Plant Productions

Association mapping and gene ontology related to germination traits under normal conditions and salt stress in some bread wheat cultivars

Ronak Talebi Qormik; Hadi Alipour; Reza Darvishzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.47977.2208

Abstract

  Introduction: Association mapping is used for many plants, including crop plants, with the aim of identifying the locus of quantitative traits. Abiotic stress including salinity stress ...  Read More Introduction: Association mapping is used for many plants, including crop plants, with the aim of identifying the locus of quantitative traits. Abiotic stress including salinity stress is one of the main challenges facing agriculture, which can affect the final yield of the product, especially in the critical stages of growth, including the germination stage. Stress can affect the growth rate in different stages of growth and in more severe cases it can destroy the plant. Therefore, introducing and creating stress-tolerant plants, especially salinity stress, along with the use of other methods, can be somewhat helpful in dealing with the reduction of agricultural products. Materials and Methods: In the current research, 64 varieties of bread wheat have been investigated in three different conditions including normal, 60 mM salt stress and 120 mM salt stress, with two repetitions in the form of a simple lattice design in the crop year 2021, in the Genetics laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture of Urmia University and sodium chloride(NaCl) was used to create salinity. In this study, the traits of seedling length, shoot length, root length, ratio of shoot length to root length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, germination percentage, germination index, germination speed, average germination speed, average germination time, germination energy, seed vigor, relative germination index, relative germination speed and relative germination energy were studied. Also, 36361 SNP markers were used to identify gene locations controlling germination traits. TASSEL 5.0 software was used to association mapping of studied traits. For this purpose, the mixed linear model (MLM) method using PCA and Kinship matrices was used. Manhattan plots and LD plots were drawn using R studio 4.1.1 software. Results and Discussion: In the present study, 330, 153, and 116 MTAs were identified for normal conditions, 60 mM salinity stress conditions, and 120 mM salinity stress conditions, respectively. Meanwhile, in normal conditions, 43 important markers in chromosomes 1B and 7B were related to germination indices. In the condition of 60 mM salinity stress, the number of 32 important markers in chromosomes 1 B, 2 B, 6 A, 5 A and 6 B and in the condition of 120 mM salinity stress, the number of 14 important markers in chromosomes 1 B, 3 A and 3 B were related to the control of plant traits. The sequence of all the significant markers in Ensembl plant database was checked. Examination of the sequences showed that MTAs are involved in important biological and molecular processes such as signal transduction, signaling pathways of kinase presentation, defense response, response to biological stimuli, hydrolase metabolism, polysaccharide binding, etc. In the condition of 60 mM salinity stress, an important pathway including the metabolism of proline, arginine, beta-alanine, and in the condition of 120 mM salinity stress, the ABC transporter pathway was identified. Conclusion: The MTAs and known pathways based on the results of this study are very important, and after confirming the results in biparental populations and performing additional tests, these findings can be used in marker-assisted breeding and selection programs for wheat plants.

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Evaluation of Sodium Accumulation in Leaves of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Cultivars Differing in Salt Tolerance

V. Atlassi Pak

Volume 41, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 43-56

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.19760.1405

Abstract

  Abstract Background and Objectives Two main mechanisms for salt tolerance in plants are low rate of salt transport to shoots and tolerance of high leaf salt concentrations by sequestration ...  Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Two main mechanisms for salt tolerance in plants are low rate of salt transport to shoots and tolerance of high leaf salt concentrations by sequestration of Na+ within cells vacuoles. Recently research for genetic variation in Na+ accumulation within bread wheat has revealed large variation in leaf Na+ concentration. The control of Na+ accumulation in leaf is an important physiological process conferring salt tolerance to wheat. Many studies have shown that low sodium concentration in leaves correlate with salt tolerance. Sodium concentration in leaves may be influenced by sodium uptake by roots and transport from root to shoot. Materials and Methods In order to understand the salt tolerance mechanisms and the pattern of Na+ accumulation, 3 bread wheat cultivars differing in salt tolerance (Kavir, Mahdavi and Jajan), were evaluated through two factorial experiments based on completely randomized design in three replications. Experiment 1 used 3 cultivars (Kavir, Mahdavi and Jajan) with four salt treatments (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) and experiment 2 used three cultivars (Kavir, Mahdavi and Jajan) with two salt treatments (0 and 150 mM NaCl). Results Leaf Na+ concentration of genotypes was increased in response to increasing salinity after 14 days but Na+ concentration was greater in sensitive genotype (Tajan) than tolerant genotypes (Kavir and Mahdavi). There were no significant differences between genotypes in RGR and shoot: root ratio. Results showed that the differences between genotypes in Na+ transport were responsible for differences in shoot Na+ concentrations. Na+ concentration in the root of all genotypes was the same but salt tolerant genotypes maintained higher K+: Na+ ratio in shoot. Shoot biomass was significantly reduced at 150 mM NaCl, whereas this reduction was almost the same for all genotypes. Kavir had the highest ability to tolerate high leaf tissue concentrations of Na+ and leaf Na+ concentrations were much lower in Mahdavi than two other cultivars. Discussion It seems that the major effect of salinity on shoot biomass was due to the osmotic effect of salt, not due to Na+-specific effects within the plant. Differences in Na+ transport rates from roots to shoots may cause different patterns of sodium accumulation through time. The comparison of genotypes suggests that at least there are two main mechanisms for salt tolerance in hexaploid wheat. One is a lower rate of Na+ accumulation in shoot and the other is tolerance of tissue to high concentrations of Na+.

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Effect of Tillage Systems and Different Crop Rotations on Yield and Yield Components of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A J; H E

Volume 39, Issue 2 , September 2016, , Pages 43-56

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12054

Abstract

  Background and Objectives Correct crop rotations selection and suitable tillage systems, and also considering the interaction of these two factors play an important role on the yield ...  Read More Background and Objectives Correct crop rotations selection and suitable tillage systems, and also considering the interaction of these two factors play an important role on the yield crops, especially wheat. Conservation tillage methods, considering the resource use efficiency in crop rotation (instead of efficiency of a single crop), are the focus of sustainable agriculture. The proper balance of nutrients in the soil, increase of soil organic carbon, prevention of erosion, prevention of soil compaction, improving soil structure, reducing weeds and increasing soil water holding capacity are the beneficial effects of the proper crop rotations and suitable tillage systems. Material and Methods A three year study (2011-2013) was carried out in the agricultural research station of Ardestan city located in 125 km North East of Isfahan (32º 50' N and 50º 34' E) using split plot, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Conventional tillage systems (moldboard plow), minimum tillage (a field cultivator) and no-tillage were the main plots and rotations of (Barley - corn - wheat), (Canola - sunflower - wheat), (Fallow - sugar beet - wheat), (Wheat - fallow - wheat), (Canola - fallow - wheat) and (Canola - corn - wheat) were the sub-plots. Comparison of the yield of wheat in different rotations was made in the last year rotation. Results The results showed that wheat yield in conventional tillage and minimum tillage techniques was equal with 4531 and 4340 kg ha-1, respectively, being 33.8 and 28.1% more than the no-till method. In conventional tillage systems, yield of wheat in (barley - corn - wheat) and (canola - corn - wheat) rotations were equal to 4129 and 4118 kg ha-1. In the no tillage system, small canary grass (Phalaris spp) with 1485 kg ha-1dry weight significantly produced more dry matter than the other two systems. Among the rotations (Canola - sunflower - wheat) rotation, with 1.05 kg m-3 and 52.6 percent water productivity index and land use efficiency, respectively, was one of the best rotations. Discussion Effect of tillage system depends on the type of crop rotation, soil type and climatic conditions. Successful adoption of no-tillage system (compared to conventional tillage) is more probable in cases where crops used in rotation with fast decomposed remnants (e.g. potatoes) improve soil conditions (e.g. sugar beet) or control weeds (e.g. sunflower).  

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Effect of different levels of potassium on soluble carbohydrate remobilization in two bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)

A. Alizadeh; M. Nabipoor; A. Rahnama

Volume 37, Issue 3 , December 2014, , Pages 69-82

Abstract

  Side transportation of storage carbohydrates is one of the most important physiological indices in yield formation. In order to study potassium variation levels (200, 300 and 400 mg ...  Read More Side transportation of storage carbohydrates is one of the most important physiological indices in yield formation. In order to study potassium variation levels (200, 300 and 400 mg kg-1) on side transportation and soluble carbohydrate contents in two wheat cultivars with different maturity period (Veerynak and Chamran as early and medium maturity types, respectively), a pot experiment was carried out in the glasshouse using a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The stem soluble carbohydrate in both cultivars was higher at 300 mg kg-1 from flowering to maturity stages at this potassium level. Total soluble carbohydrate was higher at 300 mg kg-1 than two other potassium levels. Leaf soluble carbohydrate in both cultivars was higher at 200 mg kg-1, although the potassium level was lower. Potassium was also caused to increase grain starch during the grain filling period. In general, due to lower leaf area duration in both cultivars, remobilization was lower at 200 mg kg-1 than other levels

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Effect of plant-derived smoke extrat on some under- ground and above-ground traits of winter wheat

S.S. Moosavi; M.R. Abdollahi; H. Mazahery laghb; B. Mehrshad

Volume 37, Issue 1 , June 2014, , Pages 81-92

Abstract

  The present study was conducted to determine the effect of plant-derived smoke extract on some under-ground and above-ground traits of two winter cultivars of wheat (Pishgam and Navid) ...  Read More The present study was conducted to determine the effect of plant-derived smoke extract on some under-ground and above-ground traits of two winter cultivars of wheat (Pishgam and Navid) as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. In this research, the effect of three concentrations of smoke extract (0, 1:10 and 1:100) on some growth traits of wheat including, number of tillage, shoot length, spike length, awn lenght, flag length, spiklet number per spike, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root number, root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, root dry weight/ root fresh weight, shoot dry weight/ shoot fresh weight, root/shoot fresh weight, root/shoot dry weight was studied. The results showed significant differences among various concentrations of smoke extract for the majority of traits. Concentration of 1: 100 was the best treatment compared to control. Futhermore, there was a significant diference between the two wheat cultivars, and the Pishgam cultivar was more than Navid in terms of majority of traits. The interaction of cultivar with smoke water concentration was significant for shoot length, shoot dry weight, shoot dry weight/ shoot fresh weigth, root fresh weight/shoot fresh weight, and in this case, the slicing method was used for data analysis. Finally, the consentration of 1:100 was the best smoke solution for all traits and the Pishgam cultivar showed a better response to smoke water. 

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Effect of putresine and nutrients foliar application on some physiological characters of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) bread cultivars in Ahvaz

M.S. Emadi; P. Hassibi; A.R. Azimi

Volume 37, Issue 4 , March 2014, , Pages 107-118

Abstract

  To study the effect of putresine and some essential nutrients foliar application on yield and physiological characters of wheat, an experiment was conducted during 2010-2011 growing ...  Read More To study the effect of putresine and some essential nutrients foliar application on yield and physiological characters of wheat, an experiment was conducted during 2010-2011 growing season at research field of Shahid Chamran University as split plots based on randomized compelet block design. Results showed that putresine, Boron and Molybdenum foliar application during tillering+booting growth stages significantly increased grain yield in Chamran and Star. Using putresine significantly increased Leaf Area Duration (LAD) and Leaf Area Index (LAI). Foliar application of nutrients resulted in more CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance as against control condition (without foliar application of nutrients), so leaf temperature significantly decreased. The highest respiration rate was observed in control and the lowest was measured in putresine treatment during tillering+booting. Foliar application increased both effective grain filling period and speed of grain filling. The speed of grain filling in control condition of Chamran cultivar was 91.27 mg.d-1 while application of putresine during tillering and booting stages increased that to 145.09 mg.d-1.Because of early spring hight temperatures in Ahvaz as one of the limiting factors in yield of wheat crop, it seems that foliar application of nutrients could be effective in increasing of net assimilation, LAD, LAI, stomatal conductance, grain filling period and grain yield.

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Responses of bread wheat genotypes to heat stress during grain filling period under Ahvaz conditions

M. Mojtabaie Zamani; M. Nabipour; M. Meskarbashee

Volume 37, Issue 4 , March 2014, , Pages 119-130

Abstract

  In order to study the effect of heat stress during grain filling period on yield, yield components, grain filling rate and duration, a field experiment was carried out during 2010-2011 ...  Read More In order to study the effect of heat stress during grain filling period on yield, yield components, grain filling rate and duration, a field experiment was carried out during 2010-2011 growing season in Ahvaz conditions, as factorial based on randomized block with three replicates. The experimental factors consisted of 10 mid maturity bread wheat genotypes (Chamran, Atrak, Aflak, Dez, Falat, Darab2, Kavir, Pishtaz, S-78-11, S-83-3) and two sowing dates, including the optimum (12 Nov.) and late sowing date (21 Dec.). The results showed that in late sowing date, yield and yield components were reduced significantly in all genotypes. Atrak and Pishtaz had the minimum (8.2 %) and maximum (26.3%) reduction of grain yield, respectively. In late sowing date, Kavir and Chamran had the highest (584.3 and 579.8 g.m-2, respectively) and Pishtaz had the lowest (446.3 g.m-2) grain yield. Based on the heat susceptibility index among all genotypes, Atrak was heat- tolerant, Chamran, Kavir, Dez, Falat and Aflak were moderately tolerant and S-78-11, S-83-3, Darab2 and Pishtaz were heat- susceptible. The shortening of effective grain filling period in late sowing date resulted in reduction of thousand-grain weight and increase in grain filling rate could not compensate for  grain filling period reduction. Overall, it seems that only the higher grain growth rate under heat stress during grain filling period cannot contribute to the higher grain yield and other factors such as grain filling period and number of grains per spike seem to be more important

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Comparing the effect of different green manure crops and nitrogen rates on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by nitrogen efficiency indices

F G; A A; E F

Volume 36, Issue 4 , March 2014, , Pages 135-148

Abstract

  The green manure crops are one of the most important organic sources of nitrogen in agronomy. In order to evaluate of the influence of nitrogen rates and green manure crops by nitrogen ...  Read More The green manure crops are one of the most important organic sources of nitrogen in agronomy. In order to evaluate of the influence of nitrogen rates and green manure crops by nitrogen efficiency indices a field experiment was conducted in Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University in 2010-2011. The experimental design was split-plot based on randomized complete block with 3 replications. The main plot included 4 nitrogen rates (i.e. 0, 50, 100 and 150 kgN.ha-1) and the sub-plot included 6 green manure crops (i.e. fallow, millet, sesbania, amaranth, cowpea and mung bean). Our results showed that, green manure crops had a significant effect on wheat grain yield. This effect was different between legume and non-legume green manure crops. But, the effect of green manure crops decreased by increasing indices in nitrogen rates. At nitrogen points of view, the best indices for evaluation of nitrogen effect were nitrogen balance, nitrogen reliance and nitrogen use efficiency indices, respectively. Also, at the green manure point of view, the best indices for evaluation of green manure crops were nitrogen balance index, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization indices, respectively. In addition, the nitrogen reliance index had the highest positive correlation with grain yield. Over all, it seems that attention to traditional production criteria (i.e. grain yield) is not adequate and other eco-physiological criteria’s such as nitrogen efficiency indices must be taken into account.

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Evaluation of water deficit stress tolerance induced by seed priming in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars

A. Eivazi; A. Najafi Par; S.H. Mousavi Anzabi; H. Ranji

Volume 36, Issue 3 , December 2013, , Pages 1-12

Abstract

  To evaluate the effects of seed priming on inducing of water stress tolerance, an experiment was carried out under laboratory and field conditions in Satloo station of Agricultural ...  Read More To evaluate the effects of seed priming on inducing of water stress tolerance, an experiment was carried out under laboratory and field conditions in Satloo station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in West Azerbaijan province at 2008-9 seasons. A factorial experiment was formed, with the first factor including four cultivars Zarrin and Shahriar (irrigated cultivars), Sardary and Azar (rainfed cultivars) and the second factor, hydro-priming, osmotic solutions (10% polyethylene glycol (8000), 2.5% KCL, 5% NaCl, 10% Urea, 4/0% Micro nutrient), plant growth regulators (1000 ppm Cycocel and 20 ppm Auxin) and non priming as a control. Treatments were arranged at laboratory in Completely Randomized Design and two separate experiments with Randomized Blocks Design under normal and water stress at field conditions with five replications. Irrigation was held at booting stage in water stress experiment. Results of analysis of variance showed that there were statistically significant differences for traits of plumule and radical lenghts and their dry weights, grain yield and its components, total dry matter and relative water content of lage feaf (P≤0.05). Pretreatment of Cycocel was allocated maximum plumule (17.8cm) and radical (17.2cm) lenghts and their dry weights (8.0 and 11.5mg, respectively). All priming treatments at four cultivars had more grain yield than control and at plant growth regulators were dominant and the highest variation percentage. Total dry matter (-10.7%), grain yield (-4.0%) and relative water content (-9.3%) at seed priming with potassium cholride had the lowest variation percentage under water stress than normal conditions. This pretreatment increased spike per squar meter in Shariar, Zarrin and Azar. Within cultivars, Azar with 0.89 susceptibility index was the most tolerance to drought stress. Traits of total dry matter, grain per spike and spike per squar meter observed positive significant correlations with grain yield at seed priming treatments, 0.91**, 0.92** and 0.79*, respectively. It seems that these traits could be used as an indirect criterion for selection of cultivars with high grain yield.  

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Short-term responses of stomatal conductance for screening wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.( differing in salt tolerance for osmotic stress tolerance

A. Rahnama; K. Poustini; R. Tavakkol Afshari

Volume 36, Issue 3 , December 2013, , Pages 93-105

Abstract

  Salinity affects plant growth by the osmotic stress of salt around the roots as well as by toxicity caused by excessive accumulation of salt in leaves. An investigation was set up to ...  Read More Salinity affects plant growth by the osmotic stress of salt around the roots as well as by toxicity caused by excessive accumulation of salt in leaves. An investigation was set up to study the effects of salt stress on stomatal conductance, growth rate and the relation between them.Six selected wheat cultivarsthat were previously identified as contrasting in salt stress tolerance (Roshan, Kavir, Bam, Gaspard, Shiraz and Qods) with three salinity levels (0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl) were used in a pot experiment, using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Stomatal conductance was reduced at 1, 10 and 20 days after plants were exposed to salinity, and a similar result was obtained for relative growth rate at 10 and 20 days after exposure to salt. However, the reduction was greater in salt sensitive cultivars as compared with tolerantones. Results showed that stomatal conductance acts as a tool for screening of osmotic stress tolerance which was reduced immediately after the onset of salinity, while relative growth rate was declined in the first 10 days exposure to salt. Cultivars with high stomatal conductance maintained a higher growth rate under salt stress. High stomatal conductance in short-term salinity exposure was related to high growth rate over a long period of time. A positive relationship between stomatal conductances with relative growth rate indicated that stomatal conductance can be a reliable indicator of the photosynthesis and growth rate and can be considered as a sensitive indicator of the osmotic stress toleranceand other abiotic stresses. 

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Comparison of wheat cultivars using indices of tolerance and susceptibility to terminal heat stress in Ahvaz

Ali Moshattati; S.A. Siadat; Kh. Alami-Saeid; A.M. Bakhshandeh; M.R. Jalal-Kamali

Volume 36, Issue 2 , September 2013, , Pages 61-73

Abstract

  Many indices have been introduced to compare of tolerance and susceptibility of field crops to environmental stresses. In order to compare spring bread wheat cultivars using indices ...  Read More Many indices have been introduced to compare of tolerance and susceptibility of field crops to environmental stresses. In order to compare spring bread wheat cultivars using indices of tolerance and susceptibility to terminal heat stress, a field experiment was conducted in Ramin University of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Ahvaz in 2007-2009. The experimental design was stripe block in randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors were four sowing dates (6 Nov., 6 Dec., 5 Jan. and 4 Feb.) in horizontal plots and 20 spring wheat cultivars in vertical plots. The results showed that cultivars had a significant effect on the stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance index (TI), productivity mean (MP), harmonic mean (HM), yield stability index (YSI), ranking index (Rank), geometric productivity mean (GPM), stress tolerance index (STI), yield stability (YI), modified stress tolerance index for favorable conditions (MSTI1), modified stress tolerance index for unfavorable conditions (MSTI2) and yield reduction percent index (YRPI). Generally, the stress tolerance index (STI) was the best estimate of tolerance and susceptibility of spring bread wheat cultivars to terminal heat stress showing Virinak and Roshan as tolerant and susceptible cultivars, respectively.

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The effect of irrigation timing and different fertilizer systems (NPK application) and manure on remobilization and current photosynthesis in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

M. Namarvari; Ghodratallah fathi; A. Bakhshandeh; M.H. Gharineh; S. Jafari

Volume 36, Issue 2 , September 2013, , Pages 99-109

Abstract

  This field experiment was conducted for evaluation of irrigation timing on different fertilizer systems on yield and yield components of wheat (Chamran v.) in 2009-2010. The experiment ...  Read More This field experiment was conducted for evaluation of irrigation timing on different fertilizer systems on yield and yield components of wheat (Chamran v.) in 2009-2010. The experiment was performed in RCBD with three replications (split plot design) at Ramin of Agriculture and Natural Resources University. To evaluate the effect of irrigation time the following treatments were applied: cut irrigation I1) from spike formation to harvesting, I2) from anthesis stage to harvesting, and I3) control with complete irrigation. For fertilizer systems, treatments included NPK Chemical NPK chemical sources manure, biological fertilizer and biological and manure. The effect of irrigation timing and fertilizer systems had a significant effect at 1% on remobilization, percent of organic matter remobilization efficiency, seed fraction of remobilization and current photosynthesis. The I3 had minimum remobilization content and maximum current photosynthesis, but I1 treatment had opposite trend. The biological fertilizer together with manure had maximum remobilization and current photosynthesis. Therefore, biological fertilizer together with manure can provide a good condition for high yield production in wheat, even under drought stress at the end of the ripening period.

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Effect of chemical, organic and biological fertilizers systems on yield and yield components of wheat genotypes (T. aestivum and T. durum) in Ahvaz conditions

A. Lotfi Jala Abadi; S.A. Siadat; A. Bakhsandeh; Ghodratallah Fathi; K. Alemi Saied

Volume 36, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 103-116

Abstract

  In order to study the effect of fertilizer systems and cultivars on wheat production, an experiment was conducted in Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Ramin, North of ...  Read More In order to study the effect of fertilizer systems and cultivars on wheat production, an experiment was conducted in Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Ramin, North of Ahvaz, Iran, in 2008- 2009 growing season. Treatments were arranged as a split-plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Fertilizer treatments in four (low input chemical system, high input chemical system, chicken manure and chicken manure + biofetilizers) and six cultivars (Veenak, Chamran, Star, D-79-15, Karkheh and SP-50) were in main plots and sub plots respectively. The results indicated that in integrated system, grain yield (7042/5 kg/ha) significantly increased and this system showed no significance difference from high input chemical system (6530.9 kg/h). Also, the biological yield, harvest index, spiks/m2, 1000-grain weight and chlorophyll content increased with the application of organic manure and biofertilizers. However, the greatest of kernels per spike and grain protein content (12/63 %) were observed by the application of high input chemical system. The highest grain yield, biological yield, harvest index kernel number per spike and chlorophyll content were found at all fertility systems, in late maturing bread (star) and durum (SP50) wheat cultivars. Generally, by application of animal manure and biofertilizers wheat yield and its components increased, as well as from application of inorganic nutrients. In addition, less use of chemical methods led to environmental conservation. Thus, integrated use of animal manure and biofertilizers has been suggested to exploit the suitable yield of wheat besides improving environment.

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Comparison of Sowing and Wheat Seedling Planting and its Influence on Yield and Yield Components

R A; M N; M M

Volume 35, Issue 1 , June 2012, , Pages 91-101

Abstract

  In order to compare the direct sowing and wheat seedling planting grown with different ages and cultures in different dates, an experiment was conducted during 2009-2010 in Ahvaz Agricultural ...  Read More In order to compare the direct sowing and wheat seedling planting grown with different ages and cultures in different dates, an experiment was conducted during 2009-2010 in Ahvaz Agricultural College. The experiment was carried out to split split plot and in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included culture methods applied at three levels of seedling planting without cutting, with cutting, and the seed culture. The sub factor included two levels of wheat cultivars, composed of cultivars, varieties of Fong and Chamran and sub-sub plots, including dates of planting seeds and seedlings transplanted at 30 December and 15 January. Results showed that spikelets per spike and spike number were the largest amount in direct planting and the lowest in seedling planting. In planting and transplanting date, treatment of spike lets per spike and grain yield were the highest value on the first planting date (with grain yield 2776.3 kg/ha) and the lowest in the second planting. Between Phong and Chamran cultivars observed, no significant differences were seen in the characteristics of spikelet number per spike, seed number per spike, and 1000 kernel weight. According to the results, delayed seedling transplanting and cultivation reduced the grain yield significantly. Direct culture was move effective than transplanting culture. Comparison of interactions revealed that direct seedling cultivation treatments of Chamran cultivars had the highest yield on the first planting date and seedling treatments had the lowest yield on the second planting date. Then cutting and no cutting seedling treatment of Chamran cultivar had the highest yield on the first planting date. In Khuzestan climate, seedling planting of wheat can be decrease reduction due to, delayed planting during the interruption in rainfall autumn.  

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Evaluation of Waterlogging Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes in Stem Elongation Stage Using Waterlogging Stress Tolerance and Sensitive Indices

M S; SH L; E L; M G

Volume 35, Issue 1 , June 2012, , Pages 117-128

Abstract

  In order to study wheat genotype responces to different waterlogging stress levels during stem elongation stage and evaluation of indices of tolerance and sensitivity to tension, an ...  Read More In order to study wheat genotype responces to different waterlogging stress levels during stem elongation stage and evaluation of indices of tolerance and sensitivity to tension, an experiment was conducted as a split – plot based on rondomized complete blocks design (RCBD) in three replications, in 2007-2008 growing season at Ahvaz Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center. In this study, the wheat genotypes (Chamran, Virinak, S-78-11, S-80-18) were plucked into primary plot and the waterlogging levels (0, 10, 20 days) were placed into secondary plot. Six indices of tolerance and sensitivity to waterlogging stress (MP, GMP, STI, TOL, HARM, SSI) were calculated for yield. In normal conditions, the line S-80-18 with yield 4/99 tons h-1, and in mild and severe conditions, the line S-78-11 with the yield 3/68 tons h-1 had the highest yield. The indices of MP, GMP, HARM, STI which had the highest correlation with the yield in normal conditions and also had different stress level were introduced as superior indices. These indices characterized the lines S-78-11 and S-80-18 as tolerant genotypes and the Virinak cultivar as sensitive to waterlogging. On the other hand, the indices of TOL and SSI also showed the line S-78-11 as the most tolerant and Chamran cultivar as the most sensitive to genotypes compored to waterlogging stress.  

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Effect of Temperature Change on Stomatal Conductance and Chlorophyll Content of Wheat

H R; M N; F M; M M

Volume 34, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 39-52

Abstract

  Stomata have a sensitive role in plant physiology aspect investigation, specially under stress conditions. This experiment was carried out in Ahvaz Shahid Chamran University Research ...  Read More Stomata have a sensitive role in plant physiology aspect investigation, specially under stress conditions. This experiment was carried out in Ahvaz Shahid Chamran University Research Field in 2005 and 2006 under randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The main plots included three planting date (6 November, 26 November and 16 December) and the subplot were three wheat cultivar (Fong, Chamran and Star). The results showed that the deterrence of the aweraye of  flag leaf water potential under planting date treatment was significant (1% level), but flag leaf water potential under different cultivars and the interaction between planting date and cultivars was not significant. RWC (relative water content) was different during grain filling and in four sampling in difference planting date and in cultivars for many sampling observed significant difference but the difference was not significant in cultivars interaction and planting date. Stomata conductance in different grain filling stages in planting date showed significant difference. Also under cultivars, there was a significant difference (1% level) but their interaction was not significant. The most stomata resistance was in third planting date and mean comparison of this character in cultivars showed that near the end of grain filling. The highest and lowest stomata conductance was in Fong and Chamran cultivars, 0.93 and 0.67 cm/s respectively. Planting date interaction and cultivar showed that the first sampling exception, in other grain filling period SPAD number influenced by them and in fourth sampling (28 days after flowering) the first and third planting date allocated 41.34 SPAD number to themselves respectively. Grain filling period coincident with heat stress in near the end of season, induced that effective parameters in yield (ψp, RWC, gs and chlorophyll density) located in undesirable conditions. Changing the planting date (late planting date) which caused coincident grain filling to more heat stress and made the sever effective on grain weight compare to biomass as effective of planting date on grain (1% level) had significant different and maximum seed single dry weight was 45.16 and 36.39 mgr in the first and the third planting date respectively. Also, early Fong cultivar with better use from environmental condition got high yield compared to other two cultivars. 

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Evaluation of genetic diversity of some spring and winter wheat cultivars with SSR markers

B F; B Y; M.R N; M M

Volume 33, Issue 2 , March 2011, , Pages 71-79

Abstract

  In the present study, 37 microsatellite primerpairs were used for germplasm analysis and estimation of the genetic relationship and diversity between 21 spring and winter genotypes ...  Read More In the present study, 37 microsatellite primerpairs were used for germplasm analysis and estimation of the genetic relationship and diversity between 21 spring and winter genotypes of Persian breed wheat. Genetic diversity (DI) and polymorphism information content (PIC) were calculated with average 0.68 and 0.63, respectively. Genetic similarity was calculated with Nei & Li and Jaccard methods with average 0.201 and 0.325, respetcively. The highest levels of genetic similarity for genotypes were found in Ghods and Alvand genotypes by two methods and the lowest was in Bolani and Niknejhad with Nei & Li and Jaccard methods.The number of alleles per microsatellite marker varied from 2 to 10 (average 5.37) and a total of 199 alleles were detected. The result showed all of the genotpyes could be distinguished and clustered into 4 groups with Nei & li similarity and UPGMA clustering method and all cultivars segregated by growgth type, i.e spring and winter. The data suggest that microsatellite can be used to estimate high and repeatable Polymorphism genetic diversity.

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The Effect of Planting Dates and Different N-P-K Ratios on Grain Yield and N Use Efficiency in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Ahvaz

M V; A A; E F

Volume 33, Issue 1 , September 2010, , Pages 33-47

Abstract

  To study the effect of different N-P-K levels and planting dates on wheat yield and N-use efficiency, a field experiment was conducted in Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University ...  Read More To study the effect of different N-P-K levels and planting dates on wheat yield and N-use efficiency, a field experiment was conducted in Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University at 2008-2009. Experimental design was split plot on RCB with 3 replications. Main plot was planting date in 3 levels (27 Oct, 16 Nov, 6 Dec) and sub-plot was different N-P-K levels including F1-control (0-0-0), F2- 40% lower than optimum (70-50-40), F3- optimum (110-90-80), and F4- 40% higher than optimum (150-130-120). Crop grain yield and yield components and also different N-use efficiency indices were measured. Results showed that best grain yield was obtained at range of optimum planting date (second and third planting date). Early planting date had the lowest grain yield for fertilizer treatments. Highest and lowest grain yield belonged to level of 150-130-120 and control plot (6.18, 3.27 t/ha) respectively. Seed 1000-weight and No. raceme per m2 had the best effect on the grain yield improvement, respectively. Best NUE (38/08 kg/kg) was obtained in the second planting date and N-P-K level of 40% lower than optimum treatment. In addition, NUE declined with increase in N application. Also, in all planting dates, 70-50-40 fertilizer level had the best NUE. In conclusion, the treatment which produced the highest grain yield had not the best NUE.  

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