Plant Productions - Articles List

The effect of plant density on agronomic and physiological traits of different corn lines in the north of Khuzestan province

Gholamhosein Eslamnia; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Khalil Alami-Saeid; Ali akbar Saneinejad

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47210.2179

Abstract

Fodder corn varieties are divided into three classes including: I. early varieties with a life period of less than 85 days, II. medium varieties with a life period between 85-135 days ... Read More Fodder corn varieties are divided into three classes including: I. early varieties with a life period of less than 85 days, II. medium varieties with a life period between 85-135 days and late varieties with a life period of more than 135 days. Optimum planting density is one of the important factors to achieve the highest yield according to the climatic conditions of each region and especially the cultivated cultivars..Commercial varieties of corn for cultivation in different regions of the world for the production of seeds and fodder include hybrid varieties that are supplied annually by seed production companies for planting in farmers' fields. Therefore, investigating the growth, performance and physiological adaptation characteristics of corn lines in different management and agricultural conditions can lead to the identification of optimal management of the desired lines for the production of corn hybrids. Therefore, in order to investigate the ecophysiological responses of different corn lines to the planting density in the north of Khuzestan, an experiment was conducted in the summer of 2018 and 2019 at the Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Training Center in Safiabad, Dezful, Khuzestan province. This research was conducted as a two-factor factorial experiment in the basic design of randomized complete blocks with three replications. In this experiment, plant density (60, 78 and 110 thousand plants per hectare) as the first factor in the main plots and genotypes (lines SD-95-11, C3-95-5, C3-95-15, C4-95-2, C4-95-3 and control line MO17) were investigated as the second factor in the sub-plots. The examined traits included leaf area index, leaf specific area, leaf chlorophyll, plant height, yield and yield components, harvest index, and biological yield. The results showed a significant difference between corn lines in response to plant density per unit area of the field. According to the comparison results, the highest seed yield was observed at a density of 110 thousand plants per hectare and line 103 (2115 kg per hectare) and the lowest seed yield was observed at a density of 60 thousand plants per hectare and line 119 (1030 kg per hectare). The results of the statistical analysis obtained from this research showed that the density of 110 thousand plants per hectare in most of the measured traits had the highest value of that trait and was the best planting density for the tested lines. Among the morphological traits affecting plant growth, specific leaf area showed a positive and significant correlation with biological performance and grain yield. Also, line number 103 was selected as the best line that can be used in the corn improvement program in hot and dry regions of the country. Achieving the appropriate density in corn lines can be very important for individuals or companies that are active in the field of seed production, because in this field pure maternal and paternal lines are used. On the other hand, among the 6 lines used, line number 103 was selected as the best line that can be used in the corn improvement program in hot and dry regions of the country.

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The effect of Thiobacillus spp. and bentonite sulfur application on the seed yield and physiological characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under different irrigation regimes

Hamid Alahdadi; Alireza Yadavi; Mohsen Movahedi Dehnavi; Hamidreza Balouchi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47066.2174

Abstract

Abstract Introduction: Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose plant with medicinal and oil applications, primarily cultivated for edible oil and industrial dyes. Water ... Read More Abstract Introduction: Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose plant with medicinal and oil applications, primarily cultivated for edible oil and industrial dyes. Water resource limitations in Iran and drought stress negatively affect the growth and performance of this plant. Sulfur, as the fourth most consumed nutrient for plants, plays a vital role in photosynthesis and cell membrane structure. Excessive use of chemical sulfur fertilizers can lead to soil salinity. Therefore, bio-fertilizers have been proposed as a suitable alternative. Thiobacillus spp. bacteria help improve plant growth by providing sulfate and enhancing soil properties. Materials and methods: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chemical and biological sources of sulfur, including bentonite sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria, on the content of elements (N, P, K, S, Fe and Zn) of aerial organs, some physiological characteristics, and the seed yield of safflower under water stress conditions in the summer of 2023 in the research farm of Yasouj University Faculty of Agriculture located in Dashtrom. The experiment was performed as a split factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regimes at three levels (complete irrigation and interruption of irrigation from the beginning of flowering and the beginning of seed filling) were the main factor, and the combination of bentonite sulfur fertilizer at three levels (0, 150, and 300 kg/ha) and Thiobacillus bacteria at two levels (use and non-use) were the secondary factors studied. Results and discussion: Statistical analysis showed that bentonite sulfur fertilizer and the use of Thiobacillus bacteria, significantly improved the content of aerial organ elements, physiological traits, and grain yield of safflower under drought stress. Under severe dehydration conditions (cut off irrigation from flowering stage), the highest content of elements of aerial organs, including nitrogen (2.33%), sulfur (0.149%), iron (44 mg/kg), and zinc (25.66 mg/kg), was obtained from the simultaneous application of 300 kg of bentonite sulfur + Thiobacillus bacteria. The triple interaction of irrigation regime × bentonite sulfur × Thiobacillus was also significant for traits such as total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, total soluble sugars, and activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase and peroxidase. The highest of this these traits in each irrigation regims were observed in application of 300 kg/ha of bentonite sulfur + Thiobacillus. The content of malondialdehyde increased by cutoff irrigation from the stages of flowering and seed filling, but it decreased with the use of bentonite sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria.The grain yield was also affected by the application of 300 kg/ha of bentonite sulfur + Thiobacillus under full irrigation and medium stress levels, with an increase of 25.28% and 45.54%, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this research indicate that the application of water stress, particularly from the flowering stage, was associated with a decrease in physiological traits and seed yield of safflower. The application of 150 kg/ha sulfur-bentonite along with Thiobacillus bacteria, in addition to reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and its negative consequences, led to increased nutrient uptake, improved efficiency of biofertilizer, and enhanced seed yield under water stress conditions.

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Evaluation of withholding irrigation on different canola cultivars under autumn cultivation conditions: a simulation study

Mozhgan Sadeghi; Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; Esmaeil Mohammadi-Ahmadmahmoudi; Khosro Azizi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.47907.2203

Abstract

Introduction: Canola is a crucial industrial crops in the country's oil production in order to produce high-quality edible oil. However, the challenges related to water allocation ... Read More Introduction: Canola is a crucial industrial crops in the country's oil production in order to produce high-quality edible oil. However, the challenges related to water allocation to the spring crops at the end of the autumn canola growth period have become one of the obstacles to achieving optimal production levels for this crop. Addressing this challenge is essential for enhancing the productivity and sustainability of rapeseed farming in the country. Materials and Methods: This research aimed to evaluation the effect of withholding irrigation treatments on different growth stages of autumn canola production. It also seeks to identify the suitable canola cultivar and the optimal growth stage for implementing withholding irrigation through a long-term simulation experiment using the APSIM-canola simulation model. It was carried out in four counties of Lorestan province including Khorramabad, Pol-e Dokhtar, Kuhdasht and Aleshtar in Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University. For this purpose, in the first step, the model was evaluated using two independent data sets. The cultivars included Hyola308, Hyola401 and RGS003 (early, mid and late maturity cultivars, respectively), and the irrigation treatments of the study included full irrigation, withholding irrigation at the flowering stage, withholding irrigation at the pod initiation stage, and withholding irrigation at the grain filling stage. Results and Discussion: The evaluation of the APSIM-canola simulation model demonstrated that this model has a good capability to accurately predict autumn canola grain yield evidenced by an estimation error (nRMSE) of 18%. The results showed that the variability of the autumn canola grain yield across all of the studied locations, different treatments of withholding irrigation and cultivars was significant. Notably, the highest yield was recorded at 4.49 t ha-1 in Khorramabad, while the lowest was 1.96 t ha-1 in Aleshtar. Furthermore, the analysis of dry matter production indicated a considerable variability across different locations and treatments in a way that the highest and lowest amount of dry matter between location belonged to Khorramabad and Aleshtar (17.80 and 8.89 t ha-1, respectively). The research findings highlighted the crucial role of climatic conditions, particularly air temperature, in informing management practices such as cultivar selection and irrigation strategies. Based on this, the use of Hyola401 mid maturity cultivar in Pol-e Dokhtar, Khorramabad and Kuhdasht counties along with full irrigation throughout the growing season resulted in the highest grain yields of 5.38, 5.36, and 4.49 t ha-1, respectively. It was while in Aleshtar (with cooler temperature condition compared to other locations) employing the early maturity cultivar of Hyola308 coupled with withholding of irrigation before the end of the growing season led to the highest amount of grain yield (2.64 t ha-1) in this region. Conclusion: The findings of this research indicate that in the cultivation of autumn canola, it is crucial to consider climatic factors, particularly air temperature, as well as the accessibility of water resources when selecting the appropriate cultivar. Specifically, under conditions where water availability is restricted, opting for early-maturing and mid-maturing cultivars can serve as an effective strategy. This approach not only mitigates the adverse impacts of water scarcity but also contributes to the sustainable production of canola in various regions. By aligning cultivar selection with the specific climatic and water conditions of an area, farmers can enhance crop resilience and ensure a more stable yield, ultimately supporting the agricultural sustainability of their communities.

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The effect of sources of phosphorus fertilizer on the improvement of nutrient absorption and phosphorus use efficiency in soybean (Glycine max L.)

Saeb Jalalpour; Alireza Yadavi; Mohsen Movahhedi Dehnavi; Razieh Karami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48406.2231

Abstract

Abstract Introduction: After cereals, oilseeds are the second most important source of energy for human societies. Since a large part of the oil used in the country is imported from ... Read More Abstract Introduction: After cereals, oilseeds are the second most important source of energy for human societies. Since a large part of the oil used in the country is imported from abroad, the cultivation of oilseeds, including soybeans, and their proper management in order to increase yield, is very important. Phosphorus is considered the second limiting element for plant growth after nitrogen, and every year, large amounts of phosphorus in chemical fertilizers become insoluble after entering the soil and are removed from the plant's reach. One of the practical ways to use phosphorus accumulated in the land is the use of biological phosphorus fertilizers. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus, inoculation of phosphate biofertilizer on growth and consumption of phosphorus chemical fertilizer in Parsa soybean in 2019 at the research farm of Yasouj University located in Dashtrom. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus, inoculation of phosphate biofertilizer on growth and consumption of phosphorus chemical fertilizer in Parsa soybean in 2019 at the research farm of Yasouj University located in Dashtrom. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Test treatments include phosphorus chemical fertilizer (triple superphosphate) at 4 levels: zero, 60 kg.ha-1, 120 kg.ha-1 and 180 kg.ha-1 and biological phosphorus fertilizer at 4 control levels, phosphate bio-fertilizer including Pseudomonas bacteria, mycorrhiza fungus (Glomus mosseae L.) and the combined use of phosphate biofertilizer and mycorrhizal fungus. Results and Discussion:The results showed that the interaction effect of the applied treatments on the leaf area index was significant and the consumption of 180 kg.ha-1 of chemical fertilizer along with inoculation with phosphate biofertilizer + mycorrhizal fungus increased the leaf area index by 112.61% compared to the control. Inoculation with phosphorus biofertilizer had a significant increasing effect on the concentration of nutrients in shoot and seed. The highest increase in the concentration of nutrients in shoot and seed was related to inoculation with phosphate biofertilizer + mycorrhizal fungus and the lowest was related to the control. The interaction of phosphorus chemical fertilizer and biological phosphorus fertilizer on grain yield was significant. The highest seed yield (2085 kg.ha-1) was obtained with the consumption of 180 kg.ha-1 of triple superphosphate and inoculation with phosphate biofertilizer + mycorrhizal fungus, and the lowest seed yield (971.67 kg.ha-1) was obtained at zero level of chemical fertilizer and and biological fertilizer control treatment. The results showed that with the increase in the use of chemical fertilizers, the phosphorus use efficiency decreases. At the level of 60 kg of superphosphate fertilizer used, the application of phosphate biofertilizer + mycorrhiza could create a significant increase in this attribute compared to other levels of biofertilizer and it had a 38.17% increase compared to the control. Conclusion:Therefore, in this research, the incorporation of phosphorus biofertilizers, including phosphate dissolving bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, increased vegetative growth and improved seed yield and plant oil yield, and improved phosphorus utilization efficiency in soybeans. While with the increase in the consumption levels of phosphorus chemical fertilizers, the efficiency of the use of biological fertilizers decreased significantly.

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Identification of superior bread wheat genotypes using composite indices for cultivation in warm regions

Ali Reza Askari kalestani; Seyed Mahmoud Tabib Ghaffary; Hassan Zali; Mohsen Esmaeilzadeh Moghadam

Volume 47, Issue 4 , January 2025, , Pages 491-510

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46831.2163

Abstract

Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a socioeconomically important crop in Iran. Achieving genetic gain in quantitative traits through selection is essential for successful ... Read More Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a socioeconomically important crop in Iran. Achieving genetic gain in quantitative traits through selection is essential for successful breeding programs. Identification of high-yielding genotypes with high desirable growth traits is a primary objective in wheat breeding. This study aimed to identify superior bread wheat genotypes based on grain yield and morpho-phenological traits while comparing different selection indices, including the Selection Index of Ideal Genotype (SIIG), Multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI), and ideotype design using the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (FAI-BLUP). Materials and Methods The study was conducted during the 2022-2023 cropping season to identify superior bread wheat genotypes for warm and dry conditions in southern Iran (Darab in Fars province and Safiabad-Dezful). The experiment followed an augment design with six incomplete blocks and three control varieties: Sarang, Mehrgan, and Barat. Traits measured included plant height (PLH), days to heading (DHE), days to maturity (DMA), thousand kernel weight (TKW), seed filling rate (SFR), seed filling period (SFP), and grain yield (YLD). Genetic parameters were estimated using the Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) method. Statistical analyses were subsequently computed using SAS and R software. Results and Discussion The likelihood ratio test (LRT) revealed that genotype effects were significant at the 1% probability level for PLH, DHE, DMA, SFR, SFP, and YLD (excluding TKW). Heritability estimates varied, with the highest heritability observed for PLH (0.879) and the lowest for SFR (0.124). These findings, supported by the heat map of traits, highlighted substantial genetic diversity among the wheat genotypes. Heritability estimates across traits ranged from 0.124 (SFP) to 0.879 (PLH). For the Darab region, the SIIG index was the most effective, while in Dezful and across both regions, the FAI-BLUP index outperformed the other indices. The FAI-BLUP index demonstrated superior performance in selecting genotypes with multiple desirable traits and exhibited significant correlations with a larger number of traits compared to the other indices. In Darab, the SIIG index identified G5, G36 and G42 as superior genotypes. In Dezful, the FAI-BLUP index identified G26, G30 and G37 as the best genotypes, and for the combined regions, G30, G35 and G36 genotypes were identified as superior genotypes using the FAI-BLUP index. Conclusion Overall, the FAI-BLUP index emerged as the most effective selection tool for identifying superior bread wheat genotypes under the conditions of this study. A two-dimensional analysis of selection indices and grain yield highlighted G50, G52, and G60 as promising genotypes for preliminary trials in Darab and Dezful regions.

The effect of 24-Epibrassinolide foliar application on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense system and yield of pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto) under Low irrigation stress

Sulmaz Samfar; Hojatolah Latifmanesh; Ali Moradi; Amin Mirshekari; Hamid Alahdadi

Volume 47, Issue 4 , January 2025, , Pages 543-560

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47285.2184

Abstract

Introduction Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are among the most valuable and strategic legumes globally and in Iran, primarily due to their high protein content and nutritional benefits. ... Read More Introduction Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are among the most valuable and strategic legumes globally and in Iran, primarily due to their high protein content and nutritional benefits. Growing global demand for protein-rich foods highlights the importance of enhancing bean production. However, water scarcity, exacerbated by Iran's location along the global desert belt and receiving less than one-third of the global average rainfall, poses significant challenges to sustainable agriculture and food security. Brassinosteroids, a class of plant growth regulators, have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate environmental stresses like drought while improving crop growth and yield. This study aims to evaluate the effects of foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide hormone on various physiological traits, enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms, and gain yield of pinto beans under low irrigation stress. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted during the 2022 growing season on a farm in eastern Shiraz, using a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design with three replications. The irrigation regime was applied at three levels: full irrigation (100% of the moisture requirement) and low irrigation stress (80% and 60% of the moisture requirement), as the main factor. Four concentrations of 24-epibrassinolide, including control (distilled water), 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/L were applied as the subplot factor. The experiment aimed to assess physiological traits such as chlorophyll index, relative water content, antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), grain yield under different irrigation and hormone treatments. Results and Discussion The results revealed that both low irrigation stress and 24-epibrassinolide application significantly influenced all measured traits. Foliar application of 0.2 mg/L 24-epibrassinolide increased the chlorophyll index and leaf relative water content by 7.42% and 11.77%, respectively, compared to the control. Significant interactions between irrigation regimes and hormone concentrations were observed. At 60% and 80% moisture levels, the 0.2 mg/L hormone treatment increased antioxidant enzyme activities as follows (compared to the control): catalase (172% (60%) and 131% (80%)), peroxidase (105% (60%) and 115% (80%)), and superoxide dismutase (0.35% (60%) and 0.45% (80%). Similarly, seed yield improved significantly with 24-epibrassinolide application. Under 100%, 80%, and 60% irrigation levels, 0.2 mg/L application resulted in yield increases of 72.38%, 56.02%, and 44.35%, respectively, compared to the control. Conclusion The application of 24-epibrassinolide at a concentration of 0.2 mg/L effectively enhances the antioxidant defense system, reduces reactive oxygen species, prevents cell wall damage, and minimizes macromolecule degradation in pinto beans. These effects contribute to improved grain yield, under both full and low irrigation conditions. This approach offers a promising solution for mitigating water stress and promoting sustainable bean production in arid and semi-arid regions.

Study of photosynthetic pigments, seed yield and oil compositions of camelina (Camelina sativa L.) under the influence of urea foliar application and irrigation regimes in Tehran

Kimia Momeni-Shijani; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy; Ali Heidarzadeh; Amir Mohammad Abedi

Volume 47, Issue 3 , November 2024, , Pages 387-403

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46765.2161

Abstract

Introduction Oilseeds are rich in fatty acids, hence they are of paramount importance. Fats and oils are recognized as primary sources of energy in human nutrition. Additionally, fat-soluble ... Read More Introduction Oilseeds are rich in fatty acids, hence they are of paramount importance. Fats and oils are recognized as primary sources of energy in human nutrition. Additionally, fat-soluble vitamins, which play a crucial role in maintaining human health, are supplied through the consumption of oilseeds in the body. Therefore, studying and researching oilseeds and their importance in today's nutrition is crucial. Camelina is an oilseed product belonging to the Brassicaceae family, which can adapt well to various environments and produce suitable oil for biological purposes. Due to its appropriate composition of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (omega-9), linoleic acid (omega-6), alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3), and low levels of saturated fatty acids, it is considered one of the highest quality edible oils. Materials and Methods This research aimed to investigate the performance and composition of camelina oil under the influence of urea foliar application and irrigation regimes in a split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2021 growing season at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University. In this study, the examined factors included different irrigation regimes at the flowering stage at four levels defined as the main factor. These levels included optimal irrigation (no stress), mild water deficit stress, moderate water deficit stress, and severe water deficit stress. Irrigation continued until the plant's available moisture in the root zone reached 20, 40, 60, and 80 percent, respectively, and then irrigation continued to the field capacity. The secondary factor included the application of nitrogen fertilizer from urea source as foliar spray at six levels (0% (distilled water spray), 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and no foliar spray (control)). Results and Discussion Under optimal irrigation conditions, seed yield and oil content showed the highest values, with the optimal irrigation treatment exhibiting the highest yield. In mild water deficit stress conditions, seed yield decreased by 12.83% compared to the control (optimal irrigation), while foliar application of nitrogen at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% increased seed yield by 18.23%, 27.95%, 16.30%, and 11.74%, respectively, compared to the control (no foliar spray). In mild water deficit stress conditions, the use of nitrogen foliar spray at a concentration of 3% resulted in a greater increase in grain yield and oil content compared to other concentrations. Oil yield decreased by 4.42% and 21.23% in mild and moderate water deficit stress conditions, respectively, compared to the control (optimal irrigation). Additionally, foliar application of urea at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% increased oil yield by 23.85%, 35.37%, and 23.81%, respectively, compared to the control (no foliar spray). Under severe water deficit stress conditions, the treatment with 2% nitrogen concentration led to the highest amount of seed oil, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b. Regarding the anthocyanin content, under severe water deficit stress conditions, foliar application of nitrogen at a concentration of 1% resulted in a greater increase in anthocyanin content compared to other treatments. Conclusion In optimal irrigation conditions, grain yield and oil content showed the highest values. In mild water deficit stress conditions, the use of foliar spraying of urea fertilizer with a concentration of 3% nitrogen led to a greater increase in grain yield and oil content than other concentrations. In severe water deficit stress conditions, urea fertilizer treatment with 2% nitrogen concentration resulted in the highest amount of oil content and chlorophyll a and b.

Determining the optimal plant density in two types of soil with different physicochemical properties in manual and machine transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L).

Ebrahim Rezaei; Morteza Sam Daliri; Hamid Reza Mobasser; Amir Abbas Mousavi Mirkolaei; Morteza Moballeghi

Volume 47, Issue 3 , November 2024, , Pages 405-423

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47425.2191

Abstract

Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L) is recognized as an important food product in the world. The survival of approximately 3 billion people depends on the production of this crop. Increasing ... Read More Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L) is recognized as an important food product in the world. The survival of approximately 3 billion people depends on the production of this crop. Increasing yield and sustainable production of rice is necessary for food security in the world. The transplanting of rice seedlings in Iran is by machine and manual-traditional. Machine transplanting is a promising technology that is more efficient and requires less labor than traditional manual transplanting. Having little land and the poor financial status of farmers are among the shortcomings of adopting this technology. Rice production is determined mostly by the soil. Soil is one of the most important environmental factors and the main source of nutrients and water for the growth of plants. Decreasing soil quality will reduce rice production. Maintaining soil properties at the desired level is one of the important management issues. Determining the appropriate plant density is the most basic and critical consideration for high-yield rice planting. Because it can accelerate tillering in each plant, balance the variables and promote the harmonious growth of the plant and the plant community. By determining the optimal plant density, it is possible to achieve the maximum yield of the crop. The current study aims to determine the optimal plant density in two soils with different physicochemical properties in a region under manual and machine rice transplanting methods. Materials and Methods A split-split plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in 2021 and 2022. The experimental site is located along the coast of the Caspian Sea (36°50′N, 52°83′E; 29 m asl) at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Qaemshahr Azad University, Mazandaran Province (Northern Iran). Physical and chemical properties of soil (first type soil and second type soil) as the main factor, planting method (manual and machine transplanting) as a sub-factor, and plant density (15.9, 20.8, and 27.8 plants m-2 with spaces of 30 × 21, 30 × 16, and 30 × 12 cm2, respectively) as a sub-sub-factor were studied. In the current experiment, phenological traits (the number of days from transplanting to the beginning of flowering and the beginning of flowering to maturity), root morphological characteristics (root length and root fresh weight in tillering, panicle initiation, and maturity stages), and other agronomical traits (panicle length, number of panicles m-2, total spikelet panicle-1, 1000 - grain weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index) were measured. Results and Discussion Results showed that in the panicle initiation stage, the maximum root length in 2022 was obtained at a density of 27.8 plants m-2 (23.9 cm). At the same stage, the maximum fresh weight of the root in 2022 was observed with the second type soil (66.2 g). In the maturity stage, the maximum root length was recorded with the second type of soil during manual transplanting (22.4 cm). At the same stage, the highest root fresh weight was observed with the second type of soil at a density of 15.9 plants m-2 (86.4 g). The highest number of panicles m-2 in the second type of soil was obtained, respectively, during machine transplanting with a density of 27.8 plants m-2 (554.6 panicles) and during manual transplanting with the same plant density (547.4 panicles). The maximum total number of spikelets panicle-1 was observed in the first type of soil during manual transplanting and the density of 27 plants m-2 (134.1 spikelets), which was due to the number of panicles m-2 (427.0 panicles). The minimum 1000- grain weight in 2021 was obtained with the first type of soil during manual transplanting (26.6 g). The grain yield in the second type soil was 8.7% higher than the first type soil. Also, the highest grain yield was observed at a density of 27.8 plants m-2 (8687 kg ha-1). Conclusion Based on the results obtained in the present study, the second type of soil and a density of 27.8 plants m-2 are separately suggested to achieve the highest grain yield.

Simulating response of lentil cultivars to sowing date and initial soil moisture in Lorestan province

Mojtaba Koohro; Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; khosro Azizi; Saeid Heidari; Seyed Reza Amiri

Volume 47, Issue 3 , November 2024, , Pages 475-489

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45041.2127

Abstract

Introduction Legumes are the second food source after cereals, which provide almost a quarter of protein for developing countries. Lentil is recognized as one of important legumes ... Read More Introduction Legumes are the second food source after cereals, which provide almost a quarter of protein for developing countries. Lentil is recognized as one of important legumes due to its favourable characteristics. The lintile production, like to other crops has been influenced by three factors: management, genetics, and environment. Improving crop production can be achieved by optimizing these factors. Thus, paying attention to the above-mentioned factors can reduce the severe climatic effects on crop production. Among the above-mentioned factors, management strategies e.g., optimal sowing date and using the optimal cultivar are considered to improve crop production. Initial soil moisture, which can affect crop germination, establishment and ultimately growth and yield, is another important strategy. Accordingly, the current research was conducted in order to simulate the effects of cultivar, sowing date, and initial soil moisture on lentil grian yield in different locations of Lorestan province. Materials and Methods The study locations were Aligudarz, Nurabad, KhorramAbad, and Kuhdasht. Simple Simulation Models-iCrop2 (SSM-iCrop2) was used to simulate the lentil growth and development. The data required to run model included climatic, soil, management, and crop data. Daily long-term climatic data including maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, and radiation were collected from Iran Meteorological Organization. The soil data included soil depth, soil water content at wilting point, soil water content at field capacity, and saturation water content, which were obtained from different data collection in the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural, the Natural Resources Research and Education Centers, and soil laboratories at each location and Food and Agriculture Organization and Global yield Gap Atlas.The management data such as palnt density, tillage, rows distance, and sowing depth were obtained by local experts from the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural and the Natural Resources Research and Education Centers at each location. The crop data e.g., the specific genetic coefficients of each cultivar were obtained form Amiri and Deihimfard (2018). The study treatments consisted of four sowing dates (21 January, 12 February, 4 March, and 30 April), two cultivars (early-maturity and late-maturity) and four initial soil moisture (32, 36, 42, and 58 mm). The model was run for 41 years (1980-2020). Initial soil water contents and sowing dates were obtained from a preliminary simulation experiment.Results and DiscussionAveraged across all treatments, the highest grain yield was obtained at KhorramAbad (388 kg ha-1) due to higher rainfall during the growing season. In addition, the grain yield difference among the sowing dates ranged from kg ha-1 on 30 April to 364 kg ha-1 on 21 January. The reason for the higher grain yield on 21 January sowing date was the higher cumulative rainfall season (149.3 mm vs. 99.2 mm) and the lower mean temperature (22.9 °C vs. 23.9 °C) during the growing season compared to other sowing dates. Across locations, sowing dates, and cultivars, the highest grain yield (263 kg ha-1) was simulated under initial soil moisture of 58 mm. Also, on average across sowing dates, initial soil moisture contents, and locations, the early-maturity cultivar simulated more grain yield than late-maturity cultivar (405 kg ha-1 vs. 63 kg ha-1) due to the avoidance of drought stress at the end of the growing season. Considering different interactions, on average across locations, the highest grain yield was simulated by 704 kg ha-1 in the combination of early-maturity cultivar, early sowing date (21 January), and initial soil moisture of 58 mm. Conclusion In general, the results indicated that the lentil grain yield varied among the various study treatments (sowing date, cultivar, and initial soil moisture) as well as different locations of Lorestan province. Lentil growers can increase the lentil production in Lorestan province and study locations by using the interaction of early planting date (21 January) ´ early-maturity cultivar (Kimia) ´ higher initial soil moisture (58 mm). It should be noted that the current research was conducted under water-limited condition and it is suggested that researchers focus on other limitimg and reducing factors in the future studies.

Dissection of genotype × environment interaction and yield stability analysis in durum wheat using SHMM and GGE biplot models

Tohid Najafi Mirak; Manoochehr Dastfal; Manoochehr Sayyahfar; Hossein Farzadi; Shahryar Sasani; Hassan Zali

Volume 47, Issue 2 , August 2024, , Pages 161-178

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46214.2144

Abstract

IntroductionDurum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) is an important crop for the human diet grown in many parts of the world predominantly for semolina and resulting pasta production. ... Read More IntroductionDurum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) is an important crop for the human diet grown in many parts of the world predominantly for semolina and resulting pasta production. The presence of genotype × environment interaction (GEI) is a challenge for breeders in evaluating genotypes in multilocational trials. The use of statistical models such as GGE biplot assist breeders in quantifying and understanding the patterns of GEI and in evaluating the performance of genotypes in various environmental conditions. This allows breeders to select stable and adaptable genotypes for a range of environments. One of the important goals of durum wheat breeding programs is to produce high-yielding cultivars that have suitable characteristics for cultivation in different regions of the country. Therefore, the aim of this research was to select promising durum wheat lines in terms of stability and high grain yield by GGE biplot and SHMM models.Materials and MethodsIn this study, 17 promising lines of durum wheat with three check Hana, Aran, Mehregan in five research centers of Kermanshah, Khorramabad, Karaj, Dezful and Fars (Darab) in the form of randomized complete blocks design in 3 replications and in two cropping seasons (2020-2022) were cultivated and compared. The studied genotypes were planted in six lines along 6 m with a line distance of 15 cm. Seed rate was determined by 450 seeds per square meter considering the thousand kernel weight for each genotype. Seeds were sown using an experimental plot planter (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria). The fertilizer composition was 32 kg ha-1 nitrogen (twice), and di-ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate were 100 and 50 kg ha-1, respectively (before planting). After the removal of perimeter plants, all experimental plots were harvested with an experimental grain harvester (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria).Results and DiscussionThe results of the combined variance analysis of grain yield showed that the differences between the test environments, genotypes and genotype x environment interaction effect are significant at the 1% level. The highest grain yield in the first year was observed in Kermanshah station (Ker1) (8441 kg ha-1) and the lowest seed yield in Khorramabad in the first year (Kho1) (5648 kg ha-1) and Karaj in the second year (Kar2) (5961 kg ha-1). GGE biplot analysis determined two durum wheat environmental groups. The first environmental group contained of Kho1, Dar1, Kar1, Kar2 and Dar2 environments, where the recommended genotypes 18, 17, 2 and 19 produced the highest yields. The second environmental group comprised of Kho2, Dez1, Ker2, Dez2 and Ker1 environments, where genotypes 12, 9 and 8 were the best adapted genotypes. Biplot results showed that genotypes 10, 5, 13, 18 and 16 were more stable than other genotypes, respectively. Comparison of the examined genotypes with the ideal genotype showed that genotypes 18 and 10 are the closest genotypes to the ideal genotype, which in addition to high grain yield, had high yield stability. Dar2 was the closest environment to the ideal environment. The results showed that the classification of environments based on the SHMM model was completely consistent with the GGE biplot model. Based on environmental vector of the biplot, Dar2 and Ker1 had high discriminating ability for the genotypes. Also, Dezful in the first and second year (Dez1 and Dez2), Karaj in the second year (Kar2) and Kermanshah in the second year (Ker2) showed low discriminating ability for genotypes. The environments that were placed in the same group were close to each other in terms of genotype x environment interaction values. Based on the SHMM model, the environments with the least cross over effects are placed in one group. Accordingly, the placement of Kermanshah and Dezful in the same group indicates the relative similarity of these places. Also, these results were confirmed by the GGE biplot model. ConclusionAs a conclusion, GGE biplot identified G10 (DW-99-10) and G18 (DW-99-18) as the superior durum wheat genotypes which that can be released as new commercial cultivars for the temperate and warm regions of Iran.

Introduction and evaluation of agronomic features of commercial non-shattering (indehiscent) sesame cultivars named Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful

Mohammad reza Siahpoosh; Leila Nejadsadeghi; Mohammad Sina Siahpoosh; Saman Sheidaie; Enayat Rezvani; Hossein Sadeghi

Volume 46, Issue 4 , March 2024, , Pages 473-490

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46295.2149

Abstract

Introduction Sesame is one of the most important oil plants in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions and is known as the queen of oil seeds. The high percentage of ... Read More Introduction Sesame is one of the most important oil plants in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions and is known as the queen of oil seeds. The high percentage of oil with the combination of suitable fatty acids, medicinal properties and very low water requirement are the characteristics of this oil plant. The main challenge for the lack of development of sesame cultivation all over the world is seed shattering at the time of ripening. Many efforts have been made to obtain non-shattering sesame cultivars with the characteristics of indehiscent capsule at the ripening stage and resistance to seed loss. In this article, we introduce and evaluate the agronomic characteristics of new indehiscent sesame cultivars named Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful. Material and Methods Indehiscent sesame cultivars with the proposed names of Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful have been improved during a breeding program at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in collaboration with Shahid Rajaei Agriculture Company. For registration and commercialization, these cultivars were subjected to Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) tests and agricultural Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) experiments under the supervision of the Seed & Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute during the two cropping years 2022-2023. In these experiments, new indehiscent sesame cultivars along with commercial cultivars of dehiscent sesame named Oltan, Sardar and Shevin as control cultivars were evaluated in four regions with different climatic conditions of Iran, including Dezful, Darab, Mughan and Gorgan in the frame of complete blocks design with four replications. In addition, the mechanized cultivation of four promising indehiscent sesame cultivars was performed separately in 100-hectare fields in the Dezful region, and harvesting was done with a combine harvester. Results and DiscussionThe highest plant height was obtained in Barkat with an average of 144 cm and the lowest in Chamran with 140 cm. The highest number of capsules per plant, with an average of 89.8 and the highest number of seeds per capsule, with an average of 72.3, was observed in the Mohajer. The thousand-seed weight was reported between 2.41 and 3.72 g in Dezful and Mohajer respectively. A significant difference (P≤0.01) was observed in the group comparison between indehiscent and dehiscent (control) sesame cultivars, whilst dehiscent cultivars with an average of 1.05 tons per hectare were completely superior to the control cultivars with 0.80 tons per hectare. The highest average seed yield of cultivars in different regions during two years of experiment was obtained with 1.08 tons per hectare in Barkat and Mohajer cultivars. In the mechanized harvesting of indehiscent sesame cultivars with a combine harvester, the amount of seed loss was estimated to be less than 2.8%. The evaluation of morphological traits showed that indehiscent sesame cultivars had indeterminate growth habits and could produce 1-6 sub-branches per plant depending on the genotype and plant density. The superiority of seed yield for all indehiscent sesame cultivars was observed in compare with the control cultivars. The indehiscent sesame cultivars had appropriate agronomic features and could increasing about 24% seed yield in compare to control cultivars. This issue promises a significant increase in sesame production in Iran.ConclusionFinally, Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful sesame cultivars were introduced as the first cultivars with resistance to seed shattering during ripening in the country. In addition to the higher seed yield in compare to the control cultivars. These cultivars are able to be harvested using a combine harvester in the mechanized systems at the time of full ripening. Ultimately, the widespread use of these cultivars in the agricultural cultivation pattern of the country promises food security in oil production and water consumption reduction in the stressful season of summer.

Reducing the physiological effects of heat stress at the end of the growing season by using boron in three varieties of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Seyyed Mohammad Mola; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; Ali Moshattati; Ali Ghatei; Nafiseh Rangzan

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 367-380

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43212.2091

Abstract

IntroductionAmong the most common problems and stress in the conditions of Khuzestan province, heat stress at the end of the season and the deficiency of nutrients, which occurs in ... Read More IntroductionAmong the most common problems and stress in the conditions of Khuzestan province, heat stress at the end of the season and the deficiency of nutrients, which occurs in different periods of rapeseed growth, depending on their severity, causes physiological and metabolic disorders and ultimately reduces the yield of rapeseed plants with different intensity depending on the type of plant genotype, they affect Materials and MethodsWith the aim of evaluating the growth and yield response of rapeseed cultivars (Brassica napus) to boron element levels in late season heat stress conditions caused by late sowings dates, this study was carried out in a split-split plot arrangement in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The expeiment was carried out in the crop year of 2021-2022 in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Sowings dates (November 21, December 11, and December 31) in the main plots, four levels of boron (zero, 4, 8, and 12 kg/ha) in the subplots and rapeseed cultivars (RGS, Zafar, and Saffar) in the sub-sub-plots were investigated. Results and DiscussionThe results of the research showed that sowing date and end of season heat stress in Khuzestan conditions had a significant effect on most of the studied physiological traits, seed yield and biological yield. In addition, the effect of boron on traits such as leaf area index, leaf area ratio, and relative moisture content of leaf water, leakage of electrolytes, grain yield and biological performance was significant. The triple interaction effect of planting date, boron and variety was also significant on traits such as relative moisture content of leaf water, leakage of electrolytes, grain yield, and biological performance. So that with the delay in planting and the consequent increase in temperature and heat stress at the end of the season in the period of growth of the rapeseed plant, it causes a decrease in traits such as leaf area index, relative moisture content of leaf water, leaf area ratio, leaf specific area, seed yield and biological yield. And conversely, due to the heat stress at the end of the season, the leakage of electrolytes and the canopy temperature increased significantly. In general, the highest seed yield was obtained in Safar variety on the sowing date of December 11 and the boron level was 4 kg/ha with an average of 4590 kg/ha. Also, the highest average leaf area index was observed on the first sowing date and Safar variety with an average of 5.43 and the lowest value was observed on the third sowing date and Safar variety with an average of 2.11. It was also observed that the application of boron caused a significant decrease in the leaf area index in all three studied cultivars. This issue can indicate the lower need of boron consumption of the studied cultivars in this experiment. ConclusionIn general, the heat stress at the end of the season, which occurs in different periods of rapeseed growth, especially the seed filling period, depending on its intensity, causes physiological disorders in the plant and finally affects the grain yield with different intensity and depending on the genotype of the plant. The analyzed rapeseed genotypes also showed tolerance to different levels of boron element in the heat stress conditions of the end of the season and showed different reactions with different amounts of boron consumption per hectare

The effect of nitrogen application on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of barley mixed with vetch

Hossein Neyestani; Hamid Abbasdokht; Ahmad Gholami

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 171-183

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42974.2080

Abstract

Introduction One of the main goals of sustainable agriculture is controlling soil erosion, stabilizing yield in unfavorable conditions and increasing yield in favorable environmental ... Read More Introduction One of the main goals of sustainable agriculture is controlling soil erosion, stabilizing yield in unfavorable conditions and increasing yield in favorable environmental conditions, and finally creating diversity and stability in agricultural ecosystems. Mixed cultivation is a part of crop rotation program in sustainable farming systems. One of the most important advantages of mixed cultivation over pure cultivation is that in the mixed state, the plants show more compatibility together and increases the total yield. Among the different types of mixed cropping systems that are currently used by farmers, one-year mixed cropping systems are more economical and are of interest to most farmers. It also includes many positive aspects including increasing yield and increasing land equivalent ratio. Materials and Methods In order to study the production potential and competitive ability of barley and vetch plants in the mixed cropping pattern under the influence of different planting patterns and nitrogen use, an experiment was conducted in the crop year 2017-2018 in Shirvan Rain Research Station of North Khorasan Province. The experiment was in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design. The main factor includes nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (zero, 50 and 100 kilograms per hectare) and the secondary factor of different cultivation patterns at five levels (pure barley, pure vetch, incremental ratios of 15, 30 and 45% of vetch plant increase to barley plant density). And the cultivation was of a mixed and incremental type. Results and Discussion According to the results of the experiment, the highest value of 1000-grains weight in the treatment of pure barley cultivation and the use of 50 and 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare (52.75 grams) and in the treatment of mixed cultivation of 100:30 and in the absence of nitrogen use, the lowest value of 1000-garins weight ( 45 grams), the highest number of seeds per spike in nitrogen 100 kg per hectare and mixed cultivation 100:30 with an average of 17.25 and the least amount of this trait in the treatment of no use of nitrogen and pure barley cultivation with an average of 10.8 seeds It was at the peak. Also, the highest seed yield was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg (1515 kg) and the lowest was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the fertilizer treatment of no nitrogen use (732.5 kg). The mixture of 45:100 and 50 kg of nitrogen had the highest amount (1.158). Conclusion According to the results of LER, the use of vetch as a nitrogen-fixing species along with the consumption of 50 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare can be effective to achieve the optimal yield.

Assistant Professor Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

Majid Gholamhoseini; Amirkhosro Danaie; Abbas Fallah toosi

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 575-587

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40492.2023

Abstract

Introduction Sesame (Sesamum indicum. L) belongs to the Pedaliaceae family and is an annual and thermophilic plant known as the queen of oilseeds. Sesame is compatible with the climatic ... Read More Introduction Sesame (Sesamum indicum. L) belongs to the Pedaliaceae family and is an annual and thermophilic plant known as the queen of oilseeds. Sesame is compatible with the climatic conditions of Iran, and due to its unique characteristics, it is possible to cultivate it second after wheat in arid and semi-arid regions. To utilize the maximum production capacity of sesame, implementing the proper agronomic practices such as plant density, optimal planting arrangement and selecting the appropriate genotype is inevitable. Materials and Methods To investigate the effect of planting arrangement and planting density on grain yield of two sesame genotypes, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in a hot and dry region situated in Behbahan (30° 36’ N; 50° 14’ E) in 2017 and 2018. The region is characterized as arid, and the average yearly precipitation (over a 30-yr period), which occurs mostly during the autumn and winter months, is 345 mm for the site. The annual mean temperature is 24 °C. The average temperature in 2017 was similar to the long-term meteorological data trend, while in 2017, the average temperature (22 °C) was lower. In this experiment, three factors included planting arrangement (cultivation of one and two rows on the ridge), planting density per unit area (including 20, 30 and 40 plants per square meter) and sesame genotypes Behbahan (local name) and Shavin cultivar were investigated. Data were subjected to ANOVA using SAS software (9.4 version). Because Bartlett’s test revealed homogeneity in the variance of all studied traits, data were presented as the mean values for both years. When an F-test showed statistical significance at, the protected LSD was used to separate the main effects, and the significant interaction effects were separated by the slicing method. Results and Discussion The results of grain yield, as the most important trait, indicated that in single-row cultivation, the maximum yield of the Behbahan genotype (1068 kg ha-1) was obtained at a density of 20 plants per square meter. An increase in planting density caused a significant reduction in grain yield when Behbahan genotype was sown as single-row arrangement. In two-row cultivation, the Behbahan genotype responded positively to an increase in plant density and an increase in planting density was associated with a significant increase in grain yield. However, the maximum grain yield obtained in two-row cultivation with a density of 40 plants per square meter (919 kg ha-1) was 16% lower compared to the superior treatment (single-row cultivation with a density of 20 plants per square meter). In the Shavin cultivar, the maximum grain yield was obtained in single-row (683 kg ha-1) and two-row (610 kg ha-1) arrangements at densities of 40 and 20 plants per square meter. The results showed that the average grain yield of the Behbahan genotype (851 kg ha-1) was significantly higher than the Shavin cultivar (561 kg ha-1). Conclusion Overall, in the Behbahan region and for the local genotype of Behbahan, as the superior genotype, a single-row arrangement and plant density of 20 plants per square meter is recommended.

Investigation on Some Physiological Traits of Tritipyrum Lines in Response to Salinity Stress

Fatemeh Razeghi Jahromi; Mohammad Esmailpour; Hossein Shahsavand Hassani

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 409-420

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.41353.2047

Abstract

IntroductionSoil salinity is one of the largest global challenges especially in the arid and semi-arid regions. It adversely and severely affected agricultural production and consequently ... Read More IntroductionSoil salinity is one of the largest global challenges especially in the arid and semi-arid regions. It adversely and severely affected agricultural production and consequently food security. The new cereal, tritipyrum, is an artificial hexaploeid wheat (2n=6x=42, AABBEbEb) derived from crossing between Triticum durum (2n=4x=28, AABB) and Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n=2x=14, EbEb) species that has good potential to be used as a seed or forage plant. The aim of present research was evaluating saline tolerance of new primary different tritipyrum lines through assessing some agronomical traits and ion distribution in plant under mild and severe salinity stress conditions. Materials and MethodsA split-plot hydroponic experiment based on completely randomized block design with two factors and three replications was carried out at Shahrekord University in 2020. The NaCl salinity stress was considered as the main factor with 3 levels (0, 100, 200 Mm) and the genotypes were considered as sub plots with 8 levels. Genotypes included three primary tritipyrum lines (Ka/b, La/b, St/b), three combined tritipyrum lines (i.e. F4, F5 and F6 generations of a combined (Ka/b) (Cr/b) lines), as well as one durum wheat (cv. Creso) and a promising triticale line (Ma45). Different salinity stress levels were imposed from three leaf stage till maturity via irrigating the plants by appropriate saline water. The leaf surface area, fertile florets per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield as well as concentration of Na+ and K+ and Ca++ ions in both root and aerial parts of genotypes were measured. Results and DiscussionThere were significant differences between genotypes in the case of all measured traits. Regardless of salinity levels, tritipyrum line (ka/b) (cr/b) (F6) had the highest amount of biological yield, grain yield, concentration of K+ and Ca++ and K+/Na+ ratio in shoot and the least amount of Na+ in shoot. With increase in salinity level from 0 to 200 mM, flag leaf area, number of fertile florets, 1000 grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and amount of K+ and Ca++ in both root and shoot were significantly reduced in almost all genotypes and concentration of Na+ was increased. At 200 mM salinity, all of the three combined tritipyrum lines had significantly higher amount of biological yield and K+ concentration in shoot and less amount of Na+ in shoot than durum wheat and triticale. Shoot Na+ concentration had negative significant correlation with flag leaf area and 1000 grain weight. In the other hand, positive correlation was observed between shoot K+ concentration and flag leaf area, number of fertile florets, 1000 grain weight and grain yield. At 200 mM salinity, the highest and lowest shoot K+/Na+ ratio were observed in tritipyrum line F5 and durum wheat, respectively. On average, root sodium concentration in tritipyrum lines was higher than that of wheat and triticale while shoot sodium concentration in tritipyrum lines was less than that of the two other genotypes. ConclusionResults of our experiment suggest that hindrance in the transfer of Na+ from root to the aerial parts is probably one of the mechanisms that used by tritipyrum lines to cope with the high NaCl concentrations.

Identification of different drought patterns of dryland wheat in the northwest of Iran by APSIM model

Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; Hamed Eyni-Nargeseh

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 435-446

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40869.2036

Abstract

IntroductionImproving crop yields can meet the projected demand in developed and developing countries as a key and promising solution. To increase dryland wheat production in arid and ... Read More IntroductionImproving crop yields can meet the projected demand in developed and developing countries as a key and promising solution. To increase dryland wheat production in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, researchers and crop breeders need to understand the drought pattern (in terms of time and intensity) occurring in wheat agro-systems because depending on the time and intensity of drought stress, drought stress impacts on different processes and genes of crops. To accurately study the drought pattern of dryland wheat and different cultivars adapted to these conditions, researchers need to design multi-environmental field experiments, which are time-consuming and costly. Under these circumstances, some essential information is limited in the field experiments, especially when done for only a few years, and basically does not indicate fluctuations in the target environments. In contrast, the modeling and simulation approach is a useful method for comprehensive environmental impact assessment. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to identify and study different drought patterns in 8 locations including Ardebil, Khalkhal, Maragheh, Marand, Meshginshahr, Sarab, Tabriz, and Urmia in the northwest of Iran. APSIM model was used to simulate the growth and development of dryland wheat in the study locations. The long-term climatic included minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, and radiation (1980 to 2016) collected from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. These data were used as input to the crop growth simulation model. Water supply and demand index was used to determine different drought patterns. This index is obtained by dividing soil water content to plant water demand (WSDR). After calculating the water supply and demand index for each year and region, the CLARA clustering method was used to classify and group the index. The number of groups obtained by CLARA method was equal to the type of drought patterns of dryland wheat. Results and DiscussionThe results showed 4 different drought patterns during the dryland wheat growing season in the study locations. Drought pattern 1 showed no drought stress or mild drought stress throughout the growing season of dryland wheat. Under drought pattern 2, drought stress started before flowering and ended during seed filling. For drought pattern 3, water stress started from the time of germination but removed during the vegetative growth period. Drought pattern 4 started in the early stages of growth and continued until the end of the dryland wheat growing season. The frequency of occurrence of 1, 2, 3, and 4 drought patterns was 27.8%, 26%, 8% and 38.2%, respectively. On average across locations, transpiration was 160, 137.1, 31, and 86.7 mm for 1, 2, 3, and 4 drought patterns during the wheat growing season. Also, a significant difference was observed among different drought patterns in terms of biomass that biomass under drought patterns 1, 2, 3, and 4 was equal to 13411, 10076, 2097 and, 6435 kg ha-1, respectively. Grain yield under drought pattern types 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 3738.7, 2949.7, 694.6, and 1456.2 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest percentage of light and mild drought patterns (1 and 2) was related to Marand region with 100% and Sarab region experienced more severe drought patterns (3 and 4) than other regions (88.2%). Under different locations and drought patterns, on average across years, the highest grain yield was simulated for Marand under drought pattern 1 (4759 kg ha-1) and the lowest was recorded for Urmia under drought pattern 3 (208.8 kg ha-1). ConclusionIn general, the simulation results showed that 4 different types of drought patterns were observed during the dryland wheat growing period in the study locations. The frequency of occurrence of 4 drought patterns was various in the study locations and the grain yield varied under the drought patterns. However, the highest occurrence was related to drought pattern 4, under which drought stress begun in the early stages of growth and lasted until the end of the dryland wheat growing season. Accordingly, it is suggested to consider various strategies such as using cultivars with short maturity period to avoid drought stress at the end of the season and using cultivars with high resistance to drought stress (especially in the flowering period).

Study of Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) and Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Competition in the Different Intercropping Ratios Based on Replacement Method

Rahmat Abbasi; Meisam Namdari

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.37720.1986

Abstract

IntroductionToday, efficient agricultural systems such as intercropping are essential due to the optimal use of resources. Meanwhile, using the Legume plant in intercropping can increase ... Read More IntroductionToday, efficient agricultural systems such as intercropping are essential due to the optimal use of resources. Meanwhile, using the Legume plant in intercropping can increase the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation and be a sustainable approach to meet the crop's nitrogen needs. Since the planting pattern and component crop greatly influence this biological process, selecting complementary species in intercropping can play an essential role in increasing flexibility and sustainability in farming systems. Materials and MethodsIn order to study the effects of intercropping culture on the agronomic traits of Chia and Soybean, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University in 2019. The planting ratios were 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 (Soybean: Chia respectively) using replacement method. Results and DiscussionResults showed that intercropping significantly affected shoot height, No. branch, grain yield, components yield, and the N. derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa). In the Chia, reducing the number of planting rows in different planting ratios, shoot height, and 1000-seed weight increased in contrast to the number of inflorescences per plant. Different planting ratios had no significant effect on the number of branches per plant of Chia. The soybean crop had the highest no. of branches, the number of pods per plant, and the 1000 seed weight in the 25:75 planting ratio. The highest shoot height was related to the monoculture soybean (100:0), and with decreasing the number of soybean planting rows in intercropping, the shoot height decreased. Also, the Ndfa in intercropping culture was higher than in monoculture during different growth stages. Its amount increased with a decreasing share of soybean planting in intercropping. Biological nitrogen fixation in soybean intercropping cultivation with Chia increased 75 days after planting and then decreased. Besides, the pure stand of Soybean (100: 0) and Chia (0: 100) had the highest and lowest grain yield with an average of 4629.57 and 823.14 kg. ha-1, respectively. Considering the total yield of Chia and Soybean in intercropping cultivation and the compensatory ability to increase the yield of Soybean against the decrease in the yield of Chia, the effect of competition between the two crops is positive complementation. lculation of land equivalent ratio (LER) revealed that the planting ratio of 25:75 had the highest efficiency by 22 percent. ConclusionChia in intercropping can improve the yield components of Soybean while improving the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation. Increasing the efficiency of intercropping cultivation in the planting ratio of 25:75 due to the increase of 75.37% is the share of the complementarity effect on grain yield, creating balance and facilitating inter-species competition.

Effect of Waterlogging Stress on Yield and Yield Components and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Mung Bean Cultivars in Ahvaz Conditions

Seyed Bashir Fazeli; Afrasyab Rahnama; Payman Hassibi

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 95-108

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30538.1805

Abstract

IntroductionMung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world. This nitrogen-stabilizing plant has rapid growth and a short growth period, leading to improved ... Read More IntroductionMung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world. This nitrogen-stabilizing plant has rapid growth and a short growth period, leading to improved soil fertility. Mung bean is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia due to its high adaptation range. Plants are obligate aerobic organisms and thus depend on O2 to grow and compete successfully with neighbouring plants in natural environments. Waterlogging stress is one of the most important factors limiting the planting of mung bean under Ahvaz conditions. Materials and MethodsIn order to study the effects of waterlogging stress on some agronomic and physiological characteristics of two Mung bean cultivars, a pot experiment was conducted as split factorial in a completely randomized block design with three replications in the field. The main plots were different growth stages consisted of vegetative growth stage, the beginning of flowering, grain filling stage, and three growth stages. The combination of stress levels (control and waterlogging stress) and two Mung bean cultivars (Hindi and Omrani) were as subplots. Results and DiscussionWaterlogging was caused to decrease significantly dry matter and grain yield in both cultivars at each growth stages, In Hindi cultivar, the highest grain yield reduction was observed at flowering stage and the least difference was observed in waterlogging stress at all three growth stages. In Omrani cultivar, the highest grain yield reduction was observed in waterlogging stress at all three growth stages, and the least grain yield decrease at flowering stage. Overall, the reductions in dry weight and grain yield were higher in Omrani than Hindi cultivar at three growth stages. Therefore, in stress-prone areas such as Ahvaz where summer plants such as Mung bean are exposed to waterlogging stress at different growth stages, Hindi cultivar is suggested for cultivation. Waterlogging stress did not show a significant effect on grain weight and grain number per pod, but significantly reduced the number of pods per plant. The number of pods per plant was significantly more important in determining yield and had a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.846 **) with grain yield. The reason of difference between two cultivars was the better physiological compatibility of Hindi cultivar under stress conditions, including higher levels of photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments contents. When plants were treated only with waterlogging stress in one growth stage, the Omrani cultivar could compensate some damages due to its indeterminate growth and phenological flexibility, as the period of pod formation was longer in this cultivar. SPAD value had the highest correlation with grain yield (r=0.707**) compared to other photosynthesis-related traits and could be used as a marker trait for selection of tolerant cultivars because of its ease, speed, cheapness and the possibility to measure this trait in the field. ConclusionThe results indicated that mung bean yield decrease in response to waterlogging stress, depending on growth stages, and experimental duration. The reductions in grain yield was impacted by the growth stage subjected to waterlogging stress. Moreover, the Hindi cultivar seems to be more tolerant to waterlogging in Khuzestan region

Evaluation of Adaptation and Sustainabilit of Winter Oilseed Rape Mutant Lines in Cold and Mild Cold Regions of Iran by GGE Biplot Method

Mehrzad Ahmadi; Mansoor Omidi; Bahram Alizadeh; Ali Akbar Shah nejat Bushehri

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 345-347

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.33627.1912

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionOilseed rape is the third most important oil crop in the world after oil palm and soybean. The world's oilseed rape production was 4.6 million tons in 2018-2019 ... Read More AbstractIntroductionOilseed rape is the third most important oil crop in the world after oil palm and soybean. The world's oilseed rape production was 4.6 million tons in 2018-2019 and has the ability to compensate for the lack of edible oil in Iran (containing 40-45% oil). The production of this crop is mainly done by using two zero cultivars with a low level of glucosinolate in the feed and the absence of Erucic acid in the oil. Two types of oilseed rape are cultivated in Iran, spring and autumn. Spring type is cultivated in warm regions of the Caspian Sea coast and southern regions of the country and its autumn type is mostly cultivated in cold and mild cold regions. Materials and MethodsIn this study 16 rapeseed mutant lines obtained through Gama radiation of three rapeseed cultivars Talaye, Zarfam and Express with 800, 900 and 1200 gray dose rates, followed by 7 selfing generation, are compared during two years for earliness, seed and oil yield and other important agronomic traits in four regions Karaj, Kermanshah, Esfahan and Zarghan with three check varieties. The oil content of rapeseed varieties and lines were determined by NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) at chemic laboratory of Oilseed Crops Research Department of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute. Finally, the highest yield early maturity lines were defined. Each treatment was sown in plot with four rows, four meters lenght and 30 cm between row distances. The experimental field was prepared in late summer and chemical fertilizer were given to it. The sowing experiment were planned for late week of September until the first week of October.At the end of each cropping year, the yield of each plot was harvested separately and the statistical calculations were carried out after the gathering of two years results by GGE biplot method. Results and DiscussionResults of combined ANOVA showed that main effects of year and genotype, interaction of location ×genotype; year × location, and interaction of year, location and genotype had significant effects on grain yield. The genotypes showed the highest and the lowest grain yield in Kermanshah 4016 kg/ha and Zarghan 2886 kg/ha stations, respectively. Line T-900-4 produced the highest grain yield 3840 kg/ha in all locations. To study the interaction of genotypes and environments, GGE biplot method was used. Based on the polygonal graphs related to genotypes, line Z-800-6, Z-900-7, Okapi and Z-800-3 produced the highest yield in Karaj, Zarghan, Kermanshah and Esfahan, respectively. Regarding the imaginary ideal genotype graph and biplot of genotypes and environments and seed yield ranking, line Z-900-7 were identified as the best genotypes due to its higher yield and stability. ConclusionIn Iran, 70% of rapeseed production is done in warm regions and only 30% in cold regions. Therefore, breeding cold-tolerant cultivars by using mutations will increase rapeseed cultivation in the cold region of Iran.

Assessment of the Role of Low Irrigation and Change in Plant Density on Water Use Efficiency and Yield and Yield Components of Maize (S.C 704)

Haleh Badvan; Mojtaba Alavi Fazel

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 271-282

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30499.1797

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionWater is the first and the most important limitation in increasing agricultural production. Topical root dryness is a new method of low irrigation, which improves ... Read More AbstractIntroductionWater is the first and the most important limitation in increasing agricultural production. Topical root dryness is a new method of low irrigation, which improves the water utilization efficiency, without significantly reducing the yield of the plant. Maize is a plant that is very sensitive to plant densities, and if the density is low, then the factors of exploitation are not optimized. On the other hand, excessive plant density causes flower sterility and reduced grain yield. Therefore, this experiment aims to investigate the role of low irrigation and plant density changes on the water use efficiency and grain yield components of corn. Materials and MethodsThe experiment design was implemented as a split plot design in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots Include: 1- full furrow irrigation (control), 2- furrow irrigation in the form of a fixed and 3-variable furrow irrigation. Sub plots include different planting densities: 65,000, 75,000, and 85,000 plants per hectare. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that different low irrigation methods had significant effects on ear tick length, number of seeds per ear, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and water use efficiency. Differences among plant densities in terms of ear tick length, number of seeds per ear, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and water use efficiency were significant. The highest grain yield was observed in full irrigation (6858 kg ha-1) and at a density of 85,000 plants per hectare (6159 kg ha-1). The highest water consumption efficiency was obtained in irrigation as variables (17.33%) and at 85,000 plants per hectare (15.52%). Single plant yield decreased at 85 thousand plants, but this deficit was compensated by increasing plant number per unit area and grain yield increased. Single plant yield increased by 65 thousand plants. But because of the less plant per unit area, its yield decreased. Grain yield increased by about 14% in irrigation of one side of the variable compared with one in the constant. Changes in performance components are expected to trigger these changes. With increasing plant density per unit area, water use efficiency also increased, which is due to more cover and less shade and evaporation from the ground. Plant density per unit area also affects water use efficiency by reducing evaporation and increasing the share of transpiration that results in high yield. Water use efficiency in treatments with intermittent furrow irrigation was higher than constant furrow irrigation. ConclusionThe full furrow irrigation (control) method was able to obtain the highest yield and grain yield components. As a result, in one irrigation in between fixed and variable, 25 and 12% reduction in yield was observed compared to full irrigation, respectively.

The Influence of PGPRs and Planning Methods on Yield Quantity and Quality of Sesame in Ahvaz

Fariba Mazrae; Amir Aynehband; Esfandiar Fateh; Aram Gorooei

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 239-252

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24474.1551

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives The cropping pattern will influence the crop yield due to better use of light, better crop arrangement within and between rows, and also higher ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives The cropping pattern will influence the crop yield due to better use of light, better crop arrangement within and between rows, and also higher access to soil nutrients (Weiss, 2000). In sesame, high water use efficiency was gained when it was planted over and even under rows rather than when it was planted as a flat form (Aggarwal, 2003). Also, biofertilizers could compensate some of the plant’s need for nutrients like nitrogen, but apparently, it’s not sufficient. So the integrated chemical and biological fertilizer will increase plant height, pod per plant, 1000 seed weight, and grain yield (Kumar et al., 2009). Therefore, the goal of this research is the evaluation of the effect of PGPR as an integrated fertilizer management and planting method on sesame yield quantity and quality. Materials and Methods This study was carried out at the summer of 2016 in the experimental field station of Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The experimental design was a split plot based on RCB with three replications. Three planting methods placed on the main plot and sub-plot, including four fertilizer management. Sesame grain yield and yield components were measured. The data were subjected to ANOVA with SPSS and Duncan test was used to distinguish the mean differences which were significant. Results Results showed that the maximum pod per plant (177 cm), biological yield (5110 kg ha-1), grain yield (1825 kg ha-1), and harvest index (35.7 %) were obtained from the alternative planting on the top row with full chemical fertilizer management. Chlorophyll index was significantly affected by the fertilizer methods. While comparing the chlorophyll index between chemical (56) and the integrated 1and 2 (44 and 48) fertilizer management, it became evident that the decline of chemical nitrogen caused a significant reduction in this index. In other words, applying a biological fertilizer or the activity of PGPRs can’t compensate for the effect of chemical N reduction. In following, reducing the chlorophyll content likely had a negative effect on the plant photosynthesis potential which caused lower 1000 grain weight in integrated treatments than the full chemical fertilizer method. In addition, the planting method had no significant effect on oil percentage, but the highest and lowest oil yield belonged to the alternative planting on the top row (710 kg ha-1) and planting under row (482 kg ha-1), respectively. Based on our data, the change in panting method had no significant effect on oil percentage, but applying chemical N had significantly increased the oil percentage. Also, planting on top of the row increased both oil percentage and grain yield, which had direct positive effects on oil yield. Both oleic and linoleic acid were increased more by PGPRs than chemical N form, but these unsaturated fatty acids were not significantly affected by the planting method treatment. Discussion We find that both the highest grain yield (1441 kg ha-1) and oil percentage (52.24%) belonged to the planting a row on top of row treatment. Between the integrated fertilizer management, the heights (1674 kg ha-1) and lowest (1068 kg ha-1) grain yield belonged to the full chemical fertilizer and integrated 1 treatment, respectively. In contrast, both oleic and linoleic acid were the highest at integrated fertilizer management in all planting methods with chemical treatment. We concluded that the present sesame cultivars are more adaptive to high-input systems, so we must be breeding new cultivars which are more suitable for sustainable agriculture.

Response of New Genotypes of Rapeseed (Brassica napus) to Late Season Withholding Irrigation under Semi-Arid Climate

Hamed Eyni Nargeseh; Majid AghaAlikhani; Amir Hosein Shirani Rad; Ali Mokhtasi-Bidgoli; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modares Sanavy

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 55-68

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.22672.1491

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Water deficit stress is one of the most important environmental stresses which affect the crop production. Genetic improvement or application ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Water deficit stress is one of the most important environmental stresses which affect the crop production. Genetic improvement or application of drought tolerant genotypes is recommended to increase crop production under water restricted conditions. The objective of the current study is investigating the withholding irrigation effect in terminal stages of the growing season on agronomic performance of rapeseed new genotypes in a semi-arid climate. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted during 2015-2016 growing season in Karaj, Iran. Experimental factors (two water irrigation regimes and 17 rapeseed genotypes) were investigated with factorial arrangement of treatments based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. In this study, several different traits including plant height, number of siliqueper plant, number of grain per silique, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biomass, oil percentage and oil yield were measured. To determine the most tolerant genotypes, stress tolerance indices (SSI, TOL, STI and GMP) were calculated under stress (withholding irrigation from silique setting stage until the end of the growing season) and non-stress (normal irrigation) conditions. Also, agronomic water use efficiency (WUEagr) was calculated for both irrigation conditions. Results Mean comparison of the interaction between withholding irrigation and genotypes showed that the responses of genotypes were different in terms of plant height, number of siliqueper plant, number of grain per silique, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biomass, and oil yield at irrigation different treatments. Finally under withholding irrigation treatment from silique setting stage until the end of the growing season, Lauren hybrid was identified as the superior genotype due to suitable agronomic traits such as plant height (158.9 cm), number of siliqueper plant (158.6), number of grain per silique(18.6), 1000-grain weight (3.44 g), biomass (15471 kg.ha-1), grain yield (3854.3 kg.ha-1), oil percentage (43.33%) and oil yield (1668.3 kg.ha-1). Based on the stress tolerance indices among 17 rapeseed genotypes, the most tolerant genotypes were Lauren, Zorica, Alonso and Zlanta. Finally with considering to WUEagr (Kg.ha-1.mm-1), Zorica (0.92), Artist and Lauren genotypes (0.88) had the highest WUEagr under normal irrigation conditions, while Alonso (0.86), Lauren (0.84) and KL3721 (0.82) had the highest WUEagr under withholding irrigation conditions. Discussion Generally in this study, the amount of the studied traits was decreased under conditions of withholding irrigation compared to the full irrigation. Yield components such as silique number per plant, grain number per silique and 1000-grain weight could be considered as key traits affecting rapeseed grain yield under withholding irrigation.

Evaluation of the effect of humic acid and vermicompost on yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars in tropical regions

Sh. Shahbazi; E. Fateh; A. Aynehband

Volume 38, Issue 2 , September 2015, , Pages 99-110

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11323

Abstract

In order to evaluate the effect of humic acid and vermicompost on yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars in tropical regions, an experiment was conducted in the research ... Read More

Effects of sowing patterns and density on grain yield and yield components of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cv. Mesa-Sirsa in South Khozestan conditions

G.R. Abadouz; A. Rahnama; G. Fathi

Volume 36, Issue 3 , December 2013, , Pages 53-64

Abstract

In order to investigate the effect of row spacing and seeding rate on Mesa-Sirsa alfalfa cultivar, this experiment was carried out in the research farm of Khuzestan Agricultural Research ... Read More

Evaluating the use of urban treated sewage and nitrogen on yield and forage production of sweet corn

M.J. Fereidooni; H. Farajee; H.R. Owliaie; A. Salehi

Volume 36, Issue 2 , September 2013, , Pages 35-47

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the interaction of urban treated sewage and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and forage production of sweet corn in research farm of Yasouj, during ... Read More

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Volume 36 (2013)

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Volume 32 (2009)

Keywords = Grain yield

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