Plant Productions

The effect of foliar application of iron and zinc fertilizers on some agronomic traits of Lallemantia iberica L. under post anthesis water deficit

Mandana Azhand; Mohsen Saeidi; Ali Beheshti Al Agha; Daniel Kahrizi

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 140-154

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41711.2056

Abstract

Introduction Among various non-biological stresses, drought stress is the most important factor that has limited production in the agricultural sector of the country (Akhzari and Pessarakli, ... Read More Introduction Among various non-biological stresses, drought stress is the most important factor that has limited production in the agricultural sector of the country (Akhzari and Pessarakli, 2016). Today, the supply of oilseeds for the extraction of vegetable oils needed for various industrial, edible, medicinal and cosmetic uses is one of the basic needs of the current population growth (Beynam, 2015). Balangu (Lallemantia iberica L.) is an annual, herbaceous and drought-resistant plant belonging to the mint family (Lamiaceae). With medicinal-oil properties, it is considered a multi-purpose plant in agriculture (Hendawy et al., 2015). In order to check and predict the phenological stages of the planted plants in an area, the relationship between the phenological stages and the thermal factor should be considered. For this purpose, thermal units of growth degree days (GDD) are used to check the amount of heat needed to pass each growth stage of plants (Kumari et al., 2020). In plants under drought stress, where the absorption of nutrients through the root faces a problem due to the decrease in soil water volume, the absorption of micronutrients such as iron and zinc can be effective through foliar spraying. (Rafique et al., 2015). In the conditions of lack of water resources, like what is happening in our country, it is necessary to change the agricultural pattern towards planting plants adapted to dry land, as well as ways to increase yield per unit area. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the development of Balangu planting and the role of foliar application of iron and zinc micronutrients on phenology and the adjustment of stress effects. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in the research farm of Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kermanshah during two consecutive years (2017-2018 and 2018-2019) as a split-plot-factorial experiment in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments include: irrigation (Water deficit after flowering and Normal) in the main plots, foliar spray factors (zero, four and eight per thousand concentrations of iron and zinc sulfate) and foliar application time (at the beginning of the vegetative and reproductive growth stage) were factorially placed in sub-plots. The seeds (native population of Songhor region of Kermanshah province) were planted manually at a depth of two centimeters and with a density of 400 plants per square meter in a row at the first appropriate time in late March of 2017 and 2018. Application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers was based on need. Dehydration stress was applied by stopping irrigation from the time of full flowering (opening of 50% of flowers). Results and Discussion The results showed that, with the application of water stress, the seed yield and oil yield decreased by 24% and 17%, respectively, and the oil percentage increased by 8% compared to the treatment without water stress. Also, water deficit stress reduced the number of days and heat requirement to maturity by 10 days and 275 growth days degree, respectively. The greatest increase in oil yield compared to the treatment without foliar spraying (control) was related to the 4 and 8 per thousand zinc foliar treatments in reproductive stage and under stress conditions, which increased these traits from 339 and 283 respectively in conditions Lack of stress and water deficit stress increased to 539 and 513 kg/ha. The greatest effect of iron and zinc foliar application treatments on increasing plant height and the number of days and heat requirement to maturity stage was related to 4 and 8 per thousand iron and zinc foliar application in the vegetative growth stage. Conclusion In the present study, it can be concluded that the Balangu having adaptability, suitable production, relatively short growth period and matching the length of the growth period with the rainfall of the study area, and it can be considered as a common plant for rotation in this region. Foliar application of iron and zinc micronutrient elements should be used by farmers to moderate the effects of water deficit stress, taking into account its small and economical amounts.

Identification of different drought patterns of dryland wheat in the northwest of Iran by APSIM model

Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; Hamed Eyni-Nargeseh

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 435-446

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40869.2036

Abstract

IntroductionImproving crop yields can meet the projected demand in developed and developing countries as a key and promising solution. To increase dryland wheat production in arid and ... Read More IntroductionImproving crop yields can meet the projected demand in developed and developing countries as a key and promising solution. To increase dryland wheat production in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, researchers and crop breeders need to understand the drought pattern (in terms of time and intensity) occurring in wheat agro-systems because depending on the time and intensity of drought stress, drought stress impacts on different processes and genes of crops. To accurately study the drought pattern of dryland wheat and different cultivars adapted to these conditions, researchers need to design multi-environmental field experiments, which are time-consuming and costly. Under these circumstances, some essential information is limited in the field experiments, especially when done for only a few years, and basically does not indicate fluctuations in the target environments. In contrast, the modeling and simulation approach is a useful method for comprehensive environmental impact assessment. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to identify and study different drought patterns in 8 locations including Ardebil, Khalkhal, Maragheh, Marand, Meshginshahr, Sarab, Tabriz, and Urmia in the northwest of Iran. APSIM model was used to simulate the growth and development of dryland wheat in the study locations. The long-term climatic included minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, and radiation (1980 to 2016) collected from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. These data were used as input to the crop growth simulation model. Water supply and demand index was used to determine different drought patterns. This index is obtained by dividing soil water content to plant water demand (WSDR). After calculating the water supply and demand index for each year and region, the CLARA clustering method was used to classify and group the index. The number of groups obtained by CLARA method was equal to the type of drought patterns of dryland wheat. Results and DiscussionThe results showed 4 different drought patterns during the dryland wheat growing season in the study locations. Drought pattern 1 showed no drought stress or mild drought stress throughout the growing season of dryland wheat. Under drought pattern 2, drought stress started before flowering and ended during seed filling. For drought pattern 3, water stress started from the time of germination but removed during the vegetative growth period. Drought pattern 4 started in the early stages of growth and continued until the end of the dryland wheat growing season. The frequency of occurrence of 1, 2, 3, and 4 drought patterns was 27.8%, 26%, 8% and 38.2%, respectively. On average across locations, transpiration was 160, 137.1, 31, and 86.7 mm for 1, 2, 3, and 4 drought patterns during the wheat growing season. Also, a significant difference was observed among different drought patterns in terms of biomass that biomass under drought patterns 1, 2, 3, and 4 was equal to 13411, 10076, 2097 and, 6435 kg ha-1, respectively. Grain yield under drought pattern types 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 3738.7, 2949.7, 694.6, and 1456.2 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest percentage of light and mild drought patterns (1 and 2) was related to Marand region with 100% and Sarab region experienced more severe drought patterns (3 and 4) than other regions (88.2%). Under different locations and drought patterns, on average across years, the highest grain yield was simulated for Marand under drought pattern 1 (4759 kg ha-1) and the lowest was recorded for Urmia under drought pattern 3 (208.8 kg ha-1). ConclusionIn general, the simulation results showed that 4 different types of drought patterns were observed during the dryland wheat growing period in the study locations. The frequency of occurrence of 4 drought patterns was various in the study locations and the grain yield varied under the drought patterns. However, the highest occurrence was related to drought pattern 4, under which drought stress begun in the early stages of growth and lasted until the end of the dryland wheat growing season. Accordingly, it is suggested to consider various strategies such as using cultivars with short maturity period to avoid drought stress at the end of the season and using cultivars with high resistance to drought stress (especially in the flowering period).

Effect of Tuber Size and GA3 on the Growth and Stimulation of Flowering of Zantedeschia pentlandii cv. Picasso

Mohammad Hossein Azimi; Behzad Edrisi; Mobina Hadi

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 447-458

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30436.1794

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionZantedeschia, native to southern Africa, herbaceous flowering plants in the family Araceae, with common names such as Arum lily, Trumpet lily, Pig lily, or Miniature ... Read More AbstractIntroductionZantedeschia, native to southern Africa, herbaceous flowering plants in the family Araceae, with common names such as Arum lily, Trumpet lily, Pig lily, or Miniature Calla Lily. Calla lilies are among the most colorful flowers with a unique flower form. It is one of the most important pot, cut flower and outdoor plant in the world. GA3 is sometimes used to stimulate growth and flowering of plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GA3 and different weights of rhizome on growth, development, as well as qualitative and quantitative properties, of Zantedeschia in the greenhouse. Materials and MethodsThis research was carried out to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of GA3 on micro-tuber of Z. pentlandii cv. Picasso. Micro-tuber in three sizes and average weights included; large (S1=6.20g), medium (S2=3.20g) and fine (S3=1.20g) soaked in GA3 solution with concentrations 0, 250, 500, 750 ppm for 30 minutes. Experiments were carried out in a factorial arrangement with randomized complete block design with three replications. 10 micro-tuber cultured in bed with compounds of 60% coco peat and 40% perlite in greenhouse conditions. From the time of planting to harvesting, the ability of micro-tuber sprouting, leaf length, leaf width, stem length, number of flowering stems, plant height, flower diameter (spathe), number of buds, bud length, the diameter and weight of the micro-tuber after harvest were evaluated.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the maximum length of leaf (100% more than S3GA0) length of flowering stem, diameter and length of flower (spathe) were observed in S1 tubers treated with 500 ppm (S1GA500) and the least amount was obtained in control treatment (S3GA0). The fastest germination was in S1 tubers with 750 ppm (S1GA750 36% earlier than S3GA0) and the earliest flowering was in S2 tubers with 500 ppm treated (S2GA500) which have flowering 28% earlier than S3 tubers with 250 ppm (S1GA250) but non-GA treated tubers in all three sizes have none flower. The highest weight and diameter tuber belonged to S1 tubers with 500 ppm and the lowest weight in S3 tubers without treatment. S3 tubers did not enter the flowering stage. It was shown that the GA3 treatment on Zantedeschia ‘Picasso’ tubers caused earlier flowering and the formation of a greater number of flowers and leaves. GA3 decreased the time between germination and appearance of flower. In simple effects study, large tubers (S1) and GA500 treatment were superior to other treatments in almost all traits. Also, the method of soaking of tubers with GA3 can be used in production scheduling, early efficiency and selection of superior populations in breeding programs. ConclusionThe best growth and flowering indices were S1 tubers with treatment of 500 ppm. S1 tubers with GA3 (500 ppm) treatment were superior in all traits to other treatments. The method of soaking of calla tubers with GA3 can be used in production, increasing efficiency and selecting superior populations in breeding programs.

Assessing the Morphological, Phonological and Physiological Diversity of Some Center and South Iranian Onion (Allium cepa L.) Genotypes as Regards Bolting Resistance

S. M. Zarrin; A. Masoumiasl

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 117-131

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.18873.1369

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives After the potato and tomato, onion production is in the third place in world, but planting it in the fall season is faced with the problem of bolting. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives After the potato and tomato, onion production is in the third place in world, but planting it in the fall season is faced with the problem of bolting. Although flower production is one of the main stages of seed production, flowering branches formation by consuming foods stored in the bulb reduces the quality and quantity of products. Critical size of plants for stimulating the production of flowering branches depends on genotype (Brewster, 1985). Temperature requirement for stimulating flower production varies between 5 and 12 degree Centigrade (Khokhar et al., 2007; Wiebe, 1990; Brewster, 1982). Thus, studying how this phenomenon, effective environmental conditions and its inducing factors for identifying bolting resistant genotypes is considered important. Materials and Methods The seeds of six Iranian landraces genotypes of onion including Lorestan, Qom, Tehran, Kerman, Hormozgan and Sistan (received from Iranian Gene Bank, Karaj), 10 indigenous genotypes collected from different regions of the center and south of Iran, as well as two foreign commercial cultivars were planted in pots in the greenhouse condition. After reaching the eight leaf stage, plants were transferred to the cold room. The average temperature of cold room was 8 °C and photoperiod was 11 hours brightness to simulate winter condition. To evaluate cold requirement for bolting, two different treatment times (45 and 70 days) were considered. After that treatment, pots were transferred to the greenhouse. Some morphological, phonological and physiological traits were measured. Results According to results of analysis of variance, differences of all traits between all studied genotypes were significant showing high variability in genotypes. Also, the effect of genotype and treatment for plant height, flowering percentage, total leaf soluble solids and total leaf soluble protein was significant. In this study, Kerman genotype was identified as the most resistance genotype to bolting in both treatments. Then Ghale Reiysi, Golden and Badrood genotypes, with the small flowering percentage showed the highest resistance to bolting. Badrood genotype had the highest sensitivity to bolting. Discussion Kazemi Shahandashti et al. (2011) suggested that cold treatment inhibits cell division so the temperature decrease leads to stoping the growth and changing the synthesis of proteins. However, in some plants during the cold treatment, adaptability to cold is normal and higher height in some genotypes can be attributed to cold adaptability of them. These results generally reflect the diversity between genotypes in terms of flower production and indicate that in line with other studies (Darabi, 2010), the flower production reduced weight, length, diameter and volume of bulb. In general, increase in total soluble solids can be considered as a physiological index for resistance to bolting.

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Keywords = Flowering

The effect of foliar application of iron and zinc fertilizers on some agronomic traits of Lallemantia iberica L. under post anthesis water deficit

Abstract

Identification of different drought patterns of dryland wheat in the northwest of Iran by APSIM model

Abstract

Effect of Tuber Size and GA3 on the Growth and Stimulation of Flowering of Zantedeschia pentlandii cv. Picasso

Abstract

Assessing the Morphological, Phonological and Physiological Diversity of Some Center and South Iranian Onion (Allium cepa L.) Genotypes as Regards Bolting Resistance

Abstract