature requirements at different stages of plant growth in order to optimize the ecology ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives This study aimed at determining growth indices and temperature requirements at different stages of plant growth in order to optimize the ecology of plants to increase yield due to the availability of appropriate access to many agro technological issues, including appropriate planting dates, timely irrigation, appropriate time of harvesting, proper time to control the pests and diseases, the selection the appropriate cultivars, and achieving the highest yield of crops. The study also aimed at determining the growth indices and the growth rate of oat based on the BBCH scale. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during 2013-2014 growing season. Five oat genotypes (V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5) were grown under three different planting densities (including 300, 400, and 500 plants.m-2) using factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Growing Degree Days (GDD) of the different growing stages, according to the BBCH scale, and the daily temperature were calculated. Several physiological traits such as CGR, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), SPAD value and total dry matter yield were evaluated. Results The treatments had different effects on growth indices and physiological traits such as plant growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilasion rate (NAR), leaf chlorophyll content, chlorophyll meter number, and dry matter yield. The results of the mean comparison showed that V2 had the highest level of NAR, RGR, CGR and TDW among oat genotypes, with an average of 1.40 g.m-2.day-1, 0.0015 g. g-1.da, 6.34 g.m-2.day and 39.87 g.m-2.day respectively, at a density of 300 plants / m2. In contrast, V1 had the lowest total dry matter yield with an average of 22.95 g.m-2 day. Among the genotypes, V2 had the lowest growth period with a density of 300 plants.m-2 with an average of 162 days of planting and 1899 days of growth (GDD in degrees C) and V4 had the highest growth period among the studied genotypes at a density of 500 plants.m-2 with the average of 175 days of sowing and 2178 days of growth. Discussion Reducing CGR at high densities can result in reduced photosynthetic energy in the growth of organs, or increased respiration or poor nutritional transmission of the growth of leaves from the root (Moradpour et al. 2013). Because of the decreasing RGR trend and the increasing density, dry matter accumulation was mainly attributed to undifferentiated tissues, as well as the shading of leaves on each other. Moreover, the increase in the age of the leaves can be considered effective in this decrease. Reductions in NAR during the increase in density can be attributed to the rapid addition of assimilates to seeds and the aging of the leaves. Considering the results of this research, it is suggested that using a GDD scale can lead to better at the growing season by estimating the time table as well as the time of phenological stages of oat in order to manage agricultural production, and therefore to determine the necessary conditions for plant growth.

The Effect of Dust Particles on Grain Yield and Some of the Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Wheat in West of Iran

Zeynab Sharifi; Mohsen Saeidi; Eiraj Nosrati; Hasan Heidary

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 149-164

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.21856.1470

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives In recent years, the desertification caused by climate change and human activity is one of the most important causes of dust particles. The ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives In recent years, the desertification caused by climate change and human activity is one of the most important causes of dust particles. The occurrence of dust during the growth of crops (especially wheat) is one of the most substantial risks in crop production in western and southern regions of Iran. Thus, in these areas, an accurate estimate of dust-particle damage in crop production has great importance. Therefore, the study of the effects of dust particles on crop growth is very important. Materials and Methods In order to study the effects of dust on grain yield and physiological and biochemical traits of wheat, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at the research field, the campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University, Kermanshah in 2013-2014. The first factor included two bread wheat cultivars (Pishgam and Zarin) and one durum wheat cultivar (Behrang) and the second factor was applied with the aim to simulate the effect of sprinkler irrigation on the removing of dust particles on the leaf surface with two levels: washing and non-washing treatments of wheat C. Results With respect to the results, in the canopy non-washing treatment, Pishtaz and Behrang cultivars had the highest (6.91 ton ha-1) and the lowest (4.97 ton ha-1) grain yield respectively. The canopy washing treatment compared to the non-washing treatment significantly increased grain yield (18% on average) and its components (without 1000 grains weight), biological yield, harvest index, and some physiological traits, including leaf photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, maximum efficiency of photosystem II, survival index, and some biochemical traits, such as leaf soluble proteins, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, but it had no significant effect on transpiration rate. The lowest and the highest reduction in grain yield under air dust particles are related to Pishgam (13%) and Behrang (28%) respectively. Particles with 0.3 micrometers diameter or less formed most of the dust particles in the air. Discussion It seems that the deposition of this size of particles in stomata pores is the main reason for stomatal plugging, and therefore, the reduction in stomatal conductance and the reduction of leaf photosynthesis rate and the decrease of grain yield reduction. Stomatal plugging by dust particles may cause less water loss and the increase in relative water content as a result. These findings suggest that, in the case of dust-particle occurrence, leaf washing with sprinkler irrigation compared with traditional irrigation method may cause significant increase in grain yield and its components and physiological and biochemical traits in wheat in this area and similar areas.

Evaluation of Physiological Characteristics in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Response to Plant Cutting and Application Methods of Zn and Ca nano-Chelates

Amin Nobahar; Marefat Mostafavi Rad; Hamid reza Zakerin; Saeed Sayfzadeh; Ali reza Valadabadi

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 97-110

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.23744.1524

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important legume crops and it is rich in oil (47-53 %) and protein (25-36 %). Peanut has very ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important legume crops and it is rich in oil (47-53 %) and protein (25-36 %). Peanut has very high nutrient requirement. On the contrary severe mineral nutrient deficiency due to inadequate and imbalanced use of nutrients is one of the major factors responsible for low yield in peanut (Kabir et al., 2013). Zinc (Zn) plays an important role in the production of biomass. Furthermore, Zn may be required for chlorophyll production, pollen function and fertilization (Kaya and Higgs, 2002; Pandey et al., 2006). Among the nutrients, Zn deficiency causes yield loss to the maximum of 40% in peanut (Arunachalam et al., 2013). Plant response to Zn deficiency occurs in terms of decrease in membrane integrity, susceptibility to heat stress, decreased synthesis of carbohydrates, cytochromes nucleotide, auxin and chlorophyll (Singh, 2007). Calcium (Ca) is required by peanut plants from the initial stage of pegs appearance until pods maturity. Ca deficiency aborts or shrivels fruit and leads to high percentage of empty pods. The comparison of the various methods of peanut plants fertilization is more important. Peanuts need full sun and topping of main stem in peanut plants could improve solar radiance penetration in to the canopy. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of plant topping, Zn and Ca nano-fertilizers and their application on peanut yield. Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out in 2016 cropping season as split split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Nano-chelates including nano-chelated Zn, nano-chelated Ca and simultaneous usage of nano-chelated Zn and nano-chelated Ca fertilizers and check as the main plots, the application of methods such as the soil utilization of nano-chelates, foliar application and integrated method of the soil utilization and foliar application of fertilizers as sub plots, and topping of the main stem at 10 and 20 centimeters above the floor and no topping as control comprised the experimental treatments. Results In this experiment, the highest seed yield, biological yield, fruit (pod) yield and peanut hull production were observed as affected by simultaneous usage of Zn and Ca nano- chelates, integrated method of the soil utilization and foliar application of Zn and Ca nano- chelates and topping of the main stem at 20 centimeters above the floor. The greatest fresh forage and hay yield was shown under simultaneous usage of Zn and Ca nono- chelates integrated method of the soil application and foliar spraying of Zn and Ca nano-chelates and topping of the main stem at 10 centimeters above the floor. But the highest percentage of hollow pods per plant and fruit harvest index were achieved under no topping of the peanut stem. Discussion It seems that dividing Ca nano-chelate application could improve peanut reproductive growth. But Zn deficiency during the reproductive growth enhanced hollow pod numbers due to probable photosynthetic capability increment of peanut plant.In general, simultaneous application of Zn and Ca nano-chelates and integrated methods of their usage and topping of the main stem at 20 centimeters above the floor increased fruit and grain yield of peanut under Guilan climatic condition.

Effects of Drought Stress on Enzymatic and Non- Enzymatic Antioxidants in Flag Leaf and Spikes of Tolerant and Sensitive Wheat Genotypes

P. Sharifi; N. Mohammadkhani

Volume 41, Issue 3 , December 2018, , Pages 37-50

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.20256.1420

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Drought stress is one of the main limiting factors in plant production in semiarid regions; this is due to its oxidative stress. Materials and Methods ... Read More

Assessing the Morphological, Phonological and Physiological Diversity of Some Center and South Iranian Onion (Allium cepa L.) Genotypes as Regards Bolting Resistance

S. M. Zarrin; A. Masoumiasl

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 117-131

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.18873.1369

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives After the potato and tomato, onion production is in the third place in world, but planting it in the fall season is faced with the problem of bolting. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives After the potato and tomato, onion production is in the third place in world, but planting it in the fall season is faced with the problem of bolting. Although flower production is one of the main stages of seed production, flowering branches formation by consuming foods stored in the bulb reduces the quality and quantity of products. Critical size of plants for stimulating the production of flowering branches depends on genotype (Brewster, 1985). Temperature requirement for stimulating flower production varies between 5 and 12 degree Centigrade (Khokhar et al., 2007; Wiebe, 1990; Brewster, 1982). Thus, studying how this phenomenon, effective environmental conditions and its inducing factors for identifying bolting resistant genotypes is considered important. Materials and Methods The seeds of six Iranian landraces genotypes of onion including Lorestan, Qom, Tehran, Kerman, Hormozgan and Sistan (received from Iranian Gene Bank, Karaj), 10 indigenous genotypes collected from different regions of the center and south of Iran, as well as two foreign commercial cultivars were planted in pots in the greenhouse condition. After reaching the eight leaf stage, plants were transferred to the cold room. The average temperature of cold room was 8 °C and photoperiod was 11 hours brightness to simulate winter condition. To evaluate cold requirement for bolting, two different treatment times (45 and 70 days) were considered. After that treatment, pots were transferred to the greenhouse. Some morphological, phonological and physiological traits were measured. Results According to results of analysis of variance, differences of all traits between all studied genotypes were significant showing high variability in genotypes. Also, the effect of genotype and treatment for plant height, flowering percentage, total leaf soluble solids and total leaf soluble protein was significant. In this study, Kerman genotype was identified as the most resistance genotype to bolting in both treatments. Then Ghale Reiysi, Golden and Badrood genotypes, with the small flowering percentage showed the highest resistance to bolting. Badrood genotype had the highest sensitivity to bolting. Discussion Kazemi Shahandashti et al. (2011) suggested that cold treatment inhibits cell division so the temperature decrease leads to stoping the growth and changing the synthesis of proteins. However, in some plants during the cold treatment, adaptability to cold is normal and higher height in some genotypes can be attributed to cold adaptability of them. These results generally reflect the diversity between genotypes in terms of flower production and indicate that in line with other studies (Darabi, 2010), the flower production reduced weight, length, diameter and volume of bulb. In general, increase in total soluble solids can be considered as a physiological index for resistance to bolting.

Evaluation of Sodium Accumulation in Leaves of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Cultivars Differing in Salt Tolerance

V. Atlassi Pak

Volume 41, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 43-56

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.19760.1405

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Two main mechanisms for salt tolerance in plants are low rate of salt transport to shoots and tolerance of high leaf salt concentrations by sequestration ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Two main mechanisms for salt tolerance in plants are low rate of salt transport to shoots and tolerance of high leaf salt concentrations by sequestration of Na+ within cells vacuoles. Recently research for genetic variation in Na+ accumulation within bread wheat has revealed large variation in leaf Na+ concentration. The control of Na+ accumulation in leaf is an important physiological process conferring salt tolerance to wheat. Many studies have shown that low sodium concentration in leaves correlate with salt tolerance. Sodium concentration in leaves may be influenced by sodium uptake by roots and transport from root to shoot. Materials and Methods In order to understand the salt tolerance mechanisms and the pattern of Na+ accumulation, 3 bread wheat cultivars differing in salt tolerance (Kavir, Mahdavi and Jajan), were evaluated through two factorial experiments based on completely randomized design in three replications. Experiment 1 used 3 cultivars (Kavir, Mahdavi and Jajan) with four salt treatments (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) and experiment 2 used three cultivars (Kavir, Mahdavi and Jajan) with two salt treatments (0 and 150 mM NaCl). Results Leaf Na+ concentration of genotypes was increased in response to increasing salinity after 14 days but Na+ concentration was greater in sensitive genotype (Tajan) than tolerant genotypes (Kavir and Mahdavi). There were no significant differences between genotypes in RGR and shoot: root ratio. Results showed that the differences between genotypes in Na+ transport were responsible for differences in shoot Na+ concentrations. Na+ concentration in the root of all genotypes was the same but salt tolerant genotypes maintained higher K+: Na+ ratio in shoot. Shoot biomass was significantly reduced at 150 mM NaCl, whereas this reduction was almost the same for all genotypes. Kavir had the highest ability to tolerate high leaf tissue concentrations of Na+ and leaf Na+ concentrations were much lower in Mahdavi than two other cultivars. Discussion It seems that the major effect of salinity on shoot biomass was due to the osmotic effect of salt, not due to Na+-specific effects within the plant. Differences in Na+ transport rates from roots to shoots may cause different patterns of sodium accumulation through time. The comparison of genotypes suggests that at least there are two main mechanisms for salt tolerance in hexaploid wheat. One is a lower rate of Na+ accumulation in shoot and the other is tolerance of tissue to high concentrations of Na+.

Effect of zeolite on root dry matter and yield parameters of wheat in polluted soil by chemical weapons

A. Azogh; S.K.i Marashi; T. Babaeinejad

Volume 40, Issue 4 , March 2018, , Pages 21-30

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.13444

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Nowadays, regarding the adverse effect of war and use of military weapons in the environment and also its limitations against cereal cultivation and ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Nowadays, regarding the adverse effect of war and use of military weapons in the environment and also its limitations against cereal cultivation and population growth, the use of lands affected by military weapons in order to produce foods for human is a critical necessity. One of the most effective factors on wheat yield management is the application of zeolite as a source of manure and monitoring heavy metal concentrations affected by this mineral. The best option is to use zeolites as inorganic fertilizers and also for monitoring polluted by the mineral elements. So, studying the effect of zeolite on yield characteristics of wheat in polluted soil with chemical weapons seems to be necessary. Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out in a completely randomized factorial design with three replications where the treatments were polluted and non-polluted soil samples and four amounts of zeolite (0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 % w/w). Results The results showed that the effect of zeolite on root dry matter was significant in polluted and non-polluted soils. The most amount of applied zeolite led to increasing dry matter to 11.11 g/pot in polluted soil and 6.93 g/pot in non-polluted soil. Also, the effect of zeolite on 1000-grain weight in polluted and non-polluted soils was significant. The maximum 1000-grain weight was observed in 2.5 % zeolite in polluted soil and the minimum was observed in non-used zeolite treatment in non-polluted soil. Effect of zeolite treatment on number of grains per spikelet and number of spikelet per spike was not significant in non-polluted soil. Results of this experiment showed that the effect of zoelite on grain yield in polluted and non-polluted soil was significant. The maximum grain yield was observed in 2.5% zeolite treatment with 63.2 g/pot and the minimum was obtained in non-used zeolite treatment in non-polluted soil with 8.8 g/pot. Discussion In general, the zeolite has a significant effect on agronomic traits and yield of wheat. That was due to favorable physical and chemical properties, such as porosity, air permeability, cation exchange capacity, enhancing the long-term availability of nutrients and trapping heavy metals of bombs and weapons and reducing the negative impact of these elements in the soil, which lead to plant health.

Assessment Effect of Cutting Time and Soil Salinity on Quality and Quantity Forage Yield of Five Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) Varieties under Ahvaz Condition

Z. Nekoyanfar; Sh. Lack; Gh.R. Abadouz

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 113-127

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.15260.1239

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives The cutting schedule imposes strong effects on yield and forage quality of alfalfa varieties. In Khuzestan province (south west of Iran), there are ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives The cutting schedule imposes strong effects on yield and forage quality of alfalfa varieties. In Khuzestan province (south west of Iran), there are many influential factors on alfalfa cutting time such as temperature, sunlight duration, height of water table and amounts of salts in soil. The aim of this research was to evaluate forage production in continuous cuttings of alfalfa varieties in saline soils of Ahvaz conditions. Materials and Methods In order to study the effect of cutting time on quantitative and qualitative yield of alfalfa varieties an experiment was carried out as split plots in time, based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with four replications in saline soil (Electrical conductivity=7.5 ds.m-1) at the research farm of Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in 2011 and 2012 crop seasons. The main plot included varieties (Mesasirca, Baghdadi, Nikshahri and Bami) and the sub plot included three cutting times (23 Aug., 1 Oct. and 20 Dec.). These cutting times characterized, summer cut, first autumn cut and second autumn cut. Nine traits including Fresh Forage yield, Dry Forage yield, Leaf stem Ratio, Crude protein, Crude fiber, Na concentration in plant, Ca concentration in plant, Na/Ca were determined. Concentrations of Na and Ca in plant were assessed by using flame photometer. Results The results of ANOVA showed that genotypes had a significant effect on all of traits, except Leaf Stem ratio, Ca concentration in plan, Na /Ca. The highest dry forage yield (4.93 t.ha-1) and fresh forage yield (15.15 t.ha-1) belonged to Baghdadi in the second autumn cut. The lowest Crude Fiber percentage was owned by Bami in the second autumn cut (21.32%) and Mesasirca in the second autumn cut (21.35%) which did not have a significant difference with each other. The highest amount of Na/Ca trait belonged to Baghdadi in the first autumn cut and the lowest Na/Ca belonged to Bami in summer cut. Baghdadi variety at the second cutting treatment has the highest (0.95%) Na concentration and Nickshahri at summer cutting has the lowest amount of Na (0.44%). Mesasersa (45.9 cm) and Baghdadi (45 cm) varieties had the highest plant height; also, Nickshahri (41.1 cm) and Bami (43.1 cm) had the lowest plant height. Discussions Considering results of this research, it is suggested that among varieties, Mesasirca and Baghdadi were the best genotypes and the second autumn cut has suitable conditions for producing of alfalfa high forage quantity and quality.

Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on ecophysiological characteristics of two wheat cultivars under reinfed condition

M.H. Ansari; D. Hashemabadi; M. Yadegari

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 75-88

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13121

Abstract

To evaluate the effect of PGPRs on ecophysiological characteristics of two wheat cultivars a factorial experiment with three replications was carried out under rainfed conditions in ... Read More

Effects of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on Some of Growth and Quality Indices of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Z. Reisi; Mahmoud Reza Tadayon; S. Fallah

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 15-28

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12451

Abstract

Background and Objectives The yield and quality of tobaco plants depends upon several factors, such as nutritions and good cultivation practice which plays a significant role in leave ... Read More Background and Objectives The yield and quality of tobaco plants depends upon several factors, such as nutritions and good cultivation practice which plays a significant role in leave pruduction and the qualitative characteristics such as nicotin content. The main purpose of fertilization is to consider quantity and quality in tobacco production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemical and organic fertilizers on some of growth and quality indices of tobacco in field conditions. Material and Methods In order to study the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on physiological, growth indices and quality of tobacco (Burley Cv.) an experiment was counducted at Shahrekord University in 2013 as a randomized complete block design with three replications.Treatments included compost based on the tobacco demand, vermicompost based on the tobacco demands, chemical fertilizer based on the tobacco demands, 50 percent compost + 50 percent chemical fertilizer, 50 percent vermicompost + 50 percent chemical fertilizer and control. Sowing in nursery was done in March 2013 and transplanted to field in May 2013. After plowing and disking and leveling by rotary, tobacco seedling was transplanted in the main field. In the current study the space between rows was 80 cm and between plants on rows was 50 cm. The area of every plot was 5×4 m2. Traits of leaf area index (LAI), net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR), cutters dry weight, nicotine content and ash leaves were evaluated. The data were analyzed by using version 9.1 SAS. Least Significant Difference test was used to compare the means at 1% of significance. Also, the figures were drawn by Excel 2010 software. Results The results indicated that the organic and chemical fertilizers increased leaf area index (LAI), net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR) and cutters dry weight. Among the treatments, chemical fertilizer had higher values of LAI, CGR and NAR. Maximum cutters dry weight (2833 kg ha-1) were obtained from chemical fertilizer (three fold increased compared to control treatment). After chemical fertilizer treatment, maximum values of LAI, CGR, NAR and cutters dry weight were obtained from the compost treatment. Vermicompost treatment had the highest nicotine content and the lowest ash leaves. The results of this study indicated chemical fertilizer and then compost treatments had the greatest effect on growth parameters and cutters dry weight, however, the qualitative characteristics of plants treated with vermicompost were better than other treatments. Discussions The difference in the growth indices and cutters dry weight between organic and chemical fertilizer treatments could be due to differences in the amount of mineral nitrogen available for plant. This increase in the chemical fertilizer treatments can be due to the positive effect of nitrogen on the dry matter changes and increasing the plant's leaf area. Thus, for better quality, vermicompost and for more dry matter production, chemical fertilizer or compost are recommended.

Planting Date Effect on Yield and Yield Component of Three Wheat Cultivars in Competitive With Wild Oat

M. Asadnezhad; M. Farzaneh; M. Meskarbashee

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 55-68

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12431

Abstract

Background and Objectives Wheat cultivars that have suppression potential of weeds besides high yield can be a weed management method in sustainable agriculture. Materials and Methods ... Read More Background and Objectives Wheat cultivars that have suppression potential of weeds besides high yield can be a weed management method in sustainable agriculture. Materials and Methods In order to study the competition ability of some wheat cultivar with wild oats in three planting dates, a field experiment as factorial in complete randomize blocks with three replications was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of Shahid Chamran University in 2013-2014. In this experiment, the factors included planting dates (16th November, 1st December and 16th December), wheat cultivars (Star, Chamran and Virinak) and competition with wild oats (with wild oat, without these weeds). Results The result showed, in the competition status, Star cultivar had a higher grain yield than other cultivars in the first planting date (16th November) whereas, it had no significance different with Star and Chamran in the second planting date (1st December). When the cultivars were planted as monoculture, the highest grain yield belong to Star in the first planting date followed by the second planting data. In this condition, Virinak and Chamran in the first planting date had the lowest grain yields. Effect of the planting date on grain yield was the same trend as grain/spike; however, the high correlation with grain/spike (81%) and with thousand grains weight (59%) confirmed it. Three cultivars obtained the highest of competition index in 1st December. Although the competition and planting date resulted in decrease of grain yield, according to this investigation, the best planting date was determined 16th November and 1st December for Star cultivar. When the planting was delayed (16th December), virinak was a better choice. Discussions According to the different growth, competitive and morphological characteristics of wheat cultivars, their responses varied in different planting dates in competition against wild oats. The grain yield of Chamran, Star and Virinak cultivars decreased 27, 25 and 23 respectively by competition with wild oats. In this respect, the dry matter of planted wild oats on 1st December than the former and latter planting dates was further damaged by every three wheat cultivars (Star, Chamran and Virinak) besides higher grain yield of wheat cultivars whereas the climatic conditions of this year with previous years differed, suggesting wheat planting with short delay as an agronomy method was assayed in the different years with regard to temperature and hydrothermal effect on wild oats germination and growth in comparison with wheat.

Effects of Different Concentrations of Cytokinin and Auxin Hormones on Yield and Yield Components of Grain Maize (Zea mays L.) in Salinity Conditions

D. Davani; M. Nabipour; H. Roshanfekr Dezfouli

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 69-80

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12433

Abstract

Background and Objectives Maize (Zea mays L.) belongs to the family of Poaceae and it is the third important cereal crop of the World after wheat and rice. Salinity is one of the major ... Read More Background and Objectives Maize (Zea mays L.) belongs to the family of Poaceae and it is the third important cereal crop of the World after wheat and rice. Salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. Maize is sensitive to salinity. Ba is one of the cytokinins known to significantly improve the growth of crop plants grown under salinity. IBA is also known to play a significant role in plant tolerance to salt stress. However, little information appears to be available on the relationship between salinity tolerance and auxin or cytokinins levels in plants. In this respect, the objective of this study was to study the effects of sprying of cytokinin and auxin hormones on yield and yield components of grain maize in saline conditions. Materials and Methods To study the effects of cytokinin (0, 75 and 100 mg.l-1) and auxin (0, 15, 20 mg.l-1) hormones on yield and its components of grain maize (Zea mays L.) under saline conditions, an experiment was conducted during 2013 in the research station of Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in a factorial design based on randomized complete design with three replications. Cytokinin (Benzyl Adenine, Merck) and Auxin (Indole-3-Butiric Acid, Merck) were sprayed on the entire plant in the evening. Data was analyzed using the SAS (Ver.9.1) and significance of the differences between the means was conducted using LSD test. Results Results of Analysis of Variance showed that the highest grain yield was obtained by application of cytokinin and auxin with concentrations of 100 and 20 mg.l-1, respectively. The characteristics of plant height, stem diameter, ear length, row number per Ear and biological yield increased by sprying 100 mg.l-1 cytokine. In the treatment of without spraying auxin, the highest kernel number per row was obtained by spraying cytokinin at 75 mg.l-1 while in the treatment spraying auxin at 15 and 20 mg.l-1 the highest kernel number per row was obtained by sprying 100 mg.l-1 cytokinin. In three levels of cytokinin, application of auxin increased 1000 kernel weight. The highest harvest index was obtained by application of auxin at 20 mg.l-1. Discussions It has been found that both auxin and cytokinin may have a role in mediating cell division in the endosperm during the grain-filling stage. Therefore, these hormones might regulate the grain capacity (sink size) for the accumulation of carbohydrates. It was found that IAA actively participated in the mobilization and accumulation of carbohydrates in seeds. Auxin and cytokinins hormones are also thought to be involved in regulating sink strength either by mediating the division and enlargement of endosperm cells or by controlling the import of assimilates to the sink. Results of this study demonstrated that sprying cytokinin at 100 mg.l-1 and auxin at 20 mg.l-1 reduced the effects of salinity on yield and increased the grain yield.

Estimating of Leaf Area in Safflower Using Vegetative Characteristics

b T; A S; H S

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 115-123

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12426

Abstract

Background and Objectives Accurate measurements of leaf area are important for agronomic and physiological studies. Leaf area can be calculated in two ways: direct and indirect. Direct ... Read More Background and Objectives Accurate measurements of leaf area are important for agronomic and physiological studies. Leaf area can be calculated in two ways: direct and indirect. Direct methods for determining leaf area are a destructive method and need a planimeter to measure the total leaf area attached to shoots which are all time-consuming and tedious approaches. All direct methods are similar in that they are difficult, extremely labor-intensive, require many replicates to account for spatial variability in the canopy, and are therefore costly in terms of time and money and also destructive. In the indirect methods, leaf area was estimated through some crop vegetative characteristics which are less costly and time-consuming. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to examine different relationships between leaf area and some vegetative characteristics in safflower and to select the best characteristic for estimating leaf area. Materials and Methods The field experiment was conducted with four safflower cultivars (411, Sina, Esfahan and Sofeh) in three planting dates (4April, 25 April and 16 May 2012) as arrangement factorial in randomized complete blocks design. During the growing season, every 5 or 10 days, the leaf area was measured by the planimeter (T Devices, Cambridge, UK). At the same time, leaf dry weight (LDW), stem dry weight (SDW), vegetative dry weight (VDW), node number on main stem (MSNN) and leaf number on main stem (MSLN) were measured. The relationships between leaf area and these vegetative characteristics were examined by the regression. Consequently, the best characteristic for estimating leaf area was selected by the high R2, r and low RMSD. Results In this study, regression models were developed for estimating leaf area (LA) from measurements of main stem leaf number (MSLN), and main stem node number (MSNN), leaf dry weight (LDW), stem dry weight (LDW) and vegetative dry weight (VDW). On the basis of RMSD and coefficient correlation (r) between predicted and observed leaf area, LDW was found to be the best independent characteristic for determining the leaf area by the linear model. The values of RMSD varied from 39.9 to 61.4 and the values of r were higher than 0.96. Once there was no significant difference between model coefficients across cultivars we pooled all data and obtained a generalized linear model for estimating LA in all cultivars (LA=10.6+102.2LDW) with RMSD=52 and r=0.96. Discussions Overall, this study suggests that in the absence of planimeter device, it may be appropriate to estimate leaf area using the relationship between LA and LDW. Also, because of the close relationship between LDW and LA than other relationships, this relationship can be used to estimate leaf area in simulation models.

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Main Subjects = A: Crops Physiology

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