Plant Productions

The effect of 24-Epibrassinolide foliar application on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense system and yield of pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto) under Low irrigation stress

Sulmaz Samfar; Hojatolah Latifmanesh; Ali Moradi; Amin Mirshekari; Hamid Alahdadi

Volume 47, Issue 4 , January 2025, , Pages 543-560

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47285.2184

Abstract

Introduction Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are among the most valuable and strategic legumes globally and in Iran, primarily due to their high protein content and nutritional benefits. ... Read More Introduction Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are among the most valuable and strategic legumes globally and in Iran, primarily due to their high protein content and nutritional benefits. Growing global demand for protein-rich foods highlights the importance of enhancing bean production. However, water scarcity, exacerbated by Iran's location along the global desert belt and receiving less than one-third of the global average rainfall, poses significant challenges to sustainable agriculture and food security. Brassinosteroids, a class of plant growth regulators, have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate environmental stresses like drought while improving crop growth and yield. This study aims to evaluate the effects of foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide hormone on various physiological traits, enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms, and gain yield of pinto beans under low irrigation stress. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted during the 2022 growing season on a farm in eastern Shiraz, using a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design with three replications. The irrigation regime was applied at three levels: full irrigation (100% of the moisture requirement) and low irrigation stress (80% and 60% of the moisture requirement), as the main factor. Four concentrations of 24-epibrassinolide, including control (distilled water), 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/L were applied as the subplot factor. The experiment aimed to assess physiological traits such as chlorophyll index, relative water content, antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), grain yield under different irrigation and hormone treatments. Results and Discussion The results revealed that both low irrigation stress and 24-epibrassinolide application significantly influenced all measured traits. Foliar application of 0.2 mg/L 24-epibrassinolide increased the chlorophyll index and leaf relative water content by 7.42% and 11.77%, respectively, compared to the control. Significant interactions between irrigation regimes and hormone concentrations were observed. At 60% and 80% moisture levels, the 0.2 mg/L hormone treatment increased antioxidant enzyme activities as follows (compared to the control): catalase (172% (60%) and 131% (80%)), peroxidase (105% (60%) and 115% (80%)), and superoxide dismutase (0.35% (60%) and 0.45% (80%). Similarly, seed yield improved significantly with 24-epibrassinolide application. Under 100%, 80%, and 60% irrigation levels, 0.2 mg/L application resulted in yield increases of 72.38%, 56.02%, and 44.35%, respectively, compared to the control. Conclusion The application of 24-epibrassinolide at a concentration of 0.2 mg/L effectively enhances the antioxidant defense system, reduces reactive oxygen species, prevents cell wall damage, and minimizes macromolecule degradation in pinto beans. These effects contribute to improved grain yield, under both full and low irrigation conditions. This approach offers a promising solution for mitigating water stress and promoting sustainable bean production in arid and semi-arid regions.

Evaluation of seed germination of Salicornia persica under iso osmotic conditions using hydrotime and halotime models

Tayebeh Ataei Nasab; Hamidreza Balouchi; Ali Moradi; Mohsen Movahhedi Dehnavi

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 79-90

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41253.2045

Abstract

IntroductionSeedling germination and establishment are one of the most sensitive stages of plant life that play a role in plant production, proper plant establishment, plant density, ... Read More IntroductionSeedling germination and establishment are one of the most sensitive stages of plant life that play a role in plant production, proper plant establishment, plant density, and uniformity and management goals. Osmotic stress has a significant effect on germination percentage and rate. Salicornia persica is an annual halophyte plant that can grow in saline environments. According to the studies and the importance of determining the tolerances of salinity and drought tolerance in germination and plant establishment, this study aimed to investigate the effect of osmotic potentials of polyethylene glycol and sodium chloride on germination and fit of time-moisture and time-salinity models of Salicornia seeds. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of osmotic potentials caused by polyethylene glycol and sodium chloride on germination and fit of Hydrotime and Halotime models of Salicornia seeds, two experiments were conducted based on a completely randomized design at Yasouj University in 2020. The first experimental in drought stress treatments included 13 levels of osmotic potential (zero, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2, -1.5, -1.8, -21, -2.4, -2.7, -3, 3.3 and -3.6 MPa) which were made of polyethylene glycol 6000 and second in salinity stress included 13 levels of sodium chloride concentration that was iso-osmotic with first experiment (Zero, 62, 122, 187, 249, 311, 368, 435, 498, 560, 622, 684 and 745 mM). After the end of the germination period, the characteristics of germination rate and percentage were calculated and the hydrotime model was used to describe the relationship between germination and water potential, and the halotime model was used to describe the relationship between germination and salinity. To select the best model among the osmotic potentials, root mean square parameters and R2 were used. Results and DiscussionThe results of mean comparison of effect of osmotic potentials on the percentage of germination showed that in PEG and NaCl treatment, it was almost 100% up to the level of -1.2 and -1.5 MPa, respectively, and after that, a decreasing trend was observed, so that at the level of -3.3 MP showed a decrease of about 90 and 85%, respectively. The output results of the models showed that the coefficient of the hydrotime and halotime models were 96.8 MPa.h and 16181.87 mM.h, respectively, and the drought and salinity tolerance thresholds were -3.28 MPa and 714.62 mM, respectively. The halotime model quantified the germination of Salicornia seeds better than the hydrotime model. Drought stress limits the absorption of water by seeds and affects germination by reducing the movement and transfer of seed reserves or by directly affecting the structure and synthesis of protein in the embryo. Salinity increases the osmotic pressure of the solution and reduces water absorption through the seeds. On the other hand, high salinity causes toxicity and disturbs the ionic balance and reduces seed germination by affecting the vital interactions of the seed. ConclusionThe rate of decrease in germination rate and percentage in drought stress was higher than salinity stress. Based on the results of this study, using the halotime model in biological studies of halophyte plants under osmotic stress, the tolerance threshold and the time required for germination at different salt concentrations can be well determined.

Evaluation of the Effect of Bio-Priming and Seed Coating on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Indices of Chenopodium Quinoa in Cadmium Stress

Zahra Hajizadeh; Hamidreza Balouchi; Amin Salehi; Ali Moradi; Rasool Rezaei

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 215-228

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.38615.1994

Abstract

IntroductionCadmium contamination limits biodiversity, the activity of microbes and enzymes in the soil, and threatens human health through the food chain. Seed pretreatment is a common ... Read More IntroductionCadmium contamination limits biodiversity, the activity of microbes and enzymes in the soil, and threatens human health through the food chain. Seed pretreatment is a common way to improve seed germination under stress conditions such as heavy metal stress, which increases seedling resistance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of bio-priming with Bacillus subtilis and seed coating on seed germination and seedling growth indices of quinoa under cadmium stress. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted in laboratory and greenhouse conditions in three separate factorial experiments by two factors in a completely randomized design with 4 replications at laboratory and greenhouse of Yasouj University in 2019. In the first experiment, the first factor is bio-priming with Bacillus subtilis bacteria in two levels of presence and absence of bacteria and the second factor is cadmium stress in three levels of zero, 0.3, and 0.6 mM cadmium nitrate, in the second experiment, the first factor is the coating on three levels of seed inoculation with bio-priming treatment, then coating them, mixing bacteria with coating materials, then coating the seeds and coating alone and the second factor is three levels of treatment a combination coating of vermiculite (V), kaolin (K) and perlite (P) including V10K2.5P5, V8K2P4, and V12K3P6. In the third experiment, the first factor is Uncoated ± bio-priming and coated ± bio-priming and the second factor is cadmium stress factor at three levels of 0, 100 and 200 mM was cadmium nitrate. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that cadmium stress decreased germination indices and this downward trend increased with increasing stress intensity. Seed bio-priming increased the longitudinal index of quinoa seedling vigor and improved seedling growth. Seed coverage somewhat reduced germination indices, but in many cases, the presence of bacteria improved this downward trend and increased the number of quinoa germination indices. Also, increasing cadmium in soil caused a 72% increase in root cadmium content and a decrease in seed rate and germination percentage. Cadmium inhibits water absorption in seeds and reduces the amount of water in seedlings, which affects seed germination. Exposure to cadmium prevents seed germination, seedling growth, etc. The most important disorders caused by cadmium were reduced growth of roots and leaves and damage to DNA, which subsequently disrupted the cell cycle and changed the structure of cell walls and even cell death. Bacillus subtilis activates systemic induction resistance (ISR) in many plant products, thereby increasing disease resistance caused by pathogenic organisms and plant growth. This bacterium acts as a PGPR and protects the plant against stress. ConclusionConsequently, cadmium did not prevent quinoa germination, but its destructive effects were visible in other traits and caused a decrease in seedling length and weight, as well as seedling stem length and weight vigur index. Also, the coating of quinoa seeds caused a decrease in the germination rate, which by increasing the compounds surrounding the seed mixed with bacteria and coating materials, it was able to increase the germination rate by 8% in the combination of V10K2.5P5 and 16% in the combination of V12K3P6 rather than without bacteria treatment.

The Effect of Nitrogen on Yield and Yield Components of Different Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) Varieties under Weed Competition

Soraya Haghanian; Alireza Yadavi; Hamidreza Balouchi; Ali Moradi; Yaeghoub Behzadi

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 195-210

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22805.1497

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Competition, as one of the key issues and complex phenomena, is in the ecophysiological discussions of plant communities and is influenced ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Competition, as one of the key issues and complex phenomena, is in the ecophysiological discussions of plant communities and is influenced by many factors that can be attributed to weed interference with the crop and the use of fertilizer inputs. Considering that nowadays the use of plant oils and sesame cultivation has increased, the aim of this study was to investigate the response of sesame cultivars to nitrogen increase in competition with weeds to identify the limitations and benefits of nitrogen use. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Omidieh (Khuzestan Province) during the summer of 2013. The main plot consisted of nitrogen fertilizer application levels (control [non-use] and use of 50 and 100 kg/ha nitrogen from urea form) and subplots were in a factorial combination of sesame varieties (Behbahan landrace, Yellow-white, tn-238, and tn-240) and weed competition in two levels (weed free and weed infest). In this experiment, morphological traits, harvest index, yield, and yield components of sesame were measured. Results The results showed that the effect of different amounts of nitrogen, weed competition, and sesame varieties on yield and yield components were significant. The interaction effects of nitrogen and sesame varieties on the leaf area index, number of capsules per plant, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index of sesame were significant. Increasing nitrogen improved LAI but weed interference reduced the number of capsules per plant by 23 percent. The effect of weed on 1000 grain weight showed that weed competition decreased this trait by 7.5 percent. The effects of nitrogen, cultivar, and weed competition on grain and biological yield were significant, so that the highest grain yield (158.06 gm-2) belonged to the 100 kg N treatment and between different varieties of sesame obtained from the Behbahan local variety(151.38 gm-2). Compared to the control (no nitrogen) the highest level of nitrogen treatment increased 31 percent in biological yield. In weed-free conditions, the Biological yield was more than the weed-infested treatment, so that the weed control increased the biological yield by 24 percent. Discussion Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the cultivation of Behbahan local variety with the application of 100 kg N, under Omidieh regional conditions, has been Improved many traits of sesame, including plant height, leaf area index, number of capsules per plant, and 1000 grain weight that this improvement was due to the get maximum yield.

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Author = Moradi, Ali

The effect of 24-Epibrassinolide foliar application on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense system and yield of pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto) under Low irrigation stress

Abstract

Evaluation of seed germination of Salicornia persica under iso osmotic conditions using hydrotime and halotime models

Abstract

Evaluation of the Effect of Bio-Priming and Seed Coating on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Indices of Chenopodium Quinoa in Cadmium Stress

Abstract

The Effect of Nitrogen on Yield and Yield Components of Different Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) Varieties under Weed Competition

Abstract