Plant Productions

The Effect of Different Concentrations of Cadmium Chloride on Oxidative Stress in Shoot Cultures of Lemon Balm

Sayyedeh Razieh Nourbakhsh Rezaei; Leila Shabani; Majid Rostami; Mohammad Abdoli

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 509-522

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24806.1567

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Melissa officinalis is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of this plant is used in many fields. Although ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Melissa officinalis is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of this plant is used in many fields. Although more than 100 types of chemical substances have been identified in this plant, the most important compositions of its essential oil include citral, citronella, geraniol and linalool. Heavy metals are one of the main causes of non-biotic stress for living organisms due to increased use in the field of industrial and agricultural development and its high accumulation and toxicity. Cadmium is an unnecessary heavy metal, which, due to its high mobility and low concentration, easily enters the food chain from the soil. Cadmium induces oxidative stress by stimulating the synthesis of free oxygen radicals in the plant. In this study, the effect of cadmium chloride on oxidative stress induction in lemon balm was investigated. This experiment was carried out in 2016-2017 at Shahrekord University. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in vitro condition. We investigated the effects of different concentrations of cadmium chloride (0, 10, 20 and 40μm) on the biochemical parameters of the lemon balm. In this study, sterile stems of lemon balm propagated on the medium (1/2 MS) were used. After 60 days, seedlings were removed from solid MS medium and the roots were cut and cultured in liquid medium of 1/2 MS with different concentrations of cadmium. The cultivation was carried out in Erlenmeyer flask (250 cc) and was kept in an incubator shaker device. Sampling for the experiment was conducted one week after the growth of the stems in the medium. Results Based on the results obtained in this study, fresh weight of shoots grown in 10 and 20μM of cadmium chloride increased compared to the control. This heavy metal significantly reduced the amount of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, while the total chlorophyll content decreased only at 40μm concentration relative to control. Cadmium significantly increased hydrogen peroxide levels in all treatments. Also, it increased the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes. Malondialdehyde increased in all treatment concentrations, but this increase was not significant at 40μm of cadmium chloride. Chloride cadmium reduced the absorption of molybdenum and iron, yet increased the adsorption of manganese and zinc. Discussion The results of this study revealed that the cadmium chloride in lemon balm shoots may have the potential to accumulate compounds such as hydrogen peroxide which, as a messenger molecule, produces antioxidants and can help the plant tolerate stressed conditions. It seems that two concentrations of 10 and 20 μm of cadmium chloride have no toxic effects for the stems and the plant has managed to withstand this tension with defense mechanisms.

The Effect of Lead on the Regeneration and the Metal Accumulation in Brassica Oleracea Var. Acephala by In Vitro Culture

Omid Sadeghi; Mina Taghizadeh; Mousa Solgi

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 265-278

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24671.1560

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Among the major environmental pollutants, lead is the most substantial contaminant due to causing toxicity in plants and organisms. Recently, ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Among the major environmental pollutants, lead is the most substantial contaminant due to causing toxicity in plants and organisms. Recently, the remediation of these metals has been considered in plants. Plant in vitro culture is a key tool in phytoremediation research. In general, Plant tissue culture and in vitro selection techniques are used to increase the tolerance and the accumulation of heavy metals which have been reported in numerous plant species and populations. The application of ornamental plants for phytoremediation in metal-contaminated soil is a new alternative. Ornamental kale is an important bedding plant in many landscapes of cold temperate regions. The present study was aimed to evaluate the Pb resistance and remediation of Brassica OleraceaVar. Acephala affected by in vitro culture as a bedding plant. This experiment was carried out in 2016 at Arak University. Materials and Methods In this study, the stalk explants of Brassica OleraceaVar. Acephala was used for callus induction. Callus and plantlet were exposed to different concentrations of lead in the media. The Callus induction medium was MS (Murashige and Skoog) supplemented with 0.1 mgL-1 2,4-D and BA. The regeneration medium was MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mgL-1 NAA in combination with 1 mgL-1 BA. The rooting medium was half-strength MS medium without plant growth regulators and sucrose. All of the media containing 30 gL-1 sucrose, 7 gL-1 agar, and pH were adjusted to 5.8. All of the regeneration stages from callus induction to rooting and the acclimatization stages were done by different concentration of Pb(NO3)2 (0, 10, 25, and 50 mgL-1). The traits, such as callus browning, fresh and dry weight, callus formation, survival rate, root and shoot length, leaf number, and the lead accumulation, were evaluated during various stages of callus regeneration and rooting in plantlets. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) arrangement with three replications was used in this experiment. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA procedure of SAS statistical software (version 9.2). Results Based on the results, not only did different concentrations of lead not have the toxic effects but also they had a stimulation effect in some concentrations on callus growth and regeneration. Lead concentrations increased leaf number and length of shoots in the regenerated ornamental kale. Lead accumulation in cultures was increased by increasing the concentration of lead in the medium at all stages of the regeneration. The highest accumulation of Pb was obtained 2395.7 ppb in callus treated by 25 mg L-1 Pb in media. Discussion The results of the present study showed the occurrence probability of the somaclonal variation due to 2,4-D supplemented in the media. In the regenerated plant, results revealed that the growth traits and Pb uptake were affected by Pb concentrations. Some in vitro derived plantlets showed an increase in uptake potential of lead in their organs (6.1 to 2.7 times compared to the control) and that it is remarkable and suitable for phytoremediation studies.

optimizing in vitro regeneration of Hypericum (Hypericum perforatum L.)

Z. Parsamanesh; F. Bayat; M. Hedayat

Volume 40, Issue 4 , March 2018, , Pages 103-113

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.13440

Abstract

Background and objectives: Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) has been received considerable interest worldwide due to its biochemical characteristics and unique secondary ... Read More Background and objectives: Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) has been received considerable interest worldwide due to its biochemical characteristics and unique secondary metabolites. In particular, aromatic polycyclic diones, such as hypericin and pseudohypericin have an interest as their antiviral, anticancer and antidepressant activities. To date, field grown plant material has generally been used for commercial St. John’s Wort production but the quality of these products may be affected by different environmental conditions, pollutants, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects which can alter the concentration of medicinal metabolite. In vitro systems have been reported as an effective tool for the development of genetically uniform plants. In order to approach optimal micropropagation of Hypericum perforatum, it will be necessary to optimize shoot proliferation stage in in vitro culture. Material and methods: In the present study, in vitro regeneration of Hypericum perforatum L. using different plant growth regulators on MS media has been developed. Callus was induced from leaves and shoots explants of St. Johns Wort on MS medium containing different levels of growth regulator (0, 2 and 4 mg/l BA; 1 and 2 mg/l Kin plus 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg/l 2,4-D) in factorial experiment with completely randomized design in three replication. To shoot induction equal size of formed callus were separated and evaluated on MS media containing BA (0, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) and Kin (0, 0.5 and 1 mg/l). The shoot with terminal node were used on MS media containing IBA (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 mg/l ) to root induction. Results: After 4 weeks callus and shoot/root induction of explants were measured. Data analysis indicated that leaf explants produced higher callus mass than single node explant, also in leaf explants 2,4-D increment had no significant effect on callus mass induction while in single node, callus induction increased as 2,4-D increased. In presence of BA, callus induction from both explants increased with 2,4-D concentration raising. Single node explants produced highest mass of callus in media containing 2 mg/l BA plus 0.1 mg/l of 2,4-D. The highest number of shoots and the longest shoot achieved in presence of 1 mg/l BA with 0.5 mg/l Kin and 0.5 mg/l BA plus 1 mg/l Kin. Discussion: This experiment results revealed that different explants can be used to achieve high regeneration efficiency using different level of growth regulators. Also it seems that external growth regulators isn't essential lin Hypericum branch for rooting.

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Keywords = Tissue culture

The Effect of Different Concentrations of Cadmium Chloride on Oxidative Stress in Shoot Cultures of Lemon Balm

Abstract

The Effect of Lead on the Regeneration and the Metal Accumulation in Brassica Oleracea Var. Acephala by In Vitro Culture

Abstract

optimizing in vitro regeneration of Hypericum (Hypericum perforatum L.)

Abstract