Plant Productions

The effect of camel manure and manganese sulfate on yield and yield components of Foxtail millet (Setaria italic)

Sadegh Salehinia; Mohammad Ali Behdani; Mohammad Hassan Sayyari Zahan; HamidReza Fallahi

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 91-103

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41899.2057

Abstract

IntroductionIncreasing the yield of agricultural products per unit area is very important for preparing the food needed by the growing population of the country. One of the solutions ... Read More IntroductionIncreasing the yield of agricultural products per unit area is very important for preparing the food needed by the growing population of the country. One of the solutions is to add fertilizers in different forms and compositions to the soil to increase crop yield and strengthen soil fertility. Far away has been common all over the world. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of camel manure and manganese sulfate on growth and yield and yield components of Setaria italic, a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2009-2010 in Abuzar well cultivated lands. Khosf city was implemented. Experimental treatments included: camel manure at three levels (0, 10 and 20 t / ha) and manganese sulfate at four levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha). Results and DiscussionThe results of statistical analysis of the data showed that different levels of manure and manganese sulfate and the interaction between them had a significant effect on biological yield, number of grains per panicle and grain yield. So that the highest values of the above indices were observed in the treatment of manure 20 tons per hectare and 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. The highest and lowest number of panicles were obtained in the treatment of 20 tons of camel manure and the application of 30 kg/ha of manganese sulfate and the control treatment without the use of camel manganese and manganese sulfate. The length of the panicle was also affected by the main effects of manure and manganese sulfate. So that the maximum panicle length was obtained in the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of manure and the treatment of 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. The effect of manure levels on number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant and number of plants per square meter was significant, but other effects had no significant effect on these traits and the highest number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant and number of plants In the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure were obtained per square meter. The main effects of different levels of manure and manganese sulfate at the level of one percent probability had a significant effect on 1000-grain weight and millet harvest index, but the interaction of these factors did not have a significant effect on these traits. The highest 1000-seed weight was observed in the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and the treatment of 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. Also, the highest harvest index was related to the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and also the highest harvest index was obtained from the consumption of 60 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. ConclusionFinally, it can be concluded that the best treatments in this experiment were the use of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. In fact, manure improves plant growth by gradually providing elements and using micronutrients. The use of manure is one of the appropriate solutions to achieve ecological agriculture that can increase agricultural production and due to the fact that most of the soils of South Khorasan province are calcareous and manganese deficient, the use of this element can be Help to remove this limitation and increase plant yield.

Investigation of the Growth and Physiological Reactions of Kochia Plant to Simultaneous Stress of Salinity and Cadmium

Mohadeseh Shamsaddin Saied; Nasibeh Pourghasemian

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 459-474

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36646.1967

Abstract

IntroductionNowadayes, due to the increasing use of phosphorus fertilizers in agricultural lands, the salinity of the soil ,along with contamination with heavy elements such as cadmium, ... Read More IntroductionNowadayes, due to the increasing use of phosphorus fertilizers in agricultural lands, the salinity of the soil ,along with contamination with heavy elements such as cadmium, has increased sharply. Plants' response to a particular stress is different from when they experience multiple stresses simultaneously. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the simultaneous effect of salinity and cadmium stresses on morphological and physiological characteristics of Kochia. Materials and MethodsFor this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in the educational-research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Valiasr University of Rafsanjan in 1397/2019. Experimental factors included four different levels of salinity stress (0, 6, 12 and 18 dS/m) and cadmium concentration in soil (0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg soil). The studied traits included dry weight of branches, stems and leaves, RWC, concentration of chlorophyll a, b and a + b, enzymes activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, the concentration of cadmium, iron, zinc, manganese, calcium and magnesium. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that due to increasing salinity to 18 dS/m the dry weight of branches, leaf and stem dry weight and leaf area, RWC, concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids decreased by 56.8, 48.01, 50, 46.09, 21, 53.76, 56.91, 53.75 and 51.21 percent, respectively. By increasing the cadmium concentration to 10 mg/L, the dry weight of lateral branches, leaves, stems and leaf area decreased by 24.32, 31.89, 28.45 and 41.24%, respectively, but the concentration of leaf cadmium compared to the control treatment 1.7 times increased. The activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase enzymes in treatment of 18 dS/m salinity alongside with 10 mg/L cadmium were 1.83, 1.4 and 4.7 times higher than the control treatment, respectively. Leaf iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased by 73.07%, 51.51, 51.8%, 0.17 and 0.26% with increasing salinity stress to 18 dS/m, respectively, and with increasing cadmium concentration to 10 mg/L increased iron concentration by 37.32% and zinc and magnesium concentrations decreased by 28.70 and 0.12%, respectively. The highest dry matter of Koshia in salinity and cadmium stress treatments belonged to the control treatment and the lowest dry matter were obtained from 18 dS / m salinity and 10 mg / kg cadmium in soil. ConclusionThe results of the present study revealed that in Kochia in the presence of cadmium stress, the concentration of cadmium in the leaves and shoots increased and this indicates the potential of this plant for phytoremediation (removal of heavy metals by the plant) from saline soils contaminated with cadmium. Kochia's proper performance in high cadmium accumulation appears to be due to the detoxification of cadmium in cells. The presence of salinity along with cadmium increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which is probably one of the plant's solutions to stress. Decreased nutrients due to increased cadmium and salinity stress can be a reason for reduced yield and lead researchers to the direction that in the face of these stresses, nutrients can be used as fertilizer so that the plant does not suffer from nutrient deficiencies.

Effect of Methanol Spraying on Seed Yield and Mucilage of Flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.)

fatemeh Azimi; fatemeh nejatzadeh

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 81-92

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26775.1639

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Descurainia sophia L. is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical industry because its seeds are used for the production ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Descurainia sophia L. is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical industry because its seeds are used for the production of mucilages. Methanol spraying, as a biological stimulant on three carbonaceous plants, can increase carbon dioxide stability and reduce respiration, resulting in more dry matter in these plants. Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of methanol spraying on seed yield and mucilage variation of D. sophia based on randomized complete block design with five treatments and three replications in a field experiment in Khoy, Iran. The treatments consisted of the control treatment (distilled water without methanol application) with 4 concentrations of methanol spraying (containing 10, 20, 30 and 40%) carried out during the growing season three times at intervals of 12 days (36, 48, 60 days after planting). After the last spraying at the time of full maturity, the plants in each plot were taken individually. The measured morphophysiological characteristics included plant height, plant leaf number, plant stem number, plant dry weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight and seed yield. Also, the measured phytochemical traits included seed ash content, mucilage percentage and yield, and inflation index. Results Results showed that foliar application of different concentrations of methanol had a significant effect on number of plant stems, number of plant leaves, plant dry weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, grain yield, seed mucilage yield, seed ash, seed inflation index (p ≤ 0.01), plant height and 1000 seed weight (p ≤ 0.05). Foliar application of different concentrations of methanol had a significant effect on all morphological and functional components. To be more precise, methanol spray had a significant effect on plant height, number of stems, plant leaf number, shoot dry weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight and seed yield, but the effect of year on none of the measured traits was meaningful. Also, the interaction between the year and methanol spraying on the traits of plant leaf number, number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight had a significant effect, but the remaining traits were not affected considerably. Combined analysis of variance showed that the year effect had no noticeable effect on seed ash. While methanol concentration had a significant effect (p≤ 0.01) on the seed ash content, the interaction of methanol in different years of experiment was not significant on this characteristic. Discussion Regular methanol spraying, as an active bioavailable and a new method in the production of medicinal plants, improved seed yield and mucilage of Descurainia sophia seed. Generally, the highest values for the evaluated properties were obtained in the induction of 40% volumetric methanol solution.

Evaluating the Effect of Pendimethalin Herbicide Residue on Wheat and Barely

Taj Mohammad Khajavi; Zeinab Avarseji; Ebrahim Gholam Alipour Alamdari; Abbas Biabani

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 483-494

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.25477.1589

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Nowadays, herbicides are crucial for modern agricultural systems. Yet, improper application of herbicides will have dangerous consequences. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Nowadays, herbicides are crucial for modern agricultural systems. Yet, improper application of herbicides will have dangerous consequences. For example, there will be crop damage due to long lasting herbicide residue or herbicide drift on neighbor crops if applied on non-target species. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the sensitivity of wheat and barley to pendimethalin residue by using bioassay. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate soil residue of pendimethalin, experiments with completely randomized designs were carried out in the greenhouse at Faculty of Agricluture and Natural Resources of Gonbad Kavous University. In this experiments, different doses of pendimethalin (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75 and 100 % of recommended dose) were applied on wheat and barley in order to measure the dry weight of root and shoot of crops. The concentration of herbicides was made by dilution of stock solvent. Three/four-parameter log-logistic curves were used for fitness of the data. Results Results indicated that almost all data followed the three-parameter logarithm logistic curve. Results of separate fitness of data showed that the residue of pendimethalin always caused reduction of dry weight of the evaluated crops. Fifty percent reduction of shoot dry weight of wheat and barley was obtained from 400.5 and 623.05 g.a.i.ha-1 of pendimethalin and the ED50 values of root dry weight of wheat and barley were 65.88 and 269.66 g.a.i.ha-1 of pendimethalin, respectively. Discussion Generally, the results of simultaneously fitted data shows that wheat is always more sensitive to pendimethalin rather than barley. Based on results, even the very little portion of herbicides can cause damage to crops, thus, considering the sensitive crop in rotation is so important since this residue can stay active even in two-season crops and make crop injuries. The selection between 3 and 4 Logarithm logistic model was based on: 1. Lack of fit test significance 2. Significance of estimated parameters, especially the parameters and the way of distribution of data around the curve (graphical observation).

Effect of fall rye, spring vetch and berseem clover cover crops on weeds control

R. Fakhari; A. Tobeh

Volume 38, Issue 2 , September 2015, , Pages 51-63

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11253

Abstract

In order to study the effects of different cover crops in suppressing weed growth, an experiment based on the randomized complete block designs was carried out in the agricultural research ... Read More In order to study the effects of different cover crops in suppressing weed growth, an experiment based on the randomized complete block designs was carried out in the agricultural research station of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2012-2013 growing season with four replications. Treatments included fall rye (Secale cereale), spring vetch (Vicia villosa), and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrium) along with the control treatment. Some traits of weeds and cover crops were measured 60 days after cropping (cover crops flowering) and 90 days after cropping (one month after cover crops were clipped from the ground level). Results of the analysis of variance showed that in two stages of sampling, plant density, crop height, fresh weight and dry weight of cover crops had significant differences. Fall rye, spring vetch and berseem clover decreased the density of common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) compared with control about 69, 81 and 88 percent and dry weight of this weed in the second sampling about 73, 96 and 93 percent, respectively. Evaluation of the phonology weeds during the first sampling showed weeds were in vegetative phase along with the winter rye and spring vetch but were in the flowering phase accompanied by berseem clover, like control. In the second sampling stage, all three cover crops suppressed the growth of the weeds and kept them in the vegetative stage. For the bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), percentage of decrease in density compared with control was about 77, 55 and 9 percent and dry weight loss was measured to be 78, 61 and 33 percent, respectively. Effect of the three cover crops on the control of the bindweed was lower than that of the Common Lambs quarter. This higher competitive potential against cover crops probably is due to the reserving organs. Cover crops of fall rye and spring vetch were the most suitable crops to weed control in the first stage, after control and Berseem clover was distinguished as the non-suitable one.

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Keywords = Dry weight

The effect of camel manure and manganese sulfate on yield and yield components of Foxtail millet (Setaria italic)

Abstract

Investigation of the Growth and Physiological Reactions of Kochia Plant to Simultaneous Stress of Salinity and Cadmium

Abstract

Effect of Methanol Spraying on Seed Yield and Mucilage of Flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.)

Abstract

Evaluating the Effect of Pendimethalin Herbicide Residue on Wheat and Barely

Abstract

Effect of fall rye, spring vetch and berseem clover cover crops on weeds control

Abstract