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Morphological evaluation of some Caprifig accessions in South Khorasan Razavi

Mohammad Hasan Bagheri; Mahdi علیزاده; Moslem Jafari; Esmaeil Seifi; khalil Zaynali Nezhad

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46624.2160

Abstract

Introduction Figs are one of the fruit trees that were domesticated earlier than other plants, and fig cultivation in Turkey was long before the cultivation of other plants by humans. ... Read More Introduction Figs are one of the fruit trees that were domesticated earlier than other plants, and fig cultivation in Turkey was long before the cultivation of other plants by humans. According to the history of fig cultivation, it can be said that this plant is one of the first fruit trees that humans have attempted selection technique for its breeding. According to the researchers, the diversity of the population under selection guarantees the achievement of desirable results in the breed-specific programs. The first step for any reeding program is to know the existing accessions in the region and get to know their breeding potentials. In most regions of Iran, fig trees are seen as feral wild species. Regarding the study and identification of wild figs in Iran, several studies have been taken. Most of these actions have taken place in Fars province. So far, no report has been published regarding the study of figs in the southern regions of Khorasan-e- Razavi, which is considered one of the natural habitats of figs. In this research, the caprifigs widespread in these areas have been studied. Materials and methods In this research, morphological evaluation of 10 accessions of figs in the south Khorasan-e-Razavi was done and compared with two commercial cultivars of Estehban Fars. The location of the sampling sites was in a wide range of areas in the south of Khorasan-e-Razavi (from the southernmost village of Gonabad to Bardskan). To evaluate the morphological characteristics, the IPGRI international descriptor and also the national guidelines for tests of differentiation, uniformity and stability in figs (Institute of Registration and Certification of Seeds and Seedlings of Iran) were used. For this purpose, leaf vegetative characteristics and some special characteristics of figs were measured. The measurements were carried out according to the type of trait in late spring and mid-summer. This research was carried out in the form of a nest design with 3 replications. In each repetition, 5 measurement samples and its average data were used. For data analysis, SAS ver 9.4 software was used for cluster analysis using UPGMA algorithm and based on Euclidean morphological distance, as well as NTSYS ver 2.0.1.5 software was used for cluster drawing. Results and disscussion The results showed that there is a significant difference between the morphological characteristics of the studied fig masses. principle component analyses in quantitative traits showed that the eigenvalue is greater than one in nine factors. Examining the analysis results with factors in quantitative traits showed that only the first three factors alone can justify more than 92% of the variation. Also, the analyses into main factors in qualitative traits showed that the number of 12 factors, their eigenvalue is more than one, and the first six factors explain more than 93% of the variation. Cluster analysis showed that all investigated masses are placed in three groups. The first group included the Branjirs of Estehban Fars. The second group included only Pechek and Bejestan figs, and other figs were included in the third group. Conclusion Collecting and determining the characteristics of germplasm is the most important stage of fruit tree breeding programs. Iran is considsered as one of the important centers of plant genetic reserves and is one of the primary origins of Figs. The results of this research showed the extraordinary diversity of caprifigs in a wide range of southern Khorasan-e-Razavi. Due to the observation of high diversity in the studied genotpes, it is suggested to evaluate these accessions from different molecular and biochemical aspects.

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Evaluation of phenotypic diversity of cumulative growing degree-days (GDD) and grain yield in spring wheat cultivars under optimal and zinc deficiency conditions

Nasrin Valipour; Hadi Alipour; Reza Darvishzadeh

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 65-78

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.39617.2003

Abstract

IntroductionBread wheat is the first grain and the most important annual crop in the world. Like other crops, wheat faces many environmental constraints such as a lack of trace elements ... Read More IntroductionBread wheat is the first grain and the most important annual crop in the world. Like other crops, wheat faces many environmental constraints such as a lack of trace elements during its growth period. Zinc deficiency is a common micronutrient disorder in wheat-growing areas of the world. The growing degree-days (GDD) index is reliable compared to the time calendar due to its stability. These indices are important for comparing genotypes whose physiological developmental stages do not match. Temperature is an important meteorological variable in the study of plant growth and development processes and therefore its study on short time scales leads to a more accurate estimate of thermal need due to the relatively wide range of temperature changes in different phenological stages, setting the planting date. Studying the effect of temperature on wheat genotypes should be based on sufficient time and temperature to complete the phenological stages in which grain yield components are formed. Materials and MethodsTo study the phenological stages, cumulative growing degree-days, and grain yield and its components in 64 spring wheat cultivars under optimal and zinc deficiency conditions, a study was conducted in the 2019-2020 cropping season based on a simple lattice design in the research field of Urmia University, Iran. Phenological stages include the number of days to germination, the number of days to booting, the number of days to pollination, the number of days to physiological maturity, and the grain filling period with their GDDs during the growing season in each pot based on 50% of the samples were determined to have reached the relevant vegetative stage. In addition to phenological stages along with the number of grains per spike, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield were examined. Results and DiscussionAnalysis of variance revealed that there is a statistically significant difference among all cultivars in terms of all studied traits except the number of days to pollination under optimal and zinc deficiency conditions. According to the results of descriptive statistics, grain yield, the number of grains per spike, and thousand-grain weight decreased and phenological traits increased under zinc deficiency conditions compared to optimal conditions. Among phenological traits, not only the number of days to spike showed relatively high variability but also had a significant relationship with grain yield under zinc deficiency based on the results of correlation and regression analyses. The factor analysis showed that under optimal conditions, the first four components explained 87.81 percent of the total variation, so that the contribution of the first to fourth components were 38.38, 21.52, 15.88, and 12.3 percent. Under zinc deficiency stress conditions, the first five components explained 95.68 percent of the total variation, so that the first to fifth components explained 34.62, 18.48, 17.51, 14.66, and 10.40 percent, respectively. Cluster analysis classified all spring wheat cultivars into three and four clusters under optimal and zinc deficiency stress conditions. ConclusionBased on the results of cluster analysis under optimal and zinc deficiency stress conditions, Neishabour, Golestan, and Gahar cultivars were identified as desirable and tolerant cultivars that can be used in future breeding programs. The results of cluster analysis were confirmed by results of canonical discriminant function results

Investigation of Seed Storage Proteins Diversity in Some Durum Wheat Landraces and Cultivars

Fatemeh Soorninia; Abdollah Najaphy; Danial Kahrizi; Ali Mostafaie; Ali Ashraf Mehrabi

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 385-396

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.39915.2012

Abstract

IntroductionReducing the genetic diversity of crops as a result of the use of breeding processes leads to the loss of a large number of useful genes and thus reduces the diversity of ... Read More IntroductionReducing the genetic diversity of crops as a result of the use of breeding processes leads to the loss of a large number of useful genes and thus reduces the diversity of genetic resources, which is one of the undeniable tools of breeding programs. Therefore, researches aimed at studying the genetic diversity of crops can be an effective aid in preserving genetic resources and identifying superior genotypes. Electrophoresis of seed storage proteins is a useful tool to study the characteristics of wheat genotypes in terms of storage proteins diversity. Materials and MethodsIn the present study, the diversity of seed storage proteins of 25 durum wheat genotypes obtained from different regions of Iran, including some landraces and commercial cultivars, was investigated using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Storage proteins of the studied genotypes were scored and analyzed after extraction and electrophoresis. Grain protein content and total gluten were measured by NIR and glutomatic gluten washer machines, respectively. Results and DiscussionElectrophoresis identified 14 polymorphic bands. Molecular analysis of variance between landraces and commercial cultivars showed 100% intragroup diversity. Cluster analysis using Jaccard coefficients by UPGMA method divided the studied genotypes into 4 groups. Genotypes No. 9 (Land race of Mashhad), 18 (Land race of Ahar) and 24 (Landrace of Islamabad Gharb) were placed each in a separate group and the rest of the genotypes formed another group. The two-dimensional graph resulting from principal component analysis also confirmed these four groups. Based on Jaccard similarity matrix, the lowest similarity and highest genetic distance were determined between genotypes No. 24 (Land race of Islamabad Gharb) with genotypes No. 21 (Dehdasht cultivar), 22 (Land race of Khorramabad), 23 (Dena cultivar) and 25 (Land race of Khorramabad) with a similarity coefficient of 0.41 was obtained. On the other hand, comparing the mean of genotypes for qualitative traits of grain protein content and total gluten, the highest amount of these two traits for genotypes No. 3 (Landrace of Kermanshah), 4 (Landrace of unknown-Iran), 1 (Landrace of Khoram Abad) and 2 (Landrace of Khoramabad) and the lowest values of both traits were obtained for genotype No. 24 (Landrace of Islamabad-West). Genotype No. 18 (Landrace of Ahar) is also one of the genotypes with high amounts of gluten. ConclusionThe electrophoretic pattern of seed storage proteins can determine genetic diversity based on the presence or absence of protein bands. Therefore it can be a useful tool to identify the genetic diversity of different plants. It is also possible for genotypes that have the greatest genetic distance and at the same time have good quantitative and qualitative traits to participate in breeding programs as parents. In the present study, according to the study of genotypes by analyzing the variance of qualitative traits of grain protein content and total gluten and comparing the mean and grouping them using the information obtained by electrophoresis, a cross can be found between genotypes genotypes No. 3 (Landrace of Kermanshah), 4 (Landrace of unknown-Iran), 1 (Landrace of Khoram Abad) and 2 (Landrace of Khoramabad) Due to their high content of gluten and protein with genotype No. 18 (Landrace of Ahar) due to its high content of gluten and acceptable genetic distance with the mentioned genotypes

Study of the Relationship Between Morphological and Phytochemical Traits of Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) Accessions

Roghayeh Fathi; Mehdi Mohebodini; esmaeil chamani

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 305-319

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32495.1874

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionSummer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is used as a spice and traditional herb in Iran. This plant has shown antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, ... Read More AbstractIntroductionSummer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is used as a spice and traditional herb in Iran. This plant has shown antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, sedative and antimicrobial activities. The basic requirement for plant breeding programs is a germplasm diversity that provides necessary facilities for breeding species with desirable features. Therefore, accurate identification of genotypes is considered as a prerequisite in this manner. Phenotypic characteristics are the first markers that have been used for diversity researches. Materials and MethodsIn this research, 20 accessions of S. hortensis were chosen from Iran, Bulgaria, Germany, Czech, Georgia, Syria, Hungary, Poland, Italy and Uzbekistan. Some morphological and phytochemical characteristics such as internode number, shoot number, number of days to germination, collar diameter, fresh weight of aerial part, bract fresh weight, flower number, peduncle length, 1000-seeds weight, flower fresh and dry weight and essential oil components were studied. The measurements began after the 50% of flowering stage. Results and DiscussionBased on the results of morphological studies, internode number (11.03), shoot number (18.58), 1000-seeds weight (925.97 mg) high variable Uzbekistan accessions were best in this traits. Maximum flower number (26.34) and flower fresh weight (26.14 mg) were obtained from Bulgaria accession. Essential oil amount was higher in Karaj accession. Correlation coefficients among traits showed that fresh weight of aerial part had the highest correlation with flower fresh weight (0.97). Cluster analysis based on Euclidean distance divided the accessions into four major groups in which the third and fourth groups had valuable characteristics. The Bulgaria accession had the highest ɣ-Terpinene and Borneol. The Karaj accession was the best in carvacrol and delta-3-carene content. Clustering from essential oil component assigned accessions into five clusters. It can be suggested that there is a considerable genetic variation among S. hortensis accessions. The main purpose of this study was to determine genetic diversity among S. hortensis accessions from Iran and other parts of the world. Significant differences were found among the accessions in almost every parameter measured. The range of vegetative and flower values obtained in this study was more than those reported in previous researches about S. hortensis. With increasing shoot and leaf number, Iran appears to be the main place to trap sunlight for photosynthesis and consequently provides the condition to produce flowers, seeds and secondary metabolites. Thus, Uzbekistan and Bulgaria accessions having high values of leaf and flower can also be considered for cultivation and breeding programs. ConclusionIn this study, agro-morphological and essential oil properties of S. hortensis accessions originated from Iran and some Asian and European countries were evaluated. The study revealed a high level of diversity in morphological and phytochemical traits among S. hortensis accessions. This needs a breeding approach during the domestication process to obtain homogenous cultivars with suitable agricultural properties. Keywords: Cluster analysis, Essential oil, Genetic diversity

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Different Olive Genotypes in Some Cities of Khuzestan Province Using Morphological Marker

Syrus Safipour; Esmaeil Khaleghi; Noorollah Moallemi

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26385.1622

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea) is compatible with Mediterranean and Mediterranean-like climates. Due to its high adaptability to different environmental conditions, ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea) is compatible with Mediterranean and Mediterranean-like climates. Due to its high adaptability to different environmental conditions, this plant has adapted well to the varied climates in the world. It has extensively been cultivated in some regions of Iran to the extent that some cultivars do not have any identification. Therefore, a genotype/variety may be classified under several names and several varieties under a single name. Also, lack of garden information, re-naming of imported cultivars, and non-standard morphological traits for naming has led to fundamental problems in the pomology industry. Accordingly, it is necessary and inevitable to eliminate these ambiguities and accurately identify different olives’ genotypes in Iran. Hense, the first step in identifying the genotype is morphological identification. To this aim, the present research was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity and the relationship between the olive trees cultivated in some of the cities of Khuzestan through exploring morphological traits. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in Indica, Baghmalek, Izeh, and Lali in 2015-2016. Fifty genotypes were collected from the orchards of the Andika, Baghmalek, Izeh and, Lali. The morphological traits of fruit, stone, and leaf were measured according to the IOOC guidelines and the Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute for Research (2007) guidelines. The variance analysis of the traits was performed using SAS 9.1 software as a nested design. Cluster analysis was used for the determination of the degree of relationship between genotypes. The main components and biplot analysis were used to reduce the number of variables. Results The results showed that there was a wide range of morphological variations among genotypes. Factor and principal components analysis showed that 12 components could justify 87.7% of the variation among genotypes. The first component explained 13.42% of the total variance. In this factor, fruit length (0.63), fruit width (0.61), fruit weight (0.61), stone shape (-0.7), stone width (0.66), stone length (-0.44), and leaf length (0.5) had a high coefficient. Moreover, traits such as length and width of fruit, stone and leaf, stone and leaf shape, curvature of leaf, stone number grooves, fruit base in position A, stone weight, stone surface in position B, stone symmetry in position A, fruit size of lenticels, stone distribution of grooves, stone symmetry in position B, were the most important traits in genotyping and grouping of the cities studied. Based on the results of cluster analysis, the genotypes were divided into six distinct groups. Discussion In general, it was found that most of the genotypes in Baghmalek city are located in a separate cluster. In contrast, several genotypes in Lali, Izeh, and Indica are situated in a single cluster, which can be due to atmospheric differences in precipitation rates in these cities. Izeh, Lali, and Indica have lower temperatures and more atmospheric precipitation than Bagmalek. This important difference can cause the genotypes of these cities to be different compared to Baghmalek city.

Genetic Diversity and Grouping of Winter Barley Genotypes for Root Characteristics and ISSR Markers

Soheila Shayan; Mohammad Moghaddam Vahed; Seyed Abolghasem Mohammadi; Kazem Ghassemi Golezani; Fahimeh Sadeghpour; Ahmad Youssefi

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 323-336

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27840.1684

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of genetic diversity level is fundamental for identification of desirable parents to be used in different breeding programs, ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of genetic diversity level is fundamental for identification of desirable parents to be used in different breeding programs, and molecular markers have been succssfully taken for the analysis of genetic diversity in various crops. The objective of this study was to inversitgate genetic diversity among 28 genotypes of barley using root and shoot characters and 14 ISSR primers through two separate experiments (greenhouse and molecular experiments). Materials and Methods The greenhouse experiment was carried out as randomized complete block design with two replications in the research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran. The traits measured in the greenhouse were root dry weight, root volume, shoot dry weight and ratio of root to shoot dry weight. The molecular experiment was conducted to study the diversity of barley genotypes using 14 ISSR primers. The polymorphic information content and marker index were calculated for each ISSR primer. Results Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes under study for all traits. According to the mean comparisons, genotypes 3, 5, 9 and 20 had higher mean in terms of all characters. The cluster analysis, based on Ward's algorithm and Euclidean distance, grouped genotypes in four clusters. Group 3 had the highest mean in terms of all of the studied characters. Out of 14 ISSR primers used, 11 primers generated scorable and appropriate banding pattern. A total of 559 polymorphic bands with 80-3000 bp were produced. Polymorphic information content was estimated to be between 0.116 and 0.252 with the average of 0.187. The marker index ranged from 3.528 to 27.972 with the mean of 9.704. Classification of the studied barley genotypes was conducted by molecular data using neighbor joining algorithm based on distance coefficient of number of differences, which assigned the genotypes into four groups. There was a concordance between the grouping of genotypes based on molecular data and the characters in the greenhouse, but this concordance was not complete. Association analysis of ISSR markers with measured characteristics of barley genotypes showed that ISSR1 and ISSR5 had significant relationship with most of the root and shoot traits. Discussion Highgenetic diversity was observed among barley genotypes with respect to root and shoot traits. The results showed that ISSR primers have the ability to separate barley genotypes from each other. Also, it seems that ISSR markers under study can be used in marker assisted selection of barley genotypes in breeding programs.

Assessment of Yield and Agronomic Characteristics of Promising Lines of Rice

Elnaz Khalil Khalili; ghafar kiani; seyed kamal kazemi tabar

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 107-116

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26920.1643

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of morphological characteristics of different promising lines of rice and the effects they have on yield can be considered a ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of morphological characteristics of different promising lines of rice and the effects they have on yield can be considered a good tool for identification of preferable lines with ideal agronomical traits. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the most important characteristics of cultivars affecting yield in 2017, a field experiment was conducted in a research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, in a randomized complete block design with three replications, in 5 square meters plots with 25×25 space between them. Morphological characteristics include plant height, panicle length and number measured before harvest in the farm, as well as other characteristics after harvest in laboratory. At the end of growth season, panicles were harvested and collected in separate bags and were selected randomly for measurement of their morphological characteristics. Mean comparisons were calculated with Duncan method in 5% level of possibility. Also, variance analysis was calculated for all the traits. Cluster analysis was calculated with ward method. The genotypes were 30 promising lines of rice. In this study, 10 traits including plant height, panicle length, panicle number, total number of grains, number of filled grains, grain length, grain diameter, grain length to width ratio, 1000 grain weight and yield were evaluated. Results Correlation analysis results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between yield and number of panicles, number of filled grains and 1000 grain weight, but the length of the grain had a negative significant correlation with yield.The results of path analysis showed that the number of filled grains had the highest direct effect (0.67), and, after that, the number of panicles (0.59) and grain width (0.47) had the highest effect on yield.Therefore, based on the results obtained from this study, number of panicles and number of filled grains as selection index on rice yield improvement were identified.The results of cluster analysis of the studied lines were also classified into four groups. The genotypes in the second and the third, in addition to the higher yields, had the lower height, number of tillers and more grain number.The average deviation of clusters from total mean was calculated for these lines and the existence of this deviation can demonstrate diversity. The genotypes in the second group add up to 57% of all the genotypes, which is above the total mean in traits including panicle number, grain length, grain diameter, 1000 grain weight and yield. Discussion According to the results of this study, the highest lines in terms of yield and other agronomical characteristics were 8, 13, 14, 15 and 28. Also, traits including number of panicles and filled grain number can be considered selecting factors for improvement of rice yield. Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of morphological characteristics of different promising lines of rice and the effects they have on yield can be considered a good tool for identification of preferable lines with ideal agronomical traits. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the most important characteristics of cultivars affecting yield in 2017, a field experiment was conducted in a research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, in a randomized complete block design with three replications, in 5 square meters plots with 25×25 space between them. Morphological characteristics include plant height, panicle length and number measured before harvest in the farm, as well as other characteristics after harvest in laboratory. At the end of growth season, panicles were harvested and collected in separate bags and were selected randomly for measurement of their morphological characteristics. Mean comparisons were calculated with Duncan method in 5% level of possibility. Also, variance analysis was calculated for all the traits. Cluster analysis was calculated with ward method. The genotypes were 30 promising lines of rice. In this study, 10 traits including plant height, panicle length, panicle number, total number of grains, number of filled grains, grain length, grain diameter, grain length to width ratio, 1000 grain weight and yield were evaluated. Results Correlation analysis results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between yield and number of panicles, number of filled grains and 1000 grain weight, but the length of the grain had a negative significant correlation with yield.The results of path analysis showed that the number of filled grains had the highest direct effect (0.67), and, after that, the number of panicles (0.59) and grain width (0.47) had the highest effect on yield.Therefore, based on the results obtained from this study, number of panicles and number of filled grains as selection index on rice yield improvement were identified.The results of cluster analysis of the studied lines were also classified into four groups. The genotypes in the second and the third, in addition to the higher yields, had the lower height, number of tillers and more grain number.The average deviation of clusters from total mean was calculated for these lines and the existence of this deviation can demonstrate diversity. The genotypes in the second group add up to 57% of all the genotypes, which is above the total mean in traits including panicle number, grain length, grain diameter, 1000 grain weight and yield. Discussion According to the results of this study, the highest lines in terms of yield and other agronomical characteristics were 8, 13, 14, 15 and 28. Also, traits including number of panicles and filled grain number can be considered selecting factors for improvement of rice yield. Keywords: Cluster analysis, Correlation,New lines

The Screening of Persian Walnut Genotypes Based on the Quantitative and Qualitative Characters and the Investigation of Genetic Diversity among Promising Samples Using ISSR Marker

Nasim Zare-Rashnodi; Javad Erfani Moghadam; Arash Fazeli

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 279-294

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24861.1569

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) belongs to the family of Juglandaceae and is one of the most important nut crops in Iran. Until recently, ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) belongs to the family of Juglandaceae and is one of the most important nut crops in Iran. Until recently, all of the fruitful walnut trees grown in Iran are seedling originated and thus, they exhibit a signiﬁcant variation, especially in nut and kernel characteristics. Therefore, the identiﬁcation of the promising genotypes based on the phenotypic traits is essential in breeding programs. The aims of the current work were to evaluate 119 Persian walnut trees in different western regions of Iran based on nut and kernel characteristics, and then to detect genetic relationships among desirable genotype using ISSR marker. Materials and Methods In this research, 119 Persian walnut genotypes collected from different parts of the west of Iran were evaluated based on nut characteristics. Based on the primary evaluation, 30 superior genotypes that had desirable characters in nut and kernel properties, such as nut and kernel weight, kernel percentage, kernel removal from the nut, kernel plumpness, and kernel ﬁlled were selected and then, the genetic variation among them was evaluated using 10 ISSR primers. Results The preliminary evaluation of 119 walnut genotypes illustrated that most of the evaluated genotypes showed high variability for the measured traits related to nut and kernel. Among the nut and kernel characters, the kernel shriveling showed the highest coefficient of variation (114.02%), while the lowest CV was related to the nut diameter (8.68%). Among walnut genotypes, both nut and kernel weight varied from 7-19.8 g and 2.8-9.20 g, respectively. The genetic relationship among 30 promising genotypes with ten ISSR primers indicated a considerable level of variability. All of the ISSR primers were polymorphic and produced a total of 79 alleles among the 30 genotypes, which 77 alleles were polymorphic. The size of the ampliﬁed fragments ranged from 200 bp to 1700 bp. The number of the observed alleles for each locus ranged from 3 (HB10) to 13 (UBC-807), with an average of 7.7 alleles per locus. Polymorphic index content (PIC) was observed to be highest (0.82) in the UBC-807 locus, while the HB10 locus had the lowest value (0.51) with an average of 0.75 among ISSR locus. The Jaccard’s genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.31 to 0.85 among the genotypes. The cluster analysis performed based on ISSR data using UPGMA, divided the genotypes into seven major groups. Discussion Finally, the results of this study showed that there was high variability among walnut genotypes in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the nut and the kernel. In this study, the average nut and kernel weight among walnut genotypes varied. The difference in nut and kernel properties of germplasm under the same geographical conditions may be the result of genotypic factors. The results indicated that some genotypes (16, 4, 24, 26, 11, and 17) had desirable traits in the nut and kernel. Moreover, the Persian walnut is of most important horticultural crops grown in Iran. Therefore, these genotypes can be propagated according to the vegetative methods and used for commercial cultivation or utilized for traditional breeding and advanced biotechnology studies to achieve superior progenies.

Evaluation of Some Chrysanthemum Cultivars Using Morphological Traits in Beiran-Shahr, Lorestan Province

Shirin Taghipour; Abdollah Ehteshamnia; Hamed Khodayari; Hassan Mumivand

Volume 42, Issue 1 , April 2019, , Pages 47-62

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22802.1496

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Chrysanthemum, due to numerous applications in floriculture and medicinal industries has been considered one of the most important ornamental ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Chrysanthemum, due to numerous applications in floriculture and medicinal industries has been considered one of the most important ornamental plants and medicinal plants in the global area. In addition to being used as a cut flower, it also has a special place among potted flowers and gardens. Also, it is used as a medicinal plant with strong healing properties in traditional Chinese medicine and considered to treat eye diseases, headaches, colds, and etc. However, only a few reports have been presented in the field of genetic diversity of Chrysanthemums by morphological and molecular markers. Therefore, there is a need for further identification of germplasm and cultivars of Chrysanthemums in Iran. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of 15 cultivars of Chrysanthemums based on morphological characteristics and selection of cultivar adapted to Khorramabad region. Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the area of Beiran-Shahr, Lorestan province in 2017. Twenty-one morphological characteristics were determined from fresh materials. These traits in accordance with the given instructions describing World UPOV Chrysanthemums, were measured. Quantitative measurements were carried out on 10 leaves per cultivars. Some variables including diameter (branches, petioles, discs, buds and flowers) were measured by digital caliper. The traits such as length and width of leaf, plant height, length and width of the tab florets with ruler were measured. Results Based on data analysis most of the traits in cultivars showed significant differences (p≤0.01). Results showed that the correlation between leaf area with leaf width, petiole diameter and number of leaves has a positive and significant correlation with the probability level of 5%. The most significant and negative correlation (r = 0.99) was observed between number of flowers per plant and number of florets. Based on the results obtained from principal components analysis, seven independent and major components with Eigen values greater than one could explain 89 percent of the total variation. The first component, verified 24.4 percent of the total variation. Cluster analysis of cultivars in Euclidean distance of 26.68, was categorized into two main groups. The cultivars "Avadis" and "Norooz3" in the first group were distinguished from the rest of the cultivars with the lowest height. The "Fariba"; "Ashraf" and "Andiea" cultivars were placed in the group and most abundant cultivars. Discussion Based on the results, leaf size, plant height, number of branches and number of flowers in plant traits were most important in recognizing the diversity of cultivars Chrysanthemum. By using some cultivars belonging to the first cluster with less height and cultivars in the second cluster with more leaves and flowers as a parent, a new cycle of Chrysanthemum breeding program can be initiated.

A Survey on Diversity of Morphological and Biological Production Traits of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad Clones in Dezfool Climate

Gh. Eghlima; J. Hadian; A.R. Motallebi Azar

Volume 40, Issue 4 , March 2018, , Pages 41-52

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.13442

Abstract

Satureja rechingeri, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, has been recently used Abstract Background and Objectives Satureja rechingeri, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has been ... Read More Satureja rechingeri, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, has been recently used Abstract Background and Objectives Satureja rechingeri, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has been recently used in the pharmaceutical industry due to its high level of carvacrol in the essential oil. In order to select suitable clones for commercial cultivation in Dezful climatic conditions, in this study morphological and biological production traits of 58 clones of Satureja rechingeri were evaluated. Materials and Methods After initial screening of plant populations, 58 genotypes were selected based on their adaptation into field conditions. To evaluate the morphological and biological production traits of these clones in Dezful climatic conditions, an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Morphological and biological production traits of 58 clones were evaluated in the second year of cultivation at the flowering stage. Results Analysis of variance showed significant differences for all studied traits (p< 0.01) among 58 clones. The most important traits varied in terms of plant height (27.83-71.50 cm), fresh weight (20.26-289.71 g/p), flower and leaf weight (4.05 to 83.62 g/p), and plant oil yields (0.07 to 1.54 g/p). Flowers and leaf dry weight had a significant and positive correlation with plant height, number of the main branches and lateral branches, leaf width, plant diameter, fresh weight, dry weight and essential oil yield. Cluster analysis grouped the 58 clones within two main groups. Factor analysis showed that three main factors justified 70.62 percent of the whole variation. Clones of Z28, Z19, K48, E7, H82, F14 and G48 were superior with regard to weight of dry leaves, flowers and essential oil yield. Discussion Superior S. rechingeri clones could be used for commercial cultivation in Dezful climate conditions. The most important biological production traits, yield of leaf and flower fraction, essential oil content and yield showed significant variation between clones. These variations could be used to breed high-quality and desirable cultivars for use in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Some of Iranian Snake Melon (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus) Accessions Using Morphological Markers

Narges Dastranji; Abdolali Shojaeiyan; Mohsen Falahati-Anbaran; Sajad Rashidi-Monfared; Azam Nikzad-Gharehaghaji

Volume 39, Issue 3 , December 2016, , Pages 15-26

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12061

Abstract

Background and Objectives Local accessions have developed traits that may improve their ability to adapt to local invironmental conditions. These accessions may contain genes responsible ... Read More

Investigation of Genetic diversity of RazaviKhorasan Province Local Apple (Maluscommunis L.) Genotypes Using Morphological and Pomological Characters

A. Mokhtarian; A. Asgharzadeh; E. Ganji Moghaddam; S. Khavari Khorasani4; H. Hamidi

Volume 39, Issue 1 , June 2016, , Pages 65-78

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12042

Abstract

Background and Objectives The cultivated apple, Malusdomestica, belongs to the Rosaceae Family, and the subfamily of Pomoideae. Apples are adaptable to various climates, but can be ... Read More Background and Objectives The cultivated apple, Malusdomestica, belongs to the Rosaceae Family, and the subfamily of Pomoideae. Apples are adaptable to various climates, but can be considered best adapted to the cool temperate zone from about 35-50 degrees latitude. Khorasan Razavi has a large and diverse genetic resource of apple trees. There fore, identification, collection and evaluation of these genotypes are necessary to plan future research programs. This study was conducted with the purpose of investigating 12 different genotypes of local apple trees in Khorasan Razanvi province by using national guidlines for conducting test of Distinctive, Uniformity and Stability (DUS). Materials and methods This investigation was carried out in the apple orchad collection located in Torogh station of Khorasan Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resource Research Center during 2010-2012. In this study, 12 local apple genotypes including Torbati, Khojeh Hesar, OghazShirvan, Alimoridovom, Kompoti, Kojeh Torbat, Arbabi Bojnord, Sheykh Ahmad Tabriz, Morabaye, Abasi, Sheykh Amiri, Golmakani were evaluated based on a randomized complete block (RCBD) with 3 replications. The morphological and fruit pomological traits were measured in each genotype. The evaluated characters were firmness, width and depth of eye basin, width and depth of stalk cavity, stalk length and thickness, fruit length, width, yield and weight, flower diameter, peduncle length, leaf blade length and width, length of internodes, one-year-old shoot growth and one-year-old shoot diameter. Data were analyzed using MSTATC and Mini-tab software. The analysis of variance on test data and comparison with the middle of the Duncan test were performed at the 5% level. Results The results of ANOVA showed significant differences between apple genotypes; that is, Golmakani and Morabaye genotypes with 181.67 and 7.1 g fruit weight had the largest and smallest fruit weight, respectively. The mean comparision indicated that vegetative characteristics differed significantly among genotypes, so that the length, blade width, and thickness of annual branch were higher in Oghaz Shirvan genotype than other genotypes. Also, the longest internode length and annual branch growth beloged to Golmakani genotype. The coefficient of correlation analysis among different measured traits showed positiveand significant correlations between fruitdiameter and fruit length, fruit weight, eye bezel width, brew bezel width, flower diameter. In addition, there were strong positive and significant correlations between fruit yield and fruitdiameter and fruit weight. Fruit yield did not show a significant correlation with other traits. Cluster analysis with Ward method classified genotypes to 5 clusters, including very early and early ripening (Torbati, KhojehHesar, Alimouridovom, Khojeh Torbat, OghazShirvan, Sheykh Ahmad Tabriz and Morabaye), midripenning (Kompoti and Arbabi Bojnourd), late ripening (Abasi and Sheykh Amiri Shirvan) and very late ripening (Golmakani). Discussion In general, the present results showed that Kompoti genotype is recommended for mid season regions due to low variation in mid mature ripening genotypes, and Morabaye is suitable for stock because of its small fruits and low vegetative growths.

Comparison of elite genotypes of Ziziphus spina-christi and Ziziphus mauritiana located in Fadak Botanic Garden of Dezful in regand to fruit and stone traits

F. Sabbaghzadeh; A.R. Morid

Volume 38, Issue 3 , December 2015, , Pages 113-123

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11459

Abstract

All of established jujubes genotypes in Fadak Botanic Garden of Dezful belong to Ziziphus spp., and the Rhamnaceae family. Their species are Ziziphus spina-christi and Ziziphus mauritiana ... Read More

Evaluation the genetic diversity of 10 Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) ecotypes using morphological, phenological and phytochemical traits

R. Hamid; M.R. Siahpoosh; R. Mamaghani; A. Siahpoosh

Volume 37, Issue 1 , June 2014, , Pages 37-47

Abstract

Understanding milk thistle genetic diversity is essential for breeding programs of this plant. In order to investigate genetic diversity of some Iranian ecotypes, an experiment was ... Read More

Determination of plant diversity using morphological characters and path analysis in dill germplasms

Z. Fathalipoor; D. Nabati Ahmadi; H. Rajabi Memari; A. Siahpoosh; F. Sedighi Dehkordi

Volume 37, Issue 4 , March 2014, , Pages 57-67

Abstract

The most important composition character within a plant breeding program is to have type and amount of genetic diversity. In addition to using a visual approach and genetic tools to ... Read More

Evaluation of genetic diversity in some strawberry (fragaria × annanasa Duch.) cultivars in Iran using morphological characteristics

H.A. Asadi Gharneh; K. Arzani; A. Shojaeiyan; A.R. Golparvar; N. Sabaghnia

Volume 37, Issue 4 , March 2014, , Pages 93-106

Abstract

Strawberry is one of the most important small fruits in Iran and the world. Identification of elite cultivars according to morphological characteristics is an important task in any ... Read More

The Study of Genetic Diversity in Wild Wheat Species by Morphological Traits

A M; M.R N; M.J A

Volume 34, Issue 2 , March 2012, , Pages 41-55

Abstract

To evaluate the genetic diversity, four wild wheat species named T. boeticum, T. thaudar, T. urartu, T. arrarticum were studied. Quantitative traits were measured according to IBPGRI. ... Read More

Volume 47 (2024)

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Keywords = Cluster analysis

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