Plant Productions

Evaluation of genetic diversity of some native population of Iranian coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) based on morphological and physiological

Solmaz Nezafat; Mehdi Mohebodini; Rasoul Azarmi; َAsghar Ebadi Segherloo; Roghayeh Fathi

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 449-461

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.37678.1984

Abstract

Introduction Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual plant of the Apiaceae family. The used part of this plant is its seeds and leaves. In addition to oral consumption, coriander ... Read More Introduction Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual plant of the Apiaceae family. The used part of this plant is its seeds and leaves. In addition to oral consumption, coriander is a blood sugar lowering, blood lipid lowering, blood pressure lowering, hypnotic, sedative and anti-anxiety. This plant has shown antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, sedative and antimicrobial activities. The basic requirement for plant breeding programs is a germplasm diversity that provides necessary facilities for breeding species with desirable features. Therefore, accurate identification of genotypes is considered as a prerequisite in this manner. The phenotypical characteristics are the first markers that have been used for diversity researches. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of some coriander Populations in Iran based on morphological and physiological traits, 26 ecotypes were collected from different regions of the country and the experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in field conditions Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 1398. Some morphological and phytochemical characteristics such as Stem diameter, Leaflet Number, Leaf Number, Stem, root and internode length, Total plant height, flower and Leaf fresh and dry weight,Total plant and Root dry weight, Anthocyanin, Total Phenol and essential oil components were studied. The measurements began after the 50% of flowering stage. Results and Discussion The analysis of variance of the data showed a significant difference between the studied traits, which indicates the existence of genetic diversity between coriander populations. there are significant differences between the populations in traits of plant height, stem and root length, nodes, internodes, leaves and leaflets numbers, stem diameter, plant dry weight, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf fresh weight, flower fresh weight and total phenol. Comparison of mean traits in total showed that Siahkal and Kashmar populations were superior to other populations in stem diameter (1.74, 1.63 mm), leaf fresh weight (0.57, 0.50 g), number of leaves (11.66, 15.70) and anthocyanin content (0.27, 0.37 mg/g FW). Based on Cluster analysis, divided the studied populations into three major groups. Main purpose of this study was determination of genetic diversity among Coriander accessions from Iran. Significant differences were found among the accessions in almost every parameter measured. Conclusion The range of vegetative and flower values obtained in this study was more than those of reported in previous researches about Coriander. With increasing leaf number and leaf fresh weight that is the main place to trap sunlight for photosynthesis and consequently provides the condition to produce secondary metabolites. Thus, Kashmar accessions with having high values of leaf can be considered for in view point of cultivation and breeding programs.

Effect of copper, silicon, fungicide Iprodione-Carbendazim, and Vermi‌wash spray on the quality of pomegranate cv. Shahvar

Ramezanali Hoseinian; Hossein Sadeghi; Kamran Ghasemi

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 319-330

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31943.1876

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionUsually, pomegranate fruit in humid areas is under attack from fungal diseases. In addition to skin damage to the fruit, fungal diseases also reduce qualities and ... Read More AbstractIntroductionUsually, pomegranate fruit in humid areas is under attack from fungal diseases. In addition to skin damage to the fruit, fungal diseases also reduce qualities and visual charactristics. Fruit cracking is another physiological disorder that causes a lot of damages to the crop and causes irreparable damage to the gardeners. Control of these diseases is very difficult, and the use of recommended treatments also has yielded different outcomes. Finding the appropriate solution based on nutritional and chemical products is necessary to overcome this problem. Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted in a commercial orchard located in Sorak city, 10 km from Sari city with a longitude of 53 degrees and 17 minutes and a latitude of 36 degrees and 61 minutes, and a height of 9 meters from the sea level in summer of 2017. The research was carried out as a factorial test in randomized complete block design with the aim of investigating the effects of Copper, Silicon, Vermiwash and Rovral TS on the quality of pomegranate fruit of Shavar cultivar. Experimental factors consisted mineral nutrition (in four levels of control, Copper nano-chelate, Silicon, and Copper+Silicon) and Fungicide (in two levels of vermiwash and Rovral TS). Foliar application was performed 4 times at intervals of 15 days and fungicidal treatments were carried out at 3 times intervals of 20 days. Then morpho-physiological studies were carried out. Results and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that the highest amount of flower conversion to fruit and the highest amount of dry weight (49.78 g) were obtained in Vermiwash and Silicon treatments. The least amount of infected fruit was observed in the application of Rovral TS+copper, Rovral TS+Silicon and Vermiwash+Si+Cu, and. Simultaneous treatment of Silicon and Copper significantly increased fruit size. The treatments of Silicon+Copper and Silicon alone led to a decrease in the number of cracked fruits compared to the control. The highest amount of anthocyanin pigment was observed in Vermiwash alongside with Silicon+Copper treatments. The percentage of free radical scavenger in all treatments was higher than the control. Overall, the results of this experiment showed that Vermiwash, Copper and Silicon alone improved the traits studied. Silicon is naturally present as a compound of the cell wall and hardly bonds with the cell wall mass, thereby elicits resistance against cracking. Silicon also has a fungicidal effect, as has been reported in plants such as rice and cucumbers that can delay the development of pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum after treatment with Silicon. It has also been reported that the use of Vermiwash in various plants did affect control up to 93% of the diseases. ConclusionVermiwash alongside with Si+Cu caused the lowest fungal infection, highest anthocyanin and appropriate fruit set, so this treatment can be strongly recommended. Besides, the results indicated that adding Si and Cu to chemical fungicide can boost its efficiency and decrease cracking significantly.

Comparison of Physiological Indices in Response to Cold Stress in Wild Tomato (Solanum habrochaites) for Screening of Cold Tolerant Lines

Zahra Nemati; seyed hosein nemati; Amin Mirshamsi Kakhki; Jafar Nabati

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 395-406

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31274.1833

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionMany plants grown at low temperature exhibit different adaptation strategies involving physiological, ecological and morphological processes. Solanum lycopersicum ... Read More AbstractIntroductionMany plants grown at low temperature exhibit different adaptation strategies involving physiological, ecological and morphological processes. Solanum lycopersicum L. is affected by cold stress at all stages of growth; however, wild tomato species such as S. habrochaites rapidly improve after exposure to the cold stress through various changes in physiological processes. In this study, the short-term stress method was used for rapid screening and cold tolerance selection of tomato lines instead of long-term stress at 4 °C. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Iran in 2018. Experimental factors included two levels of cold stress (0 and 2 °C) and three tomato lines (LA1777, LA3969 and LA4024). In the study, electrolyte leakage, MDA, anthocyanin, phenol, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH, total soluble carbohydrate content, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II and the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX were measured. Results and DiscussionAccording to the results of this experiment, LA1777 line showed the lowest leaf wilting after exposure to low temperatures. There was a significant difference between these lines in terms of electrolyte leakage. Under cold stress conditions, lowest electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) were obtained from wild line LA1777 that compared to sensitive line LA4024. LA1777 and electrolyte leakage at LA4024 at 0 and 2˚C were 14 and 11% higher than LA1777, respectively. Inhibition of DPPH radical activity of tolerant line LA1777 were higher than sensitive line LA4024 at 0 and 2 °C (43 and 45% respectively). Anthocyanin content of LA1777 and LA3969 lines were 49% higher than LA4024 at 0 °C. Under cold stress, the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX significantly increased in wild line LA1777, indicating better hydrogen peroxide scavenging system. After cold stress, LA1777 and LA3969 had the highest maximum efficiency of photosystem II, respectively, in light-adapted conditions (F'v / F'm), which may be due to higher cell membrane stability. The results showed that instead of long-term cold stress at 4˚C, the short-term stress method can be used for rapid screening of tomato lines for cold tolerance selection. Assessment of physiological parameters such as chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, MDA level, DPPH radical scavenging, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes showed that these indices can be used to detect cold stress and to quantify the stress in tomato lines. ConclusionBased on our data, we conclude that this short-term stress method is a useful method for rapid assessment of tomato chilling tolerance. The physiological parameters used in this study showed adequate difference between tomato lines.

Investigating the Effect of Plant Density on Biochemical Characteristics and Essential Oil in Wild Thyme (Thymbra spicata L.)

Fatemeh MalekMaleki; Nosrat Abbasi; Ebrahim Sharifi Ashourabadi; Mohammad Javad Zare; Mehrshad Barary

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 573-586

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30250.1789

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionAmong all major genera and species in the mint family, different types of organic compounds or metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ... Read More AbstractIntroductionAmong all major genera and species in the mint family, different types of organic compounds or metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ascorbates, and carotenoids with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects are produced by means of metabolic processes. Research studies in this field have established that planting distance can have a significant effect on essential oil yield as well as the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The main purpose of spacing between plants is also to provide a suitable mix of environmental factors (i.e. water, climate, light, and soil) to achieve optimum quality performance. Materials and MethodsThe present study was conducted using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Ilam University Research Farm, Iran, during 2016-2017. Planting density treatments at three levels (i.e., 20, 14, and 10 plants per m2) were determined based on changes in plant spacing on rows (i.e., three distances of 20, 30, and 45 cm). Two ecotypes were accordingly included: Malekshahi and Sumar. The characteristics measured were photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a/b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), total phenol and flavonoid content, anthocyanin, as well as essential oil content and yield. Results and DiscussionThe results of this experiment revealed that the amount of antioxidant compound, photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chlorophyll a/b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), anthocyanin, and essential oil yield had been significantly affected by ecotype and plant density. Therefore, the highest amounts of total phenol (91.64 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (5.20 mg QUE/ g DW) were observed at 20 and 30 cm row spacing. Total phenol and flavonoid also decreased by 7.2% and 12% as plant density was reduced. Moreover, row spacing of 30 cm increased the amount of chlorophyll a/b by 14 to 16% and carotenoid by 10%. The highest amount of anthocyanin (2.5 μg/g FW) was noticed at 20 cm row spacing. In the same vein, the highest yield of the essential oil was spotted at 20 cm row spacing (91.38 kg/ha) and for Malekshahi ecotype (87.5 kg/ha). Compared with the Sumar ecotype, the Malikshahi had higher content of photosynthetic pigments, total phenol and flavonoid, carotenoid, anthocyanin, as well as essential oil yield content and yield. Growth, quantity, and quality of medicinal plants are controlled by genetic processes as well as environmental and agronomic factors such as plant density. As plant density is enhanced to an optimum level, competition increases for absorption of water, nutrients, and quantity and quality of light received by leaves due to branching density and moderated penetration into canopy. As a result, the rate of cell division and leaf area development reduces and the content of photosynthetic pigments is diminished following the destruction of chloroplast structure and inhibition of biosynthesis of new chlorophylls. On the other hand, secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanin develope in the plant in response to environmental conditions in order to protect it against environmental stresses through suppressing oxygen free radicals. In line with the results of the related literature, it was observed that the content of photosynthetic pigments had diminished after increasing the density to 20 plants per m2, but the content of carotenoid, anthocyanin, total phenol and flavonoid, as well as the essential oil yield had improved in the wild thyme (Thymbra spicata L.). ConclusionThe results revealed that the leaves of the plant have good amounts of essential oils, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Since the highest percentage and yield of essential oil, phenol, flavonoids, and anthocyanins were observed in the treatment of density of 20 plants per square meter and Malikshahi ecotype, this level of density and Malikshahi ecotype is introduced for production and review in breeding programs.

Evaluating the Effects of Growth Promoting Fertilizer Containing Seaweed Extract and Mother Corm Weight on Antioxidant Activity and Stigma Quality of Saffron

Sakineh Khandan Deh-Arbab; Mohammad Hossein Aminifard; Hamid-Reza Fallahi; Hamed Kaveh

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 213-226

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26492.1630

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesAlgae are usually aquatic photosynthetic organisms that sequester CO2 in their biomass. They are rich in organic matter and nutrients, and thereby ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesAlgae are usually aquatic photosynthetic organisms that sequester CO2 in their biomass. They are rich in organic matter and nutrients, and thereby can be used in agriculture as an organic fertilizer. Their application will lead to the production of healthy and qualitative foods. To the best of our knowledge, so far the effect of application of marine algae has not been evaluated on saffron qualitative parameters. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of algae in different levels of mother corm weight on qualitative indices of petals and stigmas in saffron. Materials and MethodsTo investigate the effect of growth promoting fertilizer containing seaweed extract and mother corm weight on qualitative parameters in petals and stigmas of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), an experiment was conducted at Research Field of College of Agriculture at University of Birjand in 2017. The experimental factors included seaweed extract (0, 15 and 30 l ha-1) and corm weight [0.1-4 (small), 4.1-8 (medium) and 8.1-12g (large-sized)], which were tested in a RCBD with three replications. ResultsThe use of algae extract had a significant effect on the petal yield, carotenoid content and antioxidant activity of petals (antioxidant and anthocyanin content) and quality of stigma (picrocrocin, safranal and crocin content). The highest amounts of dry petal yield (0.027 g plant-1), carotenoid content (1.83 mg g-1 FW), anthocyanin (24.49 mg 100g-1 DW), antioxidant (29.80%), safranal (42.43), crocin (198.78) and picrocrocin (74.57) were obtained when seaweed extract was used at the rate of 30 l ha-1. However, no significant difference was found between the two levels of algae extract in terms of all mentioned parameters. The lowest values of petal yield (0.023 g plant-1), carotenoid (1.04 mg g-1 FW), anthocyanin (22.29 mg .100 g DW), antioxidant (25.54%), safranal (40.61 λ), crocin (176.64 λ ), and picrocrocin (72.60 λ ) were obtained from control treatment. Mother corm weight also exerted a significant effect on antioxidant activity, petals anthocyanin content and safranal content in stigma and the highest of them were gained when large-sized mother corms were planted. The interaction effect of experimental factors was not significant on measured parameters. DiscussionOverall, the results of this study indicated the beneficial effects of seaweed extract on improving biochemical traits and effective ingredients, which is appropriate for organic production of saffron. The positive role of algae on plants is related to providing micro- and macro-nutrient as well as production of biologically active biotical substances against plant-infecting pathogens. In addition, they have a significant role in improving soil physical and chemical properties, which lead to better growth and development of the plants. Better quality of saffron produced from larger mother corms may also be related to more nutrient reservoir in such corms.

Relationship of Color Indices with Some Chemical Characteristic in Red and White Apple Cultivars

Mitra Jabari; Mohammad Mehdi ُSHARIFANI; Ahad Yamchi

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 359-372

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.23071.1506

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Apple is one of the most important common fruit trees in temperate regions of the world with a lot of phenotypes and genotypes. Fruit surface ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Apple is one of the most important common fruit trees in temperate regions of the world with a lot of phenotypes and genotypes. Fruit surface color is one of the important factors in evaluating the qualities and appearance of fruits. This is the first component of acceptance by the customer, which indicates anomalies in agricultural products. Materials and Methods For this purpose, a study was conducted in 2016 in a completely randomized design with 12 varieties of native and imported apples in three replications. In this research, qualitative characteristics including anthocyanins for skin and flesh fruit, total sugar, flavor index, pH and EC and color indexes including brightness index (L), redness index (a), yellowness index (b), Hue (H), and Chroma (C) were measured for each apple cultivar. Results The results showed the highest indexes of a and C of skin. Moreover, the index of a related to the flesh of fruit in Mazand 2 had the highest levels of Hue skin, brightness and Hue flesh in Gala cultivar. The highest amount of brightness and yellowneass of fruit skin and flesh was observed in Golden delicious cultivar. While the highest amount of anthocyanin in skin was found in Red delicious cultivar. the highest amount of anthocyanin in flesh was found in Mazand 2. Furthermore, the highest level of flavor index was found in Shahrod 10 and the maximum amount of total sugar was detected in Red delicious cultivar. The utmost EC juice and the highest juice pH were observed in Gol Ghermez and Golab Kohanz cultivars, respectively. The highest positive correlation was found between anthocyanin of skin and anthocyanin of fruit pulp in the red flesh apple (0.99). Based on the results of this research, the red index and the fruit flavor index correlated with skin Hue, brightness of skin correlated with yellow color of skin, and fruit EC correlated with sugar content of the fruit. Discussion Finally, the highest correlation was found between anthocyanin in skin and the red flesh apple. In other apple cultivars, a significant correlation was found between index (a) and the yellowness of the apples (0.92). Further positive correlation was set between index C and anthocyanin content and flavor index. A positive correlation was observed between H and L indexes and the yellow color of the apple. Index b indicated a significant negative correlation with anthocyanin of skin and flesh of apple. The highest red content in red flesh apples indicated positive correlation with a and c indices, which has already been confirmed by the results of other researchers.

Evaluation of storage temperature and container material effects on summer wild blackberry postharvest

M. Haddadinejad; K. Ghasemi; A.A. Mohammadi

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 99-112

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.19095.1376

Abstract

Background and objectives: Blackberry due to its short post-harvest shelf life and rapid perishability cannot be conserve for long time. Recently, using small plastic containers became ... Read More Background and objectives: Blackberry due to its short post-harvest shelf life and rapid perishability cannot be conserve for long time. Recently, using small plastic containers became popular that unfortunately is non-biodegradable and incompatible with environment so these materials are dangerous for environment. But using biodegradable packages which made up by natural materials like starch, corn, potato and wheat can be a suitable substitution. This research aimed to evaluate optimum conditions including temperature and container material for increasing summer wild blackberry shelf life.Materials and methods: With the aim of evaluation of summer wild blackberry optimum storage conditions, its fruits were compared via three levels of temperature (0, 4 and 25˚C) and two kinds of containers (biodegradable and non-biodegradable) during 14 days. Different characteristics comprising of visual quality (fruit weight, fruit weight loss and market acceptance), edible quality (TSS, pH, TA, TSS/TA, flavor and taste) and health value (total antioxidant activity, total phenol content, total flavonoid content and total anthocyanin) was evaluated. Results: The obtained results showed fruits weight lost, during postharvest maintenance in all of treatments the highest fruit weight recorded on the first day and after that decreased significantly. In addition to fruit weight, length, width, flavor, taste and market acceptance of fruit decreased during storage, significantly. Visual quality of fruits packed in polystyrene container was better than bio based one. Total soluble solids of blackberries stored in biodegradable package were significantly higher than non-biodegradable container. Inhibitory percentage of DPPH radicals in all treatments showed powerful antioxidant properties of blackberry. The highest phenol content (62.33 gGalicacid/ g fruit juice) of fruits was recorded in 3th day at 4˚C in polystyrene container. The lowest amount of total phenol in the same temperature was observed after 8 days storage in biodegradable container. In both of containers, the temperature of 0 ˚C showed less decrease of flavonoid content. During the experiment conduction, anthocyanin content decreased generally but in 8 and 14th day in polystyrene container and 0˚C, its content increased from 224,99 in first day at 0oC to 57.89 and 90.3 mg Cyanidin/Lit fruit juice in both containers types at 14th day, significantly.Discussion: Water loss due to transpiration and respiration is the main reason for weight loss during post-harvest period. Because of this, using Nano particles in containers materials around the fruits to control water exchange can reduce weight loss and influence different fruit characteristics as well. Conclusion: The positive effect of the 0 ˚C temperature on blackberry shelf life was significant. Using biodegradable package despite its environmental importance showed less efficiency for increasing blackberry postharvest life in comparison with plastic one and require additional researches.

Effects of ascorbic acid on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two Alternanthera repens genotypes ("Entire leaf "and "Undulate leaf") under salinity stress

D. Porghasemi; A. Rezaei Nejad; M. Chehrazi

Volume 38, Issue 2 , September 2015, , Pages 65-76

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11254

Abstract

In order to study the effects of ascorbic acid as an important antioxidant reducing salinity damage, an experiment was conducted on two Althernantera genotypes (“Entire leaf” ... Read More

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Keywords = anthocyanin

Evaluation of genetic diversity of some native population of Iranian coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) based on morphological and physiological

Abstract

Effect of copper, silicon, fungicide Iprodione-Carbendazim, and Vermi‌wash spray on the quality of pomegranate cv. Shahvar

Abstract

Comparison of Physiological Indices in Response to Cold Stress in Wild Tomato (Solanum habrochaites) for Screening of Cold Tolerant Lines

Abstract

Investigating the Effect of Plant Density on Biochemical Characteristics and Essential Oil in Wild Thyme (Thymbra spicata L.)

Abstract

Evaluating the Effects of Growth Promoting Fertilizer Containing Seaweed Extract and Mother Corm Weight on Antioxidant Activity and Stigma Quality of Saffron

Abstract

Relationship of Color Indices with Some Chemical Characteristic in Red and White Apple Cultivars

Abstract

Evaluation of storage temperature and container material effects on summer wild blackberry postharvest

Abstract

Effects of ascorbic acid on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two Alternanthera repens genotypes ("Entire leaf "and "Undulate leaf") under salinity stress

Abstract