Plant Productions

Response of Different Tomato Varieties to the Replacement of Chemical Toxins Controlling Tomato Fruit Borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) by Some Endogenous Plant Compounds

Zahra Qalebi; Mohammad Modarresi; Fariba Sohrabi; Dariush Saberi; Mohammad Hedayat

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 531-544

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.34980.1940

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionPests and their controlling pesticides are among the most serious threats to the health of agricultural products. The present study was aimed to investigate ... Read More AbstractIntroductionPests and their controlling pesticides are among the most serious threats to the health of agricultural products. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of variety and the possibility of replacing chemical pesticides controlling fruit borer with some compounds of natural origin for plant traits improvement and damage reduction of tomato fruit borer. Factorial experiment was done in the template of randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Materials and MethodsFactors included 9 levels of pest control compounds and 5 varieties (PA-136, PA-162, PA-135, PA-688 and PA-483). Compounds involved Salicylic acid (5 and 15 mM), Jasmonic acid (50 and 100 μM), two pesticides, Abamectin (750 and 1500 mg/L), Chlorpyrifos (1250 and 2500 mg/L) and control. Measured traits involved morphological traits (fruit yield, fruit weigh, numbers of fruit per cluster, plant height and chlorophyll index), phonological traits (days to flowering and days to physiological maturation), phytochemical traits (TA, TSS, and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)) and relative properties to evaluating resistance to fruit borer (the percentage of leaf and fruit damage). Results and DiscussionSignificant variation was observed between varieties. The maximum fruit yield per plant was related to PA-136 variety with applications of two-levels of Chlorpyrifos and Jasmonic acid, PA-162 variety with application of first level of Abamactin, second level of Salicylic acid and PA-135 and PA-688 varieties with the second level of Chlorpyrifos. The highest significant positive correlation with yield related to single fruit weight (r=0.48**) and the highest significant negative correlation were related to days to flowering (r= -0.52**). In stepwise regression analysis of single plant yield as a dependent variable, three traits including days to flowering, single fruit weight, and a percentage of pest damage on leaf (as the most important traits) were incorporated in the regression model that totally explained 49% of variations. Path analysis results indicated that the highest positive direct effect (0.42) was related to single fruit weight, and the highest indirect effects (-0.047) had to do with this trait via days to flowering. The first four components were chosen in principal component analysis, explaining totally 62.5% of phenotypes variation. ConclusionReducing pest damage on leaf and fruit in applying Salicylic acid and Jasmonic acid is suitable and resulted in the same level of chemical control use.Thus, findings may be used in the design of breeding programs for plant trait improvement and integrated pest management of tomato fruit borer.

Genetic Diversity and Grouping of Winter Barley Genotypes for Root Characteristics and ISSR Markers

Soheila Shayan; Mohammad Moghaddam Vahed; Seyed Abolghasem Mohammadi; Kazem Ghassemi Golezani; Fahimeh Sadeghpour; Ahmad Youssefi

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 323-336

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27840.1684

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of genetic diversity level is fundamental for identification of desirable parents to be used in different breeding programs, ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of genetic diversity level is fundamental for identification of desirable parents to be used in different breeding programs, and molecular markers have been succssfully taken for the analysis of genetic diversity in various crops. The objective of this study was to inversitgate genetic diversity among 28 genotypes of barley using root and shoot characters and 14 ISSR primers through two separate experiments (greenhouse and molecular experiments). Materials and Methods The greenhouse experiment was carried out as randomized complete block design with two replications in the research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran. The traits measured in the greenhouse were root dry weight, root volume, shoot dry weight and ratio of root to shoot dry weight. The molecular experiment was conducted to study the diversity of barley genotypes using 14 ISSR primers. The polymorphic information content and marker index were calculated for each ISSR primer. Results Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes under study for all traits. According to the mean comparisons, genotypes 3, 5, 9 and 20 had higher mean in terms of all characters. The cluster analysis, based on Ward's algorithm and Euclidean distance, grouped genotypes in four clusters. Group 3 had the highest mean in terms of all of the studied characters. Out of 14 ISSR primers used, 11 primers generated scorable and appropriate banding pattern. A total of 559 polymorphic bands with 80-3000 bp were produced. Polymorphic information content was estimated to be between 0.116 and 0.252 with the average of 0.187. The marker index ranged from 3.528 to 27.972 with the mean of 9.704. Classification of the studied barley genotypes was conducted by molecular data using neighbor joining algorithm based on distance coefficient of number of differences, which assigned the genotypes into four groups. There was a concordance between the grouping of genotypes based on molecular data and the characters in the greenhouse, but this concordance was not complete. Association analysis of ISSR markers with measured characteristics of barley genotypes showed that ISSR1 and ISSR5 had significant relationship with most of the root and shoot traits. Discussion Highgenetic diversity was observed among barley genotypes with respect to root and shoot traits. The results showed that ISSR primers have the ability to separate barley genotypes from each other. Also, it seems that ISSR markers under study can be used in marker assisted selection of barley genotypes in breeding programs.

Identification of Effective Traits on Forage Yield in Tall Fescue (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.)

Ehsan Rahimi; Reza Mohammadi; Alireza Pourmohammad; Ali Asghar Aliloo

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 419-430

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28151.1704

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Introduction of high yielding forage cultivars for different climates is necessary to use in pasture establishment and rangeland renovation. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Introduction of high yielding forage cultivars for different climates is necessary to use in pasture establishment and rangeland renovation. Thus, increasing forage yield is one of the most important goals in cool-season grass breeding programs. Tall fescue (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.) is a perennial cool-season grass adapted to a wide range of growing conditions. Tall fescue is one of the most drought, heat, and wear tolerant species among perennial cool-season grasses. Due to its large and deep root system, it is able to take up water in dry periods when other grasses have stopped their growth. Then it could be a good choice for pasture establishment and rangeland renovation in Iran. This study was carried out to identify important traits which are effective to increase forage yield in the tall fescue in East Azarbaijan region of Iran. Materials and Methods For this purpose, 32 tall fescue genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications in research farm of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Northwest and West region of Iran- Tabriz in 2016. Each replication contained 5 spaced single plants 60 cm apart. Eleven agro-morphological characteristics were measured. Results The correlation coefficients showed that total dry forage yield and seed yield had significant and positive correlation with all traits except days to heading and days to pollination. Total dry forage yield had significant and positive correlation with plant height, canopy diameter, stem number, and crown diameter (0.650**, 0.763**, 0.500**, and 0.750**, respectively). Stepwise regression analysis, considering the total dry forage yield as the dependent variable, showed that canopy diameter and crown diameter were entered into the model. These traits in total justified 64.1 percent of the regression model changed. Moreover, stepwise regression analysis, considering the seed yield as the dependent variable, showed that total dry forage yield, stem number, and canopy diameter were entered into the model. According to the results, canopy diameter (0.453) and crown diameter (0.394) had highest direct effects on the total dry forage yield and for the seed yield, total dry forage yield (0.797) and stem number (0.423) had highest direct effects. Discussion Based on the results of this study, canopy diameter and crown diameter had greater relative importance in determining the total dry forage yield of tall fescue. Thus, plant canopy and crown diameter cold be used as an indicator in selection of best tall fescue genotypes in breeding programs.

The Multivariate Statistical Methods to Study the Relationships among Safflower Traits under Normal Irrigation and Drought Stress Conditions

Roghayeh Aminian; Khalil karimzadeh Asl; Farhad Habibzadeh; Abolfazl Baghbani Arani

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 211-226

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.23810.1527

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesDrought stress is one of the most substantial environmental stresses affecting agricultural productivity around the world and may result in considerable ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesDrought stress is one of the most substantial environmental stresses affecting agricultural productivity around the world and may result in considerable yield reduction. The human population is expected to increase to over 8 billion by the year 2020. Therefore, providing adequate food and preventing crop yield reduction is essential. Plant breeding can solve this problem to some extent. Evaluating yield components and their inter-relationships as well as detecting suitable selection indices are very important in the safflower breeding program. The multivariate statistical analysis can provide more insights into the deep structure of data and traits’ relationships Materials and MethodsIn order to study the relationships between yield components of eight genotypes of safflowerunder normal irrigationand drought stress conditions and determine the high yield genotypes, a split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin. Irrigation regime included normal irrigation(irrigation after 60 mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation) and drought stress (watering until 50% flowering similar to normal irrigationand 50% flowering to maturity and irrigation after 100 mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation) were considered as main plots. Eight genotypes, including Kuseh Local, Sina, Isfahan Local, Mexican 88, Faraman, Soffeh, Goldasht, and Mexican 11 were used too. ResultsThe analysis of the variance showed that the irrigation effect was significant for traits 1000 grain weight, flower weight, harvest index, and grain yield. There were significant differences among the genotypes for most of the measured traits, except boll diameter, boll number per plant, relative water content, and relative water loss. Plant height, shoot number, boll number, stem diameter, chlorophyll value, flower weight, biological yield, and harvest index positively correlated with the grain yield in both normal irrigation and drought stress conditions. Based on the results of stepwise regression and path analysis, biological yield and harvest index in both normal irrigation and drought stress conditions had the greatest effect on grain yield. Due to the high correlation between yield and harvest index and biological yield under stress conditions, the selection of varieties with high harvest index and biological yield can be very effective in achieving maximum yield under stress conditions. Factor analysis revealed that 4 factors accounted for approximately 82% variance changes in both normal irrigation and drought stress conditions. These factors were called yield, seed, boll size, and leaf water, respectively under normal irrigation, andplant vigor, yield, seed, boll size, and leaf water, respectively under drought stress conditions. Based on the seed yield factor and the biplot display, Faraman, Mahali Isfahan, Sina, and Mahali Kuseh were determined as high yield genotypes both in normal and drought stress conditions. DiscussionGrain yield is a quantitative trait with a low broad sense heritability. Therefore, identifying the traits correlated with grain yield is a suitable strategy for the improvement and the indirect selection of grain yield. Stepwise regression and path analysis are efficient and useful statistical approaches for reaching the above aim. According to the results, the traits of the harvest index and biomass were recognized as the best suitable traits for indirect grain yield selection under normal and drought stress conditions.

Sequential Path Analysis Based on Yield and Morpho-Physiological Characteristics in Squash Landraces from Northwest of Iran

Davoud Mardanzadeh; Reza Darvishzadeh; Bahman Zahedi

Volume 42, Issue 1 , April 2019, , Pages 115-132

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.15317.1244

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Squash is an annual herbaceous plant and grows in tropical and subtropical regions of Europe and America. Edible species are divided into three ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Squash is an annual herbaceous plant and grows in tropical and subtropical regions of Europe and America. Edible species are divided into three groups of zucchini or courgette, gourd and pumpkin squash. The seed of pumpkin squash has high nutritional value due to its high protein and oil content. Iran is ranked fourth in terms of production and cultivation area of squash in the world after China, India and Russia. The present study was conducted in order to determine the most important morphological and physiological characteristics influencing yield in squash landraces from Northwest of Iran. Materials and Methods Eighteen squash landraces comprising 11 confectionery landraces, 5 gourd landraces and 2 ornamental landraces were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Saatlou research station of West Azerbaijan. The landraces were evaluated for morphological and physiological characteristics based on International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR)) descriptor. Results The results of phenotypic correlations revealed that the characteristics including number of fruit, fruit weight, 100 seed weight, fruit diameter, seed thickness, plant height, internodes length, primary branch and fruit pH and characteristics including seed weight, peduncle lengths, sepal’s length of female flower and fruit total soluble solids have positive and significant correlations with fruit yield at 1 and 5 percent probability level, respectively. In stepwise regression, four features including internodes length, sepal’s length of female flower, chlorophyll percentage and fruit pH were entered in model. The results showed that fruit pH and internodes length have the most direct and positive effect on the fruit yield, and the percentage of chlorophyll has the highest indirect effect through internodes length on the fruit yield. Discussion Sequential path analysis showed that selection of genotypes based on only correlation coefficient may not be effective. Several characteristics were identified to explain squash yield during path analysis. Selection based on identified characters would be more effective in improving yield in squash breeding programs.

Surveying the Relations Among Traits Affecting Root Yield and Sugar Content in O-type Lines of Sugar Beet for Winter Sowing

M N; A R; R A; M.R O; H SH

Volume 35, Issue 2 , September 2012, , Pages 115-135

Abstract

In order to determine the most important traits influencing root yield and sugar content of autumn-sown sugar beet monogerm O-type lines, 49 genotypes (O-types and hybrids) were evaluated ... Read More

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Keywords = Stepwise regression

Response of Different Tomato Varieties to the Replacement of Chemical Toxins Controlling Tomato Fruit Borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) by Some Endogenous Plant Compounds

Abstract

Genetic Diversity and Grouping of Winter Barley Genotypes for Root Characteristics and ISSR Markers

Abstract

Identification of Effective Traits on Forage Yield in Tall Fescue (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.)

Abstract

The Multivariate Statistical Methods to Study the Relationships among Safflower Traits under Normal Irrigation and Drought Stress Conditions

Abstract

Sequential Path Analysis Based on Yield and Morpho-Physiological Characteristics in Squash Landraces from Northwest of Iran

Abstract

Surveying the Relations Among Traits Affecting Root Yield and Sugar Content in O-type Lines of Sugar Beet for Winter Sowing

Abstract