Plant Productions

Determining the optimal plant density in two types of soil with different physicochemical properties in manual and machine transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L).

Ebrahim Rezaei; Morteza Sam Daliri; Hamid Reza Mobasser; Amir Abbas Mousavi Mirkolaei; Morteza Moballeghi

Volume 47, Issue 3 , November 2024, , Pages 405-423

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47425.2191

Abstract

Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L) is recognized as an important food product in the world. The survival of approximately 3 billion people depends on the production of this crop. Increasing ... Read More Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L) is recognized as an important food product in the world. The survival of approximately 3 billion people depends on the production of this crop. Increasing yield and sustainable production of rice is necessary for food security in the world. The transplanting of rice seedlings in Iran is by machine and manual-traditional. Machine transplanting is a promising technology that is more efficient and requires less labor than traditional manual transplanting. Having little land and the poor financial status of farmers are among the shortcomings of adopting this technology. Rice production is determined mostly by the soil. Soil is one of the most important environmental factors and the main source of nutrients and water for the growth of plants. Decreasing soil quality will reduce rice production. Maintaining soil properties at the desired level is one of the important management issues. Determining the appropriate plant density is the most basic and critical consideration for high-yield rice planting. Because it can accelerate tillering in each plant, balance the variables and promote the harmonious growth of the plant and the plant community. By determining the optimal plant density, it is possible to achieve the maximum yield of the crop. The current study aims to determine the optimal plant density in two soils with different physicochemical properties in a region under manual and machine rice transplanting methods. Materials and Methods A split-split plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in 2021 and 2022. The experimental site is located along the coast of the Caspian Sea (36°50′N, 52°83′E; 29 m asl) at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Qaemshahr Azad University, Mazandaran Province (Northern Iran). Physical and chemical properties of soil (first type soil and second type soil) as the main factor, planting method (manual and machine transplanting) as a sub-factor, and plant density (15.9, 20.8, and 27.8 plants m-2 with spaces of 30 × 21, 30 × 16, and 30 × 12 cm2, respectively) as a sub-sub-factor were studied. In the current experiment, phenological traits (the number of days from transplanting to the beginning of flowering and the beginning of flowering to maturity), root morphological characteristics (root length and root fresh weight in tillering, panicle initiation, and maturity stages), and other agronomical traits (panicle length, number of panicles m-2, total spikelet panicle-1, 1000 - grain weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index) were measured. Results and Discussion Results showed that in the panicle initiation stage, the maximum root length in 2022 was obtained at a density of 27.8 plants m-2 (23.9 cm). At the same stage, the maximum fresh weight of the root in 2022 was observed with the second type soil (66.2 g). In the maturity stage, the maximum root length was recorded with the second type of soil during manual transplanting (22.4 cm). At the same stage, the highest root fresh weight was observed with the second type of soil at a density of 15.9 plants m-2 (86.4 g). The highest number of panicles m-2 in the second type of soil was obtained, respectively, during machine transplanting with a density of 27.8 plants m-2 (554.6 panicles) and during manual transplanting with the same plant density (547.4 panicles). The maximum total number of spikelets panicle-1 was observed in the first type of soil during manual transplanting and the density of 27 plants m-2 (134.1 spikelets), which was due to the number of panicles m-2 (427.0 panicles). The minimum 1000- grain weight in 2021 was obtained with the first type of soil during manual transplanting (26.6 g). The grain yield in the second type soil was 8.7% higher than the first type soil. Also, the highest grain yield was observed at a density of 27.8 plants m-2 (8687 kg ha-1). Conclusion Based on the results obtained in the present study, the second type of soil and a density of 27.8 plants m-2 are separately suggested to achieve the highest grain yield.

Identification of Restoring Fertility and Maintainer Rice Varieties Using SSR Marker

GH. Kiani

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 81-86

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12363

Abstract

Background and Objectives In classical plant breeding, restorers are identified by the cross test, of existing varieties with cytoplasmic male sterilty (CMS) lines and evaluating F1 ... Read More Background and Objectives In classical plant breeding, restorers are identified by the cross test, of existing varieties with cytoplasmic male sterilty (CMS) lines and evaluating F1 progenies in terms of fertility of pollen and spikelete. Lines showing more than 80 percent fertility of pollen and spikelete are considered as restorer lines. This study aimed at applying marker assisted selection (MAS) using linked SSR markers to restoring fertility (Rf) genes for identification of restorer and maintainer lines in hybrid seed production in rice. Materials and Methods In this study, 15 rice varieties wer planted at the research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and marker assisted selection (MAS) was used for identification of two Rf genes located on chromosomes 1 and 10 of rice using SSR markers RM171, RM258 and RM3148. The PCR reaction was performed at 94 °C for 5 min; then for 35 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min; 55°C for 1 min; 72 °C for 2 min followed by 72 °C for 5 min. PCR products were resolved by electrophoresis in agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and then photographed. Results Results of molecular analyses using microsatellite markers RM171, RM258 and RM3148 linked with Rf genes showed that rice varieties namely Hashemi and Deylamani had both Rf genes in their genomes and were considered as putative restorers and were suggested to be test crossed with male sterile lines to assess their F1 generations. Rice varieties namely Shiroudi, Tabesh, Fajr and Shafagh were identified as maintainers. Thus backcross breeding method is suitable for transferring sterile cytoplasm to them for development of new CMS lines. Discussions Identifying restorer lines by means of molecular marker technology is more cost effective and reliable than phenotypic assays especially in hybrid rice production. Restorer and maintainer lines identified in this study could be used for promotion of hybrid rice technology in the country.

The effect of chilling stress on anti-oxidative enzymes activity in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Z. Hasannejad; S.M. Seyyednejad; Abdol Ali Gilani; P. Hassibi

Volume 37, Issue 2 , September 2014, , Pages 27-37

Abstract

In order to investigate the chilling effect and consequently oxidative stress on anti-oxidant system of two rice cultivars a field experiment was conducted in Research Center of Agriculture ... Read More

Effect of water height on physiological and agronomical characteristics of rice cultivars in Ahvaz

A. Lotfi jala abadi; S.A. Siadat; G. Fathi; A. Ebdali; A. Gilani

Volume 36, Issue 3 , December 2013, , Pages 77-92

Abstract

In order to study the effect of plot water height on some agronomical and physiological characteristics of rice cultivars in Ahvaz, a field experiment was conducted experimental field ... Read More

Evaluation of Genes Effects and Providing Linkage Map in Iranian Rice Mapping Population of Gharib × Khazar Cross

H S; G M; A A

Volume 35, Issue 2 , September 2012, , Pages 29-52

Abstract

The genetic structure of agronomic traits has the most important role in determination of breeding methodology. Generation means analysis and QTL mapping refers to effective methods ... Read More

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Keywords = rice

Determining the optimal plant density in two types of soil with different physicochemical properties in manual and machine transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L).

Abstract

Identification of Restoring Fertility and Maintainer Rice Varieties Using SSR Marker

Abstract

The effect of chilling stress on anti-oxidative enzymes activity in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Abstract

Effect of water height on physiological and agronomical characteristics of rice cultivars in Ahvaz

Abstract

Evaluation of Genes Effects and Providing Linkage Map in Iranian Rice Mapping Population of Gharib × Khazar Cross

Abstract