Plant Productions - Articles List

Phytochemical changes of Denak (Oliveria decumbens) in response to salinity stress and application of salicylic acid hormone

Anahita Boveiri Dehsheikh; Mohammad Mahmoodi Sourestani; Naeimeh Enayatzamir; Mehdi Safdarian

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 225-236

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43201.2090

Abstract

Introduction Salinity stress is one of the most important problems in the cultivation and production of agricultural products, including medicinal plants. The expansion of saline lands ... Read More Introduction Salinity stress is one of the most important problems in the cultivation and production of agricultural products, including medicinal plants. The expansion of saline lands following continuous droughts in recent years increases the importance of the tolerance level of medicinal plants determination, their type of reaction, and the necessity of finding a solution to reduce the damage of mentioned stress on plants and increasing the productivity of the above lands. Materials and Methods To study the effect of salinity stress and salicylic acid hormone on biochemical traits of Denak (Oliveria decumbens), a factorial pot experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2020-2021. The experiment factors included irrigation water salinity in four levels (1.1 (tap water), 2.5, 5, 7.5 dS/m) and foliar application of salicylic acid hormone in four levels (0, 100, 200, 500 mg/L). Biochemical traits included total soluble carbohydrates, proline, malondialdehyde, sodium and potassium elements, the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzymes were measured at flowering stage. Results and Discussion The interaction effect of salinity stress and foliar application of salicylic acid hormone significantly changed all the traits of Denak. The foliar application of 200 mg/L of this regulator in plants under 5 dS/m salinity stress increased the amount of total soluble carbohydrates, proline, the activity of superoxide desmutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase enzymes compared to the control treatment. The highest level of activity of ascorbate peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonialyase enzymes was also obtained in the foliar spraying of plants under 5 dS/m salinity stress by the concentration of 500 mg/L of salicylic acid hormone, but no significant difference was observed between this concentration and the application of 200 mg/L of this hormone. The maximum concentration of potassium element and the minimum amount of malondialdehyde and sodium element of Denak leaf were also recorded in the treatment of plants under 2.5 dS/m salinity stress by the concentration of 200 mg/L of salicylic acid hormone. The salicylic acid regulator as a very important messenger in the plant's defense system through increasing the stimulation of antioxidant enzymes in Denak reduced the negative effects of free radicals, membrane destruction and the production of malondialdehyde compound in a 2.5 dS/m salinity stress. On the other hand, the application of this hormone reduced the damage caused by the secondary stress of dehydration by increasing the ability of the plant to produce osmotic pressure regulating compounds including soluble carbohydrates and proline. Conclusion Due to its ability to increase the production of osmolyte compounds including soluble carbohydrates and proline, activation of antioxidant enzymes and maintaining the stability of cell membranes, Denak is able to withstand salinity stress up to the level of 5 dS/m. The application of 200 mg/L of salicylic acid hormone is beneficial and recommended due to its positive effect on antioxidant capacity and increasing the production of osmotic protective compounds in the plant as a solution to increase the resistance of Denak against the salinity stress.

Expression Analysis of the Key Genes Involved in Biosynthesis Pathway of Major Component of Ziziphora persica Bunge Essential Oil under Drought Stress

Mozhdeh Jalilifar; Khosro Mehdikhanlou; Lila Nejadsadeghi; Qing-Yan Shu

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 463-474

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.39743.2007

Abstract

Introduction Iranian Kakoti (Ziziphora persica Bunge) which belongs to the mint genus is widely distributed in Iran. In some parts of Iran, it is used as a spice and condiment in food. ... Read More Introduction Iranian Kakoti (Ziziphora persica Bunge) which belongs to the mint genus is widely distributed in Iran. In some parts of Iran, it is used as a spice and condiment in food. Iranian Kakoti is also a medicinal plant with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Iranian Kakoti is used in traditional medicine as a stomach disinfectant and cold remedy. Since the effect of stresses on the increase of secondary metabolites of plants has been proven, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of drought stress on the secondary metabolites of Iranian Kakoti in comparison with normal conditions by assessment of the expression of genes which are related to the most important secondary metabolites of the studied plant. In previous studies, it was found that pulegone has the largest share among the metabolites produced in this plant. Materials and Methods Using the KEGG database, the metabolic pathway and genes involved in the production of the pulegone include the four key genes Isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, Limonene synthase, limonene hydroxylase and Isopiperitenone reductase were identified. Due to the lack of genomic information of Iranian Kakoti, the sequence of the four studied genes was predicted by the sequences of these genes in families close to this plant. The predicted sequences were used for primer design. The plants were cultivated under drought stress and normal conditions. The stress condition was achieved by reaching 30% Field Capacity. After observing phenotypic changes due to stress, the amount of proline and also Leaf relative water content (RWC) measured for the plants in both control and stress condition to confirm the accruing of the stress. Then leaf samples were collected. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The quantity and quality of the obtained RNA were evaluated by Nanodrop and gel electrophoresis. The qualified RNA samples were used for cDNA synthesis according to the manufacturer's protocols. Then the comparing the genes expression under drought stress with the control sample was performed. Results and Discussion In response to drought stress, leaf RWC was decreased to 31% in the plants under stress condition and proline levels increased by 1.9-fold compared to control value. Analysis of real-time PCR data showed that. The expressions of limonene synthase, limonene hydroxylase, Isopiperitenon dehydrogenase, Isopiperitenon reductase were increased 115, 400, 50 and 120 folds compared to control respectively. Conclusion The measurement of leaf RWC and proline were found to be beneficial methods to detection of incidence of drought stress in plant. The expression of genes involved in pulegone synthesis compared to the control plants changes with drought stress. The implement of drought stress is a useful method to increase essential oil in Iranian Kakoti.

The Effect of Volck Mineral Oil Spraying on Flowering and Biochemical Characteristics of Two Olive Cultivars under Ahvaz Condition

Sara Davoodi; Shohreh Zivdar; Esmaeil Khaleghi

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 41-52

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.34536.1933

Abstract

IntroductionOlive (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen tree and one of the most important products of the horticultural section in Iran due to high nutritional value of its oil and fruits. ... Read More IntroductionOlive (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen tree and one of the most important products of the horticultural section in Iran due to high nutritional value of its oil and fruits. Adaptation of olive cultivars to the climatic conditions of different regions are not the same. The results of studies showed that special cultivars are recommended for each region. In tropical and subtropical climates with mild winter such as Ahvaz, the chilling requirement of olive trees is not completed. This condition has led to poor and insufficient flowering in some olive cultivars. Mineral oils, including volck oil are one of the most beneficial treatments to complete chilling requirement and bud break in fruit trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of two olive cultivars (Manzanilla and khaziri) to the application of volck mineral oil and studying their flowering and biochemical characteristics in Ahvaz condition. Materials and MethodsIn this experiment, the effect of volck mineral oil spraying [control (water spray), 1, 3, 5 %] on two olive cultivars were investigated. The experimental design was split plot arranged in complete block design with four replications. Measured traits included flowering characteristics such as the number of inflorescences in the branch, flowers in inflorescence, complete flowers, flowering days after treatments, percentage of flower fall, fresh and dry weight of flower and inflorescence. Biochemical properties such as bud carbohydrates and ABA, leaf proline and chlorophyll were measured. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that foliar application of 3 and 5 % volck oil caused flowering (31.8 and 28.7 days after treatment, respectively) in Manzanilla cultivar. Bud carbohydrate content increased significantly after tree spraying with volck oil in all of three concentrations. The highest content of bud carbohydrates (78.68 mg/g) was obtained in khaziri when treated with 3% volck oil. The use of volck oil was effective in increasing the ABA concentration in Manzanilla cultivar and its effect was as 3 and 5% volck oil (83.1 and 105.4 µg/g, respectively). The amount of proline in both cultivars increased until 60 days after applying three concentrations of volck oil. The levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll increased until 30 days after treatment and then were decreased. Volck oil (3%) can be used for flowering of Manzanilla cultivar in climatic conditions of Ahvaz. Based on the obtained results, it seems that the effect of volck oil on flowering and biochemical traits depends on the type and concentration of mineral oil and type of the cultivar. In the present study, flowering occurred when Manzanilla cultivar treated with mineral volck oil (3 and 5%) and the flowering traits were improved at 3% oil more than other treatments. ConclusionAccording to the obtained results, olive cultivars show different reactions to the use of Volck oil, and Volck oil with a concentration of 3% can be used for the flowering of Manzanilla cultivar in the weather conditions of Ahvaz.

The Effect of Two Mycorrhiza Fungi Species on Biochemical Characteristic and Aerial Dry Biomass of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Under Cadmium Stress

Fariba Mohammadifard; Mohammad Moghaddam

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 81-94

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30809.1817

Abstract

IntroductionNowadays, soil pollution to various heavy metals is one of the most important environmental issues in human societies, which has adverse effects on soil and soil flora and ... Read More IntroductionNowadays, soil pollution to various heavy metals is one of the most important environmental issues in human societies, which has adverse effects on soil and soil flora and groundwater contamination. Among the heavy metals, cadmium with a half-life of about 20 years, its high mobility in the soil and absorption by the plant, has a significant toxicity that its presence in the food chain seriously threatens human health. A wide range of studies have shown that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi increases the resistance of many plants against heavy metals. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on biochemical properties of coriander under heavy metal stress, a pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouses at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 2 factors and 3 replications was conducted. The first factor was heavy metal in 4 levels of 0, 20, 40, 80 mg/kg nitrate cadmium soil and the second factor was mycorrhiza fungi in 3 levels without fungi and Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradicese application. The soil mixture included soil, leafy soil and sand in a ratio of 1: 1: 1. All traits were measured at flowering stage. The studied traits include aerial parts dry biomass, chlorophyll, b, a, electrolyte leakage, soluble carbohydrate, antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoids and proline. Data analysis using Minitab 17 software was done. Results and DiscussionThe results were showed that by increasing the concentration of cadmium, the amount of electrolyte leakage, soluble carbohydrate, antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoids and proline increased. However, with increasing cadmium concentration, the amount of dry biomass of aerial parts, chlorophyll, a, b and carotenoids decreased. So, with increasing cadmium concentration, the amount of aerial parts dry biomass of coriander decreased by 40% compared with the control. Based on this study, using of mycorrhizal fungi under cadmium pollution reduced the stress influence, so that the highest amount of aerial parts dry biomass was found in plants treated with mycorrhizal and without cadmium application. The lowest amount dry biomass of aerial parts was found in without mycorrhizal with highest nitrate cadmium concentration (80 mg/kg soil). The highest amount of proline, soluble carbohydrate, phenol, antioxidant activity, and total flavonoids was observed in plants which treated with the highest nitrate cadmium concentration (80 mg/kg soil) and Glomus intraradicese application. ConclusionSo that inoculated plants with mycorrhizal fungi had drier biomass of aerial parts than plants without mycorrhiza. According to the results of this study, in the conditions of environmental stresses such as cadmium stress, the use of mycorrhizal fungi reduces its destructive effects, which can be used as a management solution in heavy metal contaminated areas. In general, the results of this study showed that application of Glomus mosseae fungus in cadmium stress has a better effect on the traits and its application is recommended in this condition.

Effects of Application and Type of Amino Acids on the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes, Proline Content and Seed yield of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

Ali Heidarzadeh; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 381-394

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31327.1834

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionLentil is used mainly for human consumption as a source of protein and carbohydrates in soups, stews and vegetarian dishes. It is grown to improve economical returns ... Read More AbstractIntroductionLentil is used mainly for human consumption as a source of protein and carbohydrates in soups, stews and vegetarian dishes. It is grown to improve economical returns to producers, diversify and lengthen crop rotations and reduce the requirement for nitrogen fertilizer. Lentil, a member of the legume family, Leguminosae, can supply a significant part of its Nitrogen requirement by fixing Nitrogen from the air when inoculated with the appropriate rhizobial inoculant. The pattern of nutrients in the proximal composition of lentil is similar to that of other grain legumes, but seed protein content (19.5–35.5%) is less than in soybean. Fiber concentration is low and is largely within the seed testa, so the fiber in lentil meal can be reduced if it is de-hulled before grinding. In addition to high-quality protein, essential amino acids, and major minerals, the seed contains iron up to 505 mg kg-1 and zinc up to 330 mg kg-1 on a whole seed basis. Amino acids are help in tissue protein formation. Some amino acids are not synthesized in the body and it is necessary to take them in diet. Lentils contain different amino acids that can be used by most people. This research was carried-out to study effect of different amino acids on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, Proline content and seed yield of lentil in delayed planting. Materials and MethodsThe research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, through May to July, 2018. The studied factors included mode of application (priming, spraying and priming + spraying) and type of amio acids (Arginine, Aspartic acid, Proline, trade amino acid (proamin) and distilled water (control). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and also mean comparisons were accomplished using the general linear model (GLM) procedure. LSD procedure at a probability level of 0.05 was used to determine statistically significant differences among treatment means. Results and and DiscussionThe results showed that the highest total dry weight was obtained from the application of Arginine spraying (2330 kg ha-1), priming + spraying aspartic acid (2388 kg ha-1) and trade amino acid (2219 kg ha-1). The highest amount of catalase (CAT) activity was observed in the treatment of distilled water by foliar application and its least effective activity was observed in the application of Arginine as priming. The application of aspartic acid as acidic acid with 888.7 kg ha-2 produced the highest yield. As a result, it is more than three times the performance of using distilled water (control). The application of Arginine (555.1 kg ha-2), commercial amine (444.0 kg ha-2) and Proline (327.8 kg ha-2) were established in the next rank, respectively. According to the results of this study, amino acids can reduce the stress of heat. In the absence of amino acid, yield reduction will be higher. Although amino acids are a Nitrogen source, the routine concentrations involved in exogenous supply are so low that its positive effects can be attributable to an increase in Nitrogen availability. ConclusionAspartic acid and Arginine due to their role in the Nitrogen cycle and also, due to the fact that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, improved lentil yield. Therefore, it is recommended to use amino acids to increase the yield of lentils. The application of aspartic acid via both priming and spraying is suggested as the best treatment.

The Effect of Azomite Application on Reducing the Damage of Salinity Stress in Mexican Marigold (Tagetes minuta L.)

Farahnaz Azizi; Mohammad Moghaddam; Sara Farsaraei; Din Mohammad Moshfegh

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 247-258

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.29933.1778

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesSalinity stress is one of the main factors that limited crop production. Salt stress causes physiological effects by decreasing soil water potential. Azomite ... Read More Background and ObjectivesSalinity stress is one of the main factors that limited crop production. Salt stress causes physiological effects by decreasing soil water potential. Azomite is an inorganic mineral that contains more than 60 forms of nutrients (macro and microelements). This material modifies and improves the soil, and the high ionic exchange capacity of this substance has resulted in some of it being used to reduce the effects of salinity stress. Mexican Parsley (Tagetes minuta) is a medicinal plant from Asteraceae family that used in the food and cosmetic industries. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate biochemical response and dry aerial biomass of Tagetes minuta under salinity stress and Azomite application. Materials and methodsA pot experiment was conducted at the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad as factorial based on completely randomized design with three levels of salinity (0, 30 and 60 mM NaCl in irrigation water) and four levels of Azomite (0, 4, 8 and 12 g/kg soil) in three replications in 2018. The studied traits were included biochemical characteristics (RWC, Electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, antioxidant activity, total phenol, soluble carbohydrates, and proline) and dry biomass. Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab 17 software. The mean comparison was done by Bonferroni test at the 5% probability level. The figure drew by Microsoft Excel software. Results and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that the interaction effects of salinity and Azomite had a significant effect at a probability level of 1% on all of the studied traits. The highest amount of dry biomass (30.25 g.plant), RWC (74.2 %), chlorophyll a (7.5 mg.g-1FW), chlorophyll b (9.26 mg.g-1 FW), carotenoid (16.73 mg.g-1FW), total chlorophyll (33.39 mg.g-1FW) and essential oil content (0.46 %) were observed in treatment without salinity and 12 g/kg soil of Azomite. The highest amount of Electrolyte leakage (83.55 %), antioxidant activity (9727 %), Total phenol (95.10 mg.g-1FW), soluble carbohydrates (114.4 mg.g-1FW) and proline (0.12 µM/gDW) was observed on 60mM salinity and without the use of Azomite. NaCl stress can reduce nutrient uptake by the root of the plant and cause to decrease the growth of plants (Dry aerial biomass), RWC, Chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll and increase antioxidant activity, total phenol, soluble carbohydrates, and proline. Azomite in salinity stress increase water holding and inhibited the plants from Na uptake. Therefore it prevents plants from Na toxicity. The result of this study showed that the highest salinity level (60 mM NaCl) and application of Azomite especially at 12 g/kg soil level had the highest effect on ameliorating biomass and biochemical characteristics of the plant.

The Effect of Anti-Transpiration and Plant Protective Materials on Vegetative and Physiological Traits of (Hyssopus officinalis L.) under Drought Stress

Sarah Khajeh Hosseini; Farzad Fanoodi; S.A Tabatabaee; Rostam Yazdani Biouki; Jafar Masoud Sinaki

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 77-88

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28805.1734

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesHyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is a perennial and belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Drought is the most critical environmental stress that adversely ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesHyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is a perennial and belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Drought is the most critical environmental stress that adversely affects crop plant performance. The use of anti-transpiration and plant protective materials is one way that has recently been raised to improve plant resistance under stress conditions. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of anti-transpiration and plant protective materials on vegetative and physiological traits of Hyssop under drought stress and foliar application time. Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted as a split-plot factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in 2016-2017. The experimental treatments included irrigation in three levels: 25% water available from the soil (control), 50% water available from the soil (mild stress), and 75% water available from the soil (severe stress) Were the main plots. Foliar application in four levels: water (control), kaolin (2.5%), chitosan (0.4 g/ l) and glycine amino acid (2.5 per thousand), and foliar application time: (vegetative and flowering, flowering) were the subplots. In the present study, dry leaf weight, flower dry weight, essential oil yield, shoot dry weight, economic yield, harvest index, proline, and soluble sugar were measured. ResultsThe results showed that at control stress level, the foliar application of water had the highest leaf dry weight (81.3 g/m2), shoot dry weight yield (140.5 g/m2), essential oil yield (9.40 g/m2), economic yield (81.3 g/ m²), and proline content (8.558 (µM/g FW). Moreover, during flowering and vegetative + flowering, kaolin's foliar application during vegetative+flowering had the highest dry flower weight (53 g/m2). At mild stress level, the foliar application of water during vegetative+flowering included the highest amount of soluble sugar (0.396 mg/g FW), and glycine foliar application at the flowering time had the highest harvest index (79%). Also, kaolin spraying during vegetative+flowering had the highest economic yield (73 g/m), and chitosan foliar application during vegetative+flowering had the highest shoot dry weight (111 g/m²) and essential oil yield (7.55 g/m2). DiscussionDue to the beneficial effects of antiperspirants and plant protection, they can be used as suitable solutions to increase plant production and reduce drought stress in arid and semi-arid regions.

The effect of synthesis nanosilver by plant extract on morphological and antioxidant properties of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) under salinity stress

Hanieh Shahraki; Nafiseh Mahdi Nezhad; Barat Ali Fakheri

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 103-114

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.29011.1746

Abstract

Introduction:Salinity stress is one of the environmental factors limiting the growth of plantsand has a negative effect on their physiological processes. The harmful effects of salinity ... Read More Introduction:Salinity stress is one of the environmental factors limiting the growth of plantsand has a negative effect on their physiological processes. The harmful effects of salinity appear in plants in various ways such as death or reduction of production. Artichoke is a plant with lowdemand and resistance to salinity. The Artichoke is a perennial plant; the height of the stem is about 2 meters. Its leaves are wide, long and white in color. One of the pillars of sustainable agriculture is the use of nano fertilizersin crop ecosystems to remove or reduce the use of chemical input. Using nano fertilizers Compared to traditional fertilizerscan lead to benefits like efficiency and quality increase due to high absorption velocity, prevention of leaking waste, availability even during growth and complete absorption by plants because of appropriately fast nutrition release, reduction of plants toxicity and any other stress deriving from high concentration of local salty areas in soil, yield increase due to efficient nutrition condition of plants. Salinity stress disturbs nutritional balance in plants. Iron is one of the essential elements in plants. The balanced consumption of this element increases the yield and quality of plants.Using micronutrients through soil or sprayingimproves plant growth under stress conditions. Foliar application of elements, which prevents soil contamination, is a useful method for rapidly absorbing elements in plants.Material and methods:In order to investigate the effects of salinity and nanosilver on morphological and physiological traits of artichoke, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in the greenhouse of Zabul University Institute. Salinity stress in 3 levels (0, 6, and 12 mM) and nanosilver spraying in 3 levels (0, 40, and 80 mM) were considered as treatments. The nanosilver spraying was performed at seedling stage (6-8 leaves).The control was distilled water. Application of salinity stress began in the seedling stage and continued until sampling. Sampling and evaluation of the fresh weight plant, and fresh and dry weight of root were done at the beginning of the flowering. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed by SAS software (version 9.1) based on all data. Then means of results were compared with LSD test at P < 0.05 level.Results and discussion:The main effects of salinity stress, nanosilver and their interaction on all traits were significant at 1% probability level. Maximum numbers of leaves (5 numbers), fresh weight of plant, fresh and dry weight of root (8.82, 5.93, 0.64 g per plant, respectively) and plant height were obtained by using nanosilver and lack of salinity.Conclusion:Nanosilver foliar application reduced the effects of salinity and increased the physiological and morphological characteristics of Artichoke.

The Alleviation of the Adverse Effects of Salinity Stress in the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Mobin) by Application of Ascorbic Acid

Bahareh Hajivar; Mohammad reza Zare bavani

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 349-362

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27610.1672

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity stress is one of the major environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. The adverse influence of salinity stress is ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity stress is one of the major environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. The adverse influence of salinity stress is evaluated on all plant levels. Ascorbic acid is a small, water-soluble antioxidant molecule that acts as a primary substrate in the pathway for detoxification and neutralization of superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen. Ascorbic acid has been shown to play multiple roles in plant growth, such as in cell division, cell wall expansion, and other developmental processes. The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of the exogenous application of ascorbic acid on the growth parameters and photosynthesis attributes of tomato plants. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely random design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. Salinity stress was applied by 0, 25, 50, 100 mM NaCl in modified Hoagland solution. Ascorbic acid treatments (0, 2.5 and 5 mM) were sprayed on the leaves every three days until the end of experiment. Leaf, stem, and root fresh and dry weight, total fresh and dry weight, yield per plant, net photosynthesis, Stomata conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, proline and total soluble sugar content were evaluated. Results In the present experiment, salinity stress sharply reduced the leaf, stem, root and total fresh and dry weight, yield per plant, net photosynthesis, stomata conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content whereas the exogenous treatment of AsA appreciably delayed the loss of all studied traits. Foliar application of ascorbic acid under both stress and non-stress conditions improved the growth parameters and photosynthesis attributes. Salinity stress also increased total soluble sugar content and proline accumulation in the leaf of the tomato plant. Application of ascorbic acid under both non-stress and salinity stress conditions decreased total soluble sugar content and proline accumulation and reduced the effects of salinity stress. Discussion This experiment showed that treating the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Mobin) with 5 mM ascorbic acid substantially influences several metabolic processes, leading to the increased growth. The protection of the plant against salinity stress by using of ascorbic acid was possibly to be caused indirectly as a result of increasing amount of chlorophyll which plays an essential role in photosynthesis process and then formation of carbohydrates. Thus, it might be concluded that exogenously applied ascorbic acid has low external osmotic potential and ion toxicity and it might be effective in amelioration of the adverse effects of salt stress.

Evaluation of the Biochemical Reaction of Sunflower Seedlings to Selenium Levels in Saline Conditions

Masoumeh Abedini; Gader Habibi; Samad Arezoomand

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 443-454

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28539.1722

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity is one of the detrimental environmental factors that limit the productivity of crop plants worldwide. Most of the crop plants are ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity is one of the detrimental environmental factors that limit the productivity of crop plants worldwide. Most of the crop plants are sensitive to salinity. Selenium (Se) has not been classified as a plant essential element, but its role as a beneficial element and its ability in amelioration of different environmental stresses has been reported in different plant species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Se on sunflower plants under salt stress conditions. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design by three replications in a hydroponic system with a temperature regime of 25/18°C, photoperiod of 14 h, and relative humidity of 70% in a growth chamber. Seeds were germinated in petri-dishes and then uniform 3-day old seedlings were transferred to 50% Hoagland solution. One week after pretreatment, plants were transferred to 100% Hoagland solution and treated with selenium) sodium selenate; 0, 5, and 10 µM) and salinity (sodium chloride; 50 and 100 mM) for two weeks. Plant's shoots were harvested 15 days after treatments, and frozen in liquid nitrogen until assays. Results The results indicated that salinity at both levels significantly increased the MDA as well as free phenol and decreased the flavonoids contents of plants. The anthocyanin, soluble sugars, and total protein contents and the activity of APX increased significantly in response to 50 mM of NaCl, while the proline, tannins, and lignin contents increased, but dry weight and height of shoot decreased significantly in response to 100 mM of NaCl. In non-saline condition, Se application at 5 µM decreased the flavonoids and lignin contents and increased the free phenols, shoot height, and POD activity significantly. Application of Se at 10 µM in non-saline conditions significantly increased the lignin and MDA contents and APX activity. In saline condition with 50 mM of NaCl, Se application at both two levels decreased the soluble sugars and APX activity, and at 10 µM decreased the lignin and increased the tannin contents significantly. In saline condition with 100 mM of NaCl, Se application at both two concentrations considerably decreased the proline, lignin, and tannin contents but increased the APX activity. Furthermore, a reduction in soluble sugars by application of 5 µM of Se was seen in plants that were in saline conditions with 100 mM of NaCl. Discussion According to the results of this study, salinity induced oxidative stress in sunflower, especially at 100 mM that was obvious by elevated level of MDA. Even though the Se application in saline condition could induce the notable changes in the phenolic compounds and promoted the activity of APX, it could not inhibit the MDA formation and dry weight falling in plants. Selenium application in non-saline conditions also could not result to the considerable benefits in sunflower plants.

Investigating the Effect of Foliar Application of Glycine Betaine on Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Mint (Mentha spicata L(. under Salinity Stress

Zeinab Joushan; Hamid Sodeizadeh; Mohammad Ali Hakimzadeh Ardakani; Rostam Yazdani Biouki; Sareh khajahhosseini

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 267-280

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27413.1666

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesSpearmint is a perennial plant with creeping and underground stems, which belongs to the Labiatae family. After drought, salinity is the second ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesSpearmint is a perennial plant with creeping and underground stems, which belongs to the Labiatae family. After drought, salinity is the second most common environmental agent that restricts agricultural production. Glycine betaine is the most widely used organic solution known for its quadrature ammonium compounds and the largest and most abundant compound in response to stress. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of glycine betaine on some quantitative and qualitative properties of mint under salinity stress. Materials and MethodsA factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017-18. Experimental factors included salinity stress (4 levels, control, 30, 60 and 90 mM NaCl) and glycine betaine (at 3 levels of 0, 100 and 200 mM). In the present study, some growth traits, height of plant, fresh weight and dry weight of shoot, root volume, fresh and dry weight of root, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b and total), protein, proline and soluble sugars were measured. ResultsThe results showed that salinity stress was significant for all characteristics, so that by increasing levels of salinity all traits were reduced except chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugars. Salinity reduced plant height (29.47%), fresh weight of shoot (49.56%), dry weight of shoot (56.87%), root volume (47.89%), fresh weight of root (52.15%), dry weight of root (43.92%), photosynthetic pigments (a) (18%) and (b) (29.41%), protein content (17.79%), proline (30.98%) and soluble sugars (3.58%). Application of glycinebetaine reduced the negative effects of salinity stress, but it caused reduced height (9.16%) and chlorophyll b (26.31%) compared to control. Also, interactions between salinity stress and foliar application of glycinebetaine were significant for shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weigh, root dry weight, proline, protein (p < 0.01), root volume and soluble sugars (P<0.05). The highest values of the studied traits were obtained for the interaction between 7 mM NaCl and 200 mM glycinebetaine. DiscussionSalinity stress reduces the growth of plants through osmotic stress, ion toxicity and nutritional imbalance. However, glycine betaine, as an important osmolite in plants, increases the osmotic potential and improves the water relations and increases the activity of photosynthesis and the production of hydrocarbon materials. In this way, glycine betaine can protect against the stress of salinity by increasing the mechanisms of tolerance to salinity and will provide better conditions for plant growth in a saline environment.

The Comparison of Some Effective Physiological Characters to Improve Cold Tolerance of Seeded and Seedless Grapevine Cultivars During the Dormancy and Growing Seasons

Mousa Rasouli; Parvaneh Rustaei; Arash Babaei

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 125-139

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.21713.1466

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives The best way to increase the tolerance of plants against stresses is to know the specific characteristics of the cultivars, which is needed ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives The best way to increase the tolerance of plants against stresses is to know the specific characteristics of the cultivars, which is needed both for planting in different climatic conditions and for breeding programs of these cultivars. For this reason, the exact study of the physiological traits of native cultivars of each region in the various stages of growing of grape is necessary. Materials and Methods Sampling was done in five times. During the dormancy season (Winter 2013) three times samplings of stems with buds were done and biochemical parameters of proline, electrolyte leakage and soluble sugar were measured. The aim of this study was to investigate some of the effective parameters of cold tolerance in five cultivars of grapevine including “Bidaneh Sefid”, “Bidaneh Ghermez”, “Lal”, “Sahebi” and “Fakhri” in a randomized complete block design (RBCD) with three replications. In the growing season (spring 2013) two times samplings were collected from the leaves of cultivars and biochemical parameters such as proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugars, photosynthesis pigments, total protein, activity of antioxidant peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes were measured. Results Result showed that there were significant differences between the cultivars in both winter and spring and in all considered characteristics. The winter cultivar of 'Fakhri' with minimal electrolyte leakage in all three times of sampling (33.12 µSiemens/gr Fw in January, 23.17 µSiemens/gr Fw in February and12.89 µSiemens/gr Fw in March) was more prepared to tolerate environmental stresses than other cultivars. In the spring, in both sampling times of spring season, cultivar of “Bidaneh Ghermez” with the least amount of malondialdehyde (3.7 µmol/gr FW in late April and 4 µmol/gr FW in early May) and the highest proline (10.27 µmol/gr FW late April and 7.39 µmol/gr FW in early May), and protein (respectively 0.26 mgr/gr FW late April and 0.23 mgr/gr FW in early May) were more prepared to tolerate environmental stresses than other cultivars that were examined in this study. The cultivar of “Lal” with the highest level of malondialdehyde (9.52 µmol/gr FW in late April and 4.52 µmol/gr FW in early May) showed lower relative stress endurance compared with other studied cultivars. In the winter, cultivar of 'Fakhri' had higher stress forbearance than other cultivars. Also, in the spring, cultivar of “Bidaneh Ghermez” had more and “Lal” had the lowest stress endurance than other cultivars that were examined in this study. Discussion Considering all the traits studied, it can be stated that in winter tolerance of seeded cultivars is more suitable than seedless cultivars. Seedless cultivars are more sensitive to temperature variations and generate severe reactions.

Investigation on physiological, morphological and biochemical parameters associated with the drought tolerance in four edible fig and two capri fig cultivars

M. Sajedi; M. Esna-Ashari; M. Jafari; E. Aslmoshtaghi

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 101-112

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.18347.1354

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Plant responses to water deprivation are usually monitored through selected parameters which have been proven to be good indicators of drought in ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Plant responses to water deprivation are usually monitored through selected parameters which have been proven to be good indicators of drought in different studies. Some of the most important standards for evaluating plants under drought stress are measurements of physiological, morphological and biochemical parameters. These parameters have been found to generally reflect drought adaptation and could be used to select drought-tolerant species suitable to cultivate in dry and/or semi-dried lands. In this study, the effect of drought stress on some above-mentioned parameters in six fig cultivars including Sabz, Siah, Siahe Dorosht, Shah Anjir, Bare Veil and Bare poozdombali was investigated through a two-year experiment. Materials and methods The study was conducted in a factorial experiment based on a complete randomized design with four replications and three drought stress levels including field capacity as the control and 50 and 25% of field capacity as mild and severe stress, respectively. Results The highest amount of reduction in the above-mentioned parameters was observed under severe stress showing significant differences with the control and mild stress. The highest amount of relative water content associated with Sabz and Siah Dorosht cultivars and the greatest level of electrolyte leakage belonged to Siah cultivar. Chlorophyll reduction in Sabz was higher than the others and the least was observed in Siah Dorosht. The greatest proline accumulation was related to Bare Veil and the highest carbohydrate accumulation belonged to Bare Veil and Siah cultivars. The highest amount of protein reduction was also observed in Siah and Siah Dorosht without a significant difference. Maximum increase in the amount of potassium and sodium was observed in Siah Dorosht cultivar. Discussion Results indicated that, Siah and Bare Veil cultivars had approximately similar physiological and biochemical characteristics, so they evaluated as drought tolerant cultivars. It seems that fig plant employs a combination of mechanisms to overcome drought stress. Osmotic regulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of the fig plant tissue’s fluid to maintain the homeostasis of the tissue’s water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution) to keep the fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated. In this study, the two above-mentioned drought-tolerant fig cultivars synthesized considerable amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and proline to regulate their tissues osmotic pressure resulting in better growth under drought stress.

Relationship between accumulation of nitrogen compounds and sugars, and salt tolerance in rapeseed plant (Brassica napus L.)

V. Atlassi Pak; M. Nabipour; M. Meskarbashee

Volume 39, Issue 1 , June 2016, , Pages 1-1

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.11951

Abstract

Abiotic stresses, like salinity, cause an increase in nitrogen compounds such as proline and soluble proteins in plant. In order to investigate the role of these compounds in salt tolerance, ... Read More

Sample Determination Chilling and Heat Requirement of Some apricot cultivars (Prunusarmeniaca)

J. Hajilou; S. Toopchizadeh Tabrizian

Volume 39, Issue 1 , June 2016, , Pages 89-102

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12044

Abstract

Background and object One of the most important factors affecting the distribution of plants is physiological dormancy phenomenon. An apricot tree (Prunusarmeniaca) is one of the most ... Read More Background and object One of the most important factors affecting the distribution of plants is physiological dormancy phenomenon. An apricot tree (Prunusarmeniaca) is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran, particularly Azerbaijan region. Apricot tree is an early- flowering and susceptible to chilling tree and due to early-flowering of this tree in planting and processing of this product, susceptibility to chilling injury during the flowering, is a limiting factor. Material and method To determine the heat and chilling requirement of flowering in four apricot cultivars (Tabarzeh, Asgaraabad, Shekarpareh, Shamloo) an experiment was carried out in Agricultural Research Stations “Khalaat Pooshan” in 2013-2014. Annual shoots with equal diameter and length were removed from trees and transferred weekly to the growth chamber. Sprouts status of phonological stages, and fresh and dry weights was examine dateachstage of sampling. To calculate the chilling requirements of cultivars several models were used. To estimate the heat requirement from, growth degree hours (GDH) model was used. Result Results showed hat in allmodels, Tabarzeh and Shamloo cultivars had the highest chilling requirement and Asgaraabad cultivar had the least chilling requirement. The amount of heat required, Cultivars of Tabarzeh and Shamloo with 3060 GDH had the least heat requirement and the Asgaraabad cultivar with 3254 GDH had highest heat requirement. Fresh and dry weight of buds before and after exposure to growth chamber showed significants difference at different sampling dates. Research of pro line changes in cultivars during dormancy proved that pro line amount at different sampling dates showed that significant difference between the cultivars and different sampling dates. Therefore, Tabarzeh cultivar had the least free pro line amount and the highest free pro line belonged to the Shamloo cultivar. Discussion Considering the cold weather of most of the Azerbaijan regions, selection and planting of apricot varieties with high chilling and heat requirement seems to be important. In this respect, knowledge of the chilling and heat requirement, selection of varieties and top genotype with high chilling and heat requirement to reduce the risk of late spring frosts increases production.

Effects of drought stress and mycorrhizal fungi on some morphophysiological characteristics of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

H. Badvi; N. Alemzade Ansari; M. Mahmoodi sorestani; F. Eskandari

Volume 38, Issue 3 , December 2015, , Pages 27-39

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11444

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi benefit from a symbiotic relationship with the plant, which is currently one of the strategies used to reduce stress. The experiment was factorial in a ... Read More

Evaluation response of three apple rootstocks to drought stress in vitro

S. Jalali Samghabadi; R. Jalili Marandi

Volume 38, Issue 3 , December 2015, , Pages 65-78

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11454

Abstract

Water deficit is one of the most important environmental factors that limit crop productivity. Therefore, the need for evaluation of crop tolerance to drought has become urgent. It ... Read More

Effect of potassium nitrate (KNO3) on some morphological and physiological characteristics of two tropical lawn (Cynodon dactylon L. and paspalum vaginatum L.) under salinity stress condition

Kh. Asadi vafa; M. Seiedi; M. Chehrazi; M. Sayari; N. Moallemi

Volume 38, Issue 2 , September 2015, , Pages 121-133

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11325

Abstract

High level of sodium chloride is known to be the most widespread cause of saline soil environmental stress in dry and semi dry lands that ceases growth and yield of crop species. An ... Read More

Influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis on growth and proline content in Leek (Allium porrum L.) and two genotypes of persian Leek (Allium ampeloprasum ssp. persicum L.) under drought stress

N. Ghasem Jokar; H. Nadian; B. Khalil Moghaddam; M. Heidary; M.H. Gharineh

Volume 38, Issue 1 , May 2015, , Pages 15-26

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11115

Abstract

In recent years, biological approaches such as mycorrhizal symbiosis have been used to alleviate the detrimental effects of drought stress. In a pot experiment the responses of three ... Read More

Effects of regulated irrigation on some physiological characteristic of Frankenia leavise L.

S. Chegah; M. Chehrazi; M. Albaji

Volume 37, Issue 1 , June 2014, , Pages 71-80

Abstract

Cover plants application has several advantages such as beauty in landscape, inhibition of soil erosion and the best way of using water. Frankenia (Frankenia Leavise) is one of ... Read More

The effect of 5-aminolevolinic acid on some physiological responses of coriander (Coriandrumsativum L.) under drought stress

F. Ghanbari; M. Sayyari; M. Saidi; A.A. Amirinejad

Volume 37, Issue 1 , June 2014, , Pages 93-105

Abstract

In this study, the effect of 5-Aminolevolinic acid (ALA), a key precursor in the biosynthesis of porphyrin and the new plant growth regulator, was studied on some physiological responses ... Read More

Effect of irrigation regimes on content oil, proline content and some physiological characteristics of two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under climatic conditions in Ahvaz

A. Karimi; H. Roshanfekr; M. Meskarbashee

Volume 36, Issue 3 , December 2013, , Pages 105-117

Abstract

In order to study water deficit stress on safflower in different stages of growth, this experiment was conducted in Shahid Chamran University during 2009 – 2010 growing season ... Read More

A study on cold resistance in safflower varieties and lines by physiological and biochemical indices

R R; S.S P

Volume 33, Issue 2 , March 2011, , Pages 1-14

Abstract

The aim of the present investigation was to study the response of different safflower genotypes to low temperatures in germination and seedling stages and find its relation with field ... Read More

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Keywords = Proline

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