Plant Productions

Evaluating APSIM-Barley model for different barley cultivars under water and nitrogeen stresses

Hassan Shahbazi; khosro Azizi; Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; Solieman Mohamadi; Naser Akbari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43267.2092

Abstract

Introduction: Background: Crop simulation models provide the possibility to study the effect of agronomic management practices on agricultural production activities in a given location. ... Read More Introduction: Background: Crop simulation models provide the possibility to study the effect of agronomic management practices on agricultural production activities in a given location. The models are mechanistic and process-oriented that are able to simulate different agricultural systems (including arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran) through different sub-models (biological, environmental, managerial, and economic sub-models) connected with the main engine of the models. In order to use simulation models, these models should be evaluated under different management and climatic conditions to determine the accuracy of these models. Also, the use of these models is accompanied by the estimation of parameters or coefficients that show the characteristics of any cultivar in the model, however, the performance of a genotype in different environmental conditions, in addition to climatic factors and agricultural management, is also affected by these coefficients.The APSIM-Barley model can be used to evaluate the management practices on barley crop. The current research aimd to investigate and evaluate the APSIM-Barley model in relation to simulating the growth, development, and yield of three barley cultivars (Azaran, Jolgeh, and Bahman) under different conditions of nitrogen and irrigation supplies.Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the APSIM-Barley model regarding simulating and quantifying the phenological stages, biomass, and grain yield of different barley cultivars, some independent experiment datasets were used. For crop model calibration, an experiment was conducted in a factorial split plot design at the Agricultural Research Center of Hamedan in 2019. The main factor consisted of three irrigation levels (30-30, 60-70, and 90-100% of the field capacity) and sub-factors included cultivar levels (Azran, Jolgeh, and Bahman as early, mid, and late cultivars, respectively) and three nitrogen levels (zero, medium, and optimum). For model validation, another series of independent datasets consisting of published articles and research projects were used. For assessing the efficiency of the crop model and comparing the simulated and measured values, R2, nRMSE, d-index, and MBE indices were used and OriginPro software was considerd for all statistical analysis and drawing of figures.Results: The simulation results of APSIM-Barley model in the calibration step showed that nRMSE for days to flowering and maturity was 2.43 and 2.4%, respectively. Also, under full water and nitrogen conditions, nRMSE for the leaf area index of Azaran, Jolgeh and Bahman cultivars was 13.5, 14.1, and 10.7%, respectively, and under severe water and nitrogen stresses, it was 16.5, 18.6, and 26.5% respectively. At this step, and nRMSE and d-index for biomass and grain yield were 24.9% and 0.98 and 15.2% and 0.96, respectively. In model validation step, nRMSE, d-index, R2, MBE were 15.02%, 0.96, 0.82 and 0.34 t ha-1, respectively, for grain yield. Conclusion: In general, the results showed that the APSIM-Barley model was able to simulate the growth, development, and grain yield of different barley cultivars with acceptable accuracy under different water and nitrogen management conditions in different years and regions. Therefore, the APSIM-Barley model can be used as a reliable tool in future studies such as climate change assessment, yield gap analysis, agricultural zoning, and etc. by other researchers.

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The Effect of Phosphorus and Nitrogen on Hairy Roots Production in Nicotiana tobaccum as a Model Plant

Mitra Khademi; Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi; Ahmad ismaili

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 13-24

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26865.1641

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesHairy root culture obtained via Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation is considered an essential strategy for in planta enhancement ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesHairy root culture obtained via Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation is considered an essential strategy for in planta enhancement of secondary metabolites/or recombinant protein production. High growth rates and genetic stability characterize hair roots compared to ordinary plant root systems. Low root biomass is one of the significant challenges in any hairy root establishment. To this end, the hairy root culture medium was supplemented with various nitrogen and phosphorus sources and combinations to increase the total biomass production. Materials and MethodsSterile leaf explants were excised from 10-day old tobacco plants and inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes to induce hairy roots formation. Inoculated leaf explants were kept in dark conditions for two days at 25±2 ˚C. Leaf explants were washed and transferred to the MS culture medium supplemented with cefotaxime at sterile conditions. The inoculated explants were kept in the tissue culture room at 25±2 ˚C until hairy roots appeared. Different ratios of nitrate to ammonium (5.1/5.1, 19/20, and 30/5.1 mM) and three potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) as a source of phosphorus (3, 6, and 12 mM) in two types of solid and liquid culture media were used to optimize hairy roots formation and compared in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications, each containing ten explants. The fresh and dry weight of hairy root was recorded 30 days after hairy root formation. ResultsTransgenic hairy roots were confirmed by PCR analysis using the rolC gene-specific primers. No bacteria contamination was found following PCR analysis of transgenic hairy roots. Analysis of the variance of hairy roots dry and fresh weight data showed that nitrogen, phosphorus, and culture media had a significant (P<0.05) effect on hairy roots biomass production. The highest biomass accumulation (11.66 gr/FW and 0.47 gr/DW) was recorded in the media containing 30/5.1mM ratio of NO3/NH4 ratio and 12 mM of KH2PO4, respectively. The lowest dry and fresh weight were obtained when 5.1/5.1 mM of NO3/NH4 and 3 mM KH2PO4 were used. DiscussionThis study suggested that a higher NO3/NH4 ratio and KH2PO4 can lead to the highest hairy roots biomass production. Therefore, it is recommended to use a higher proportion of NO3/NH4 to produce more in planta biomass needed for pharmaceutical and industrial products. Furthermore, it can be concluded that it is possible to optimize the hairy root production if hairy roots are used to scale up the amount of metabolite/recombinant proteins production in tobacco.

The Effect of Nitrogen on Yield and Yield Components of Different Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) Varieties under Weed Competition

Soraya Haghanian; Alireza Yadavi; Hamidreza Balouchi; Ali Moradi; Yaeghoub Behzadi

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 195-210

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22805.1497

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Competition, as one of the key issues and complex phenomena, is in the ecophysiological discussions of plant communities and is influenced ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Competition, as one of the key issues and complex phenomena, is in the ecophysiological discussions of plant communities and is influenced by many factors that can be attributed to weed interference with the crop and the use of fertilizer inputs. Considering that nowadays the use of plant oils and sesame cultivation has increased, the aim of this study was to investigate the response of sesame cultivars to nitrogen increase in competition with weeds to identify the limitations and benefits of nitrogen use. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Omidieh (Khuzestan Province) during the summer of 2013. The main plot consisted of nitrogen fertilizer application levels (control [non-use] and use of 50 and 100 kg/ha nitrogen from urea form) and subplots were in a factorial combination of sesame varieties (Behbahan landrace, Yellow-white, tn-238, and tn-240) and weed competition in two levels (weed free and weed infest). In this experiment, morphological traits, harvest index, yield, and yield components of sesame were measured. Results The results showed that the effect of different amounts of nitrogen, weed competition, and sesame varieties on yield and yield components were significant. The interaction effects of nitrogen and sesame varieties on the leaf area index, number of capsules per plant, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index of sesame were significant. Increasing nitrogen improved LAI but weed interference reduced the number of capsules per plant by 23 percent. The effect of weed on 1000 grain weight showed that weed competition decreased this trait by 7.5 percent. The effects of nitrogen, cultivar, and weed competition on grain and biological yield were significant, so that the highest grain yield (158.06 gm-2) belonged to the 100 kg N treatment and between different varieties of sesame obtained from the Behbahan local variety(151.38 gm-2). Compared to the control (no nitrogen) the highest level of nitrogen treatment increased 31 percent in biological yield. In weed-free conditions, the Biological yield was more than the weed-infested treatment, so that the weed control increased the biological yield by 24 percent. Discussion Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the cultivation of Behbahan local variety with the application of 100 kg N, under Omidieh regional conditions, has been Improved many traits of sesame, including plant height, leaf area index, number of capsules per plant, and 1000 grain weight that this improvement was due to the get maximum yield.

Effect of Different Elicitor Treatments on Hairy Root of Medicinal Plant Poppies (Papaver somniferum L.)

Sh. Siahmansour; A. Ismaili; F. Nazarian Firouzabadi

Volume 41, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 29-42

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.13548

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives As a source of alkaloids, Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), is one of the most important plants in the field of pharmaceutical industry. Various methods ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives As a source of alkaloids, Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), is one of the most important plants in the field of pharmaceutical industry. Various methods including use of elicitors, adding precursor, optimizing culture, culture of hairy roots and its metabolites engineering are used to increase the production of secondary metabolites in plant cell cultures. In recent years, cultivation of hairy roots, to the production of valuable metabolites in a number of species of medicinal plants, has taken on commercial scale; but in most cases, this technique produces low amount of alkaloid in commercial scale. Hence, it is needed to optimize the production rate using biological and non-biological elicitors. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in 2015 in biotechnology laboratory of Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. Sterile explants were prepared from seedling and were then inoculated with Agrobacterium. Inoculated explants were kept in a dark condition for 2 days and then washed and transferred to glasses containing½ MS medium complemented with cefotaxime. Finally, the glasses were kept in tissue culture room until production of hairy roots. The produced hairy roots were used as explants for elicitors' experiments in flask containers. In this study, in order to increase biomass of hairy roots, 4 types of elicitor treatments (salicylic acid, silver nitrate, copper sulphate and yeast extract) were evaluated in separate experiments based on a completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Results Confirmation of transgenic hairy roots was tested by PCR using the rolC gene primers to ensure the removal of bacteria from the produced roots. Results of PCR products were separated by electrophoresis and expected fragments were observed in gel. The results showed that the concentration of 5.0 mg/mL of yeast extract elicitor had the most impact on morphological traits. Totally, results showed that biotic elicitors had better effects in comparison to abiotic elicitors. Also, high concentrations of elicitors in all biotic and abiotic cases had a negative impact on biomass of hairy roots. Discussion It was shown that biotic elicitors had better effects than abiotic elicitors. The remarkable result of this study was that the high concentration of elicitors had negative effects on biomass hairy root production in poppies plants. It seems that bio-active compounds elicitors induce the plant responses but high concentration of biotic and abiotic elicitors may cause cell death and browning of hairy root tissues.

Comparison of different green manure biomass The effects of different green manure on soil fertilization and weed density reduction

kh d; e f; A A

Volume 39, Issue 2 , September 2016, , Pages 1-10

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12069

Abstract

Abstract: In order to study the effect of different green manure crops on soil fertilization and weed population a field experiment was conducted in experimental farm of Agricultural ... Read More

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Keywords = Biomass

Evaluating APSIM-Barley model for different barley cultivars under water and nitrogeen stresses

Abstract

The Effect of Phosphorus and Nitrogen on Hairy Roots Production in Nicotiana tobaccum as a Model Plant

Abstract

The Effect of Nitrogen on Yield and Yield Components of Different Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) Varieties under Weed Competition

Abstract

Effect of Different Elicitor Treatments on Hairy Root of Medicinal Plant Poppies (Papaver somniferum L.)

Abstract

Comparison of different green manure biomass The effects of different green manure on soil fertilization and weed density reduction

Abstract