Plant Productions

Predicting the Final Fruit Size of Kiwifruit cv. 'Hayward' Using Mathematical Equations

Ebrahim Abedi Gheshlaghi

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 433-446

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30831.1818

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionFruit size is an important attribute of all fruit crops and harvest fruit weight has a major influence on market acceptance and returns for many fruit crops like ... Read More AbstractIntroductionFruit size is an important attribute of all fruit crops and harvest fruit weight has a major influence on market acceptance and returns for many fruit crops like kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward'. The purpose of this study was to develop a non-destructive technique by measuring fruit dimensions and fruit volume by water displacement to measure fruit growth and using this information to develop a method for predicting fruit weight at different stages of its development. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted using the mature vines of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit. The kiwifruit vines were grown in an orchard located in Astara, Guilan province, Iran (latitude 38.22°N and longitude 48.51°E), trained to a T-bar system with plants spaced of 4×5 m. Fruits were destructively harvested at one-two weeks after fruit set during the season to obtain measurements of individual fruit volume by water displacement, fruit fresh weight, circumference of fruit and three linear measurements of fruit size, from which a correlation relation was derived to enable estimation of fruit volume, fruit fresh weight from the fruit measurements (r> 0.995). This enabled the growth of tagged fruit on the vine to be followed by nondestructive measurements of the fruit dimensions and the growth curves of each mean were estimated at each measurement step.Results and DiscussionThe increase in the fresh weight or volume of 'Hayward' fruit over the season was a double sigmoid in shape. The fruit density was less than one in about three months after the fruit set and then increased to more than one unit. Correlation analysis between the data of different stages of measurement with fruit harvesting data showed that with the progress of fruit growth, the correlation between fruit size and its final size increased, and about 55 days after fruit set reached to more than 0.95. The standard deviation of fruit size at this stage was 11.55 cm3. The correlation coefficient above 0.95 between fruit weight and its length with fruit weight and length at harvest time was calculated 72 and 89 days after fruit set, respectively. Fruit size in kiwifruit is affected by various factors and the final size and weight of the fruit is likely to be determined by the rapid fruit growth period. This period that results from cell division and cell size enlargement took about 50-60 days after fruit set for Hayward cultivar when the fruit reaches approximately half of its volume in this period. Applying any stress at the cell division stage will affect the final fruit size. Given the high correlation between the dimensions of the fruit with the final fruit size at the end of the rapid growth period, it is possible to predict the final fruit size at the end of this period with great accuracy. Therefore, using the obtained mathematical equations, the final size of the fruit can be estimated by the measurement of the length and circumference of fruit in one and a half months to two after the fruit set. ConclusionBased on the results of this study, with a simple and practical method and with a high and significant correlation coefficient, by measuring the length and circumference of the fruit about one and a half months to two after fruit formation, the final fruit size at harvest can be predicted in order to take the necessary measures to export, sell and/or store the fruit.

Assessment of Yield and Agronomic Characteristics of Promising Lines of Rice

Elnaz Khalil Khalili; ghafar kiani; seyed kamal kazemi tabar

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 107-116

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26920.1643

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of morphological characteristics of different promising lines of rice and the effects they have on yield can be considered a ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of morphological characteristics of different promising lines of rice and the effects they have on yield can be considered a good tool for identification of preferable lines with ideal agronomical traits. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the most important characteristics of cultivars affecting yield in 2017, a field experiment was conducted in a research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, in a randomized complete block design with three replications, in 5 square meters plots with 25×25 space between them. Morphological characteristics include plant height, panicle length and number measured before harvest in the farm, as well as other characteristics after harvest in laboratory. At the end of growth season, panicles were harvested and collected in separate bags and were selected randomly for measurement of their morphological characteristics. Mean comparisons were calculated with Duncan method in 5% level of possibility. Also, variance analysis was calculated for all the traits. Cluster analysis was calculated with ward method. The genotypes were 30 promising lines of rice. In this study, 10 traits including plant height, panicle length, panicle number, total number of grains, number of filled grains, grain length, grain diameter, grain length to width ratio, 1000 grain weight and yield were evaluated. Results Correlation analysis results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between yield and number of panicles, number of filled grains and 1000 grain weight, but the length of the grain had a negative significant correlation with yield.The results of path analysis showed that the number of filled grains had the highest direct effect (0.67), and, after that, the number of panicles (0.59) and grain width (0.47) had the highest effect on yield.Therefore, based on the results obtained from this study, number of panicles and number of filled grains as selection index on rice yield improvement were identified.The results of cluster analysis of the studied lines were also classified into four groups. The genotypes in the second and the third, in addition to the higher yields, had the lower height, number of tillers and more grain number.The average deviation of clusters from total mean was calculated for these lines and the existence of this deviation can demonstrate diversity. The genotypes in the second group add up to 57% of all the genotypes, which is above the total mean in traits including panicle number, grain length, grain diameter, 1000 grain weight and yield. Discussion According to the results of this study, the highest lines in terms of yield and other agronomical characteristics were 8, 13, 14, 15 and 28. Also, traits including number of panicles and filled grain number can be considered selecting factors for improvement of rice yield. Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of morphological characteristics of different promising lines of rice and the effects they have on yield can be considered a good tool for identification of preferable lines with ideal agronomical traits. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the most important characteristics of cultivars affecting yield in 2017, a field experiment was conducted in a research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, in a randomized complete block design with three replications, in 5 square meters plots with 25×25 space between them. Morphological characteristics include plant height, panicle length and number measured before harvest in the farm, as well as other characteristics after harvest in laboratory. At the end of growth season, panicles were harvested and collected in separate bags and were selected randomly for measurement of their morphological characteristics. Mean comparisons were calculated with Duncan method in 5% level of possibility. Also, variance analysis was calculated for all the traits. Cluster analysis was calculated with ward method. The genotypes were 30 promising lines of rice. In this study, 10 traits including plant height, panicle length, panicle number, total number of grains, number of filled grains, grain length, grain diameter, grain length to width ratio, 1000 grain weight and yield were evaluated. Results Correlation analysis results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between yield and number of panicles, number of filled grains and 1000 grain weight, but the length of the grain had a negative significant correlation with yield.The results of path analysis showed that the number of filled grains had the highest direct effect (0.67), and, after that, the number of panicles (0.59) and grain width (0.47) had the highest effect on yield.Therefore, based on the results obtained from this study, number of panicles and number of filled grains as selection index on rice yield improvement were identified.The results of cluster analysis of the studied lines were also classified into four groups. The genotypes in the second and the third, in addition to the higher yields, had the lower height, number of tillers and more grain number.The average deviation of clusters from total mean was calculated for these lines and the existence of this deviation can demonstrate diversity. The genotypes in the second group add up to 57% of all the genotypes, which is above the total mean in traits including panicle number, grain length, grain diameter, 1000 grain weight and yield. Discussion According to the results of this study, the highest lines in terms of yield and other agronomical characteristics were 8, 13, 14, 15 and 28. Also, traits including number of panicles and filled grain number can be considered selecting factors for improvement of rice yield. Keywords: Cluster analysis, Correlation,New lines

Relationship of Color Indices with Some Chemical Characteristic in Red and White Apple Cultivars

Mitra Jabari; Mohammad Mehdi ُSHARIFANI; Ahad Yamchi

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 359-372

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.23071.1506

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Apple is one of the most important common fruit trees in temperate regions of the world with a lot of phenotypes and genotypes. Fruit surface ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Apple is one of the most important common fruit trees in temperate regions of the world with a lot of phenotypes and genotypes. Fruit surface color is one of the important factors in evaluating the qualities and appearance of fruits. This is the first component of acceptance by the customer, which indicates anomalies in agricultural products. Materials and Methods For this purpose, a study was conducted in 2016 in a completely randomized design with 12 varieties of native and imported apples in three replications. In this research, qualitative characteristics including anthocyanins for skin and flesh fruit, total sugar, flavor index, pH and EC and color indexes including brightness index (L), redness index (a), yellowness index (b), Hue (H), and Chroma (C) were measured for each apple cultivar. Results The results showed the highest indexes of a and C of skin. Moreover, the index of a related to the flesh of fruit in Mazand 2 had the highest levels of Hue skin, brightness and Hue flesh in Gala cultivar. The highest amount of brightness and yellowneass of fruit skin and flesh was observed in Golden delicious cultivar. While the highest amount of anthocyanin in skin was found in Red delicious cultivar. the highest amount of anthocyanin in flesh was found in Mazand 2. Furthermore, the highest level of flavor index was found in Shahrod 10 and the maximum amount of total sugar was detected in Red delicious cultivar. The utmost EC juice and the highest juice pH were observed in Gol Ghermez and Golab Kohanz cultivars, respectively. The highest positive correlation was found between anthocyanin of skin and anthocyanin of fruit pulp in the red flesh apple (0.99). Based on the results of this research, the red index and the fruit flavor index correlated with skin Hue, brightness of skin correlated with yellow color of skin, and fruit EC correlated with sugar content of the fruit. Discussion Finally, the highest correlation was found between anthocyanin in skin and the red flesh apple. In other apple cultivars, a significant correlation was found between index (a) and the yellowness of the apples (0.92). Further positive correlation was set between index C and anthocyanin content and flavor index. A positive correlation was observed between H and L indexes and the yellow color of the apple. Index b indicated a significant negative correlation with anthocyanin of skin and flesh of apple. The highest red content in red flesh apples indicated positive correlation with a and c indices, which has already been confirmed by the results of other researchers.

Effect of sowing and irrigation cutoff date on seed yield and irrigation water use efficiency of spring berseem clover in Khouzestan

Ahmad Ali Shoushi Dezfuli; Mohammad khorramian; Ali Assareh

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 69-82

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.23152.1510

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Khouzestan province with about 1000 hectares of seed clover is the most important region for seed production of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Khouzestan province with about 1000 hectares of seed clover is the most important region for seed production of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) in Iran. Extending the cultivation area of berseem clover (BC) is important due to the favorable effects of BC on soil fertility and the necessity of this region to a desirable crop rotation. The harvest date of summer crops such as corn leads to delay in optimum sowing date of BC. Several investigators in other areas have demonstrated that early sowing dates improved yield of BC. On the other hand, the most important factor in crop yields is water irrigation; it plays an important role in sustainable agriculture. Based on the existing literature, early sowing date reduces the number of irrigation events and increases water irrigation use efficiency (IWUE). Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of spring BC sowing date and last irrigation cutoff time on seed yield and IWUE. Materials and Methods This study was carried out in Safiabad Agricultural Research Center in two years (2014-15). Soil texture of the experimental field was silty clay loam, well drained without salinity (ECe=1.2ds m-1), with 0.75 percent organic carbon. The statistical design of the experiment was split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots were allocated to sowing date including 10th Feb, 20th Feb, 2st Mar and 12th Mar, and the sub plots were assigned to irrigation cutoff dates including 5th Jun, 15th Jun and 25th Jun. Daily evaporation from class A evaporation pan of the Safiabad weather station (nearby the experimental field) was measured to calculate water irrigation depth, and BC evapotranspiration was calculated by applying a pan coefficient of 0.8. Irrigation interval was managed based on 80 mm accumulated evaporation from the pan evaporation. The measured traits included seed yield, IWUE, number of seeds per inflorescence (NSI), number of inflorescences per square meter (NI), days to flowering, straw production, total dry matter (TDM), harvest index (HI) and weighed a thousand seeds. Results There was a significant difference between the irrigation cutoff date for all traits except the number of days to flowering and HI. The results of the mean comparison showed that the, sowing date of 20th Feb and irrigation cutoff in 15th Jun, with seed yield (631 kg.ha-1) and IWUE (0.72 kg.m-3) was better than the other treatments. In this treatment, the plant growth period in the first sowing date (88.6 days), and the NI (623 numbers), and the NSI (37.1 numbers) was higher than the other treatments. The correlation between seed yield and other traits was positive and the stepwise regression analysis showed a positive and high effect of NI on seed yield in BC. Discussion The results of this trial confirm previous findings that BC early sowing dates, will had higher seed yield. Also, the results showed that delaying in irrigation cutoff is effective in decreasing IWUE, so that irrigation until 25 th June in comparison with 15 th June, In spite of significant increasing in yield, decreased IWUE significantly.

Exploring Genetic Diversity of Some Iranian Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) Accessions in Urmia Climatic Conditions

A. Hajiali; R. Darvishzadeh; B. Zahedi; J. Abbaskohpayegani

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 29-40

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.12555

Abstract

Background and Objectives Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb) belongs to the genus Cucurbita and the family Cucurbitaceae. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of ... Read More Background and Objectives Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb) belongs to the genus Cucurbita and the family Cucurbitaceae. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of genetic variation among Iranian watermelon accessions originating from different regions of the country by morphological traits. Materials and Methods Sixteen accessions together with two commercial watermelon cultivars were planted in completely randomized block design with three replications in Agricultural Research Center of Urmia in 2013.Fifteen traits including leaf length, leaf width, plant length, number of fruit per plant, fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, fruit mass, fruit skin, 100 seed weight, seed length, seed width, pH, TSS and yield were assessed on the studied accessions. During fruit ripening, four fruits from each plot were randomly selected and the traits were measured according to InternationalBoard for PlantGenetic Resources Institute descriptor. The TSS was assessed by using refractometer and the pH by using pH meter. Results Analysis of variance showed that there is a meaningful difference between genotypes for all studied traits except for pH, stem length and number of fruits per plant. According to the results, fruit yield ranged from 24626 kg h-1 in Charleston Gray genotype to 13444 kg h-1 in Hamedan 817 accession. The percentage of TSS varied from 9.27% in Crimson sweet genotype to 5.1% in Khorasan 806 accession and fruit pH varied from 5.63 in Hamedan 817 accession to 4.78 in Charleston Gray genotype. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for all studied traits, indicating the significant effects of environmental effects. The highest positive correlation (0.968) was observed between pulp weight and fruit weight and the highest negative one (-0.815) was observed between TSS and seed length. The highest heritability was seen for 100 seed weight and the lowest one for pH. Cluster analysis with Ward method, classified the studied accessions in to three different groups. The maximum distance was observed between genotypes of groups 1 and 3. Discussions The results revealed a rather high level of genetic polymorphism and wide genetic variation between accessions, which offer valuable information for conservation and management of genetic resources and utilizing them in watermelon breeding programs. The genetic distance between accessions is a valuable parameter to conserve and use a given germplasm in breeding activities. It was proved that crosses between unrelated and genetically distant parents will show more power hybrid than crosses between genotypes closely related.

Genetic Diversity Mulberry Genotypes of Iran by Using Morphological

m fakhraei; r Tabar; m Sarsaiefi; a Fattie; Gh Abadozi; M Hajhasani; A Farhadi; Gh Khakizad; Z Azizi; B Samadi; M Kiani; A Mirakhorlee; N Foromadi; j Mzaffari; R Rafezi

Volume 39, Issue 3 , December 2016, , Pages 39-50

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12332

Abstract

Background and Objectives Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a tree of the family of Moraceae. There are 24 species of Morus and one subspecies, with 100 known varieties. The various methods ... Read More Background and Objectives Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a tree of the family of Moraceae. There are 24 species of Morus and one subspecies, with 100 known varieties. The various methods used in classification of Morus were mainly based on the conventional systematic studies and agronomic characters. Despite the widespread genetic diversity in Iranian mulberry tree, so far, the identification of these trees has not been selection, introduction and cultivation. In order to identify mulberry trees during 1387-1392, they were collected from different provinces (Tehran, Mazandaran, Kurdistan, Markazi, Khuzestan, Fars, West Azarbaijan, Isfahan, Hamedan, Khorasan, South Khorasan, Semnan, Ardabil, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, East Azerbaijan) according to the IPGRI (International Institute for genetic reserves). The aim of this study was evaluation of genetic diversity and mulberry clustering genotypes, on the basis and quantitative characteristics and to determine the genetic distance between them. Material and Methods Mulberry trees are widely distributed in Iran. After reviewing the population of mulberry according to descriptor of IGPRI throughout the country, 118 specimens of mulberry from genotypes were selected and they were evaluated for their morphological characteristics. Some of these characters are quantitative and some others were measured and recorded based on coding UPOV. After collecting the data, descriptive statistics were extracted and analyzed. With the assumption of variance analysis distinguished genotypes into treatment and regions within each area as replication, design used nested. Mean comparison of quantitative traits LSD. Results The result of ANOVA showed average comparison of genotypes investigated difference was significant for all studied characteristics: the leaf margin, petiole length, flower diameter, which represent the coefficients of variation that were higher diversity among genotypes investigated. Therefore, there is the possibility of selecting genotypes for different values of an attribute. The characteristics that have high coefficients of variation are more diverse than the character coefficient with low variations. Discussions Analysis of simple correlation coefficients showed a significant positive correlation during the harvest time of fruit ripening r=0.82, the shape of inflorescence at the time of fruit ripening r=0.71, shape of inflorescence at the time of fruit ripening r=0.71 at 1% level. Brix with the shape by time of fruit ripening r=0.60 Brix of fruit shape r=0.28 fresh weight at the time of ripening r=0.81, significant positive correlations were calculated at 5% level. The results of mulberries ripen over an extended period of time unlike many other fruits. Using cluster analysis to the “Ward” based on morphological characterization at a distance of 15; genotypes were divided in three main groups. In order to determine the most important morphological characters to differentiate among the population of principal component analysis was used (PCA).The first components to 0.65 percent of total respectively. Overall, the results showed that great morphological variation among the plants population.

Path Analysis to Study Morph-Physiological Traits, Yield and Traits Related to Yield of Lentil Genotypes under Rain fed Condition

Fatemeh Zahedi; D N; Mohtasham Mohammadi; Rahmat allah karimizadeh

Volume 39, Issue 2 , September 2016, , Pages 71-80

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12056

Abstract

Background and Objectives Statistical parameters can be used in plant research to elucidate the differences in growth behavior among traits in a plant population. Materials and Methods ... Read More

Important Morphological Traits on Canola Yield as Second Cultivation in Guilan

M R; B R; M R

Volume 35, Issue 2 , September 2012, , Pages 85-98

Abstract

To determine the correlated traits to grain yield in rapeseed, eight rapeseed cultivars were planted using randomized complete block design with three replications in Rice Research ... Read More

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Keywords = Correlation

Predicting the Final Fruit Size of Kiwifruit cv. 'Hayward' Using Mathematical Equations

Abstract

Assessment of Yield and Agronomic Characteristics of Promising Lines of Rice

Abstract

Relationship of Color Indices with Some Chemical Characteristic in Red and White Apple Cultivars

Abstract

Effect of sowing and irrigation cutoff date on seed yield and irrigation water use efficiency of spring berseem clover in Khouzestan

Abstract

Exploring Genetic Diversity of Some Iranian Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) Accessions in Urmia Climatic Conditions

Abstract

Genetic Diversity Mulberry Genotypes of Iran by Using Morphological

Abstract

Path Analysis to Study Morph-Physiological Traits, Yield and Traits Related to Yield of Lentil Genotypes under Rain fed Condition

Abstract

Important Morphological Traits on Canola Yield as Second Cultivation in Guilan

Abstract