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Effect of drought stress on the amount of proline, glycine betaine, carbohydrate, phenol and malondialdehyde content genotypes and interspecific hybrids pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

Hassan Farhadi; Mohammad Mehdi ُSharifani; Mahdi Alizadeh; Hossein Hokmabadi; Sasan aliniaefard

Volume 46, Issue 4 , March 2024, , Pages 507-521

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43029.2083

Abstract

IntroductionCross breeding processes including targeted crossings to increase drought tolerance, can be considered as a safe and permanent solution to reduce the harmful effects of ... Read More IntroductionCross breeding processes including targeted crossings to increase drought tolerance, can be considered as a safe and permanent solution to reduce the harmful effects of drought stress on plants. Therefore, two issues of pistachio as a strategic crop in the country and location of Iran in arid and semi-arid region necessitated research in order to achieve rootstocks drought-tolerant hybrids are necessary. Materials and methodsThe experiment was conducted as factorial based on a Completely Randomized Design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2018-2019. The treatments were consisted of 10 pistachio genotypes Ahmad Aghaei, Akbari, Sorkheh Hosseini, Garmeh, Fandoghi and interspecific hybrids (Ahmad Aghaei×Integerrima, Akbari×Integerrima, Sorkheh Hosseini× Integerrima, Garmeh×Iintegerrima and Fandoghi×Integerrima) and three levels of drought including control (field capacity), mild stress (65% of field capacity) and Severe stress (30% of field capacity) were applied on 3 months old the seedlings for 84 days. Results and DiscussionAccording to the results, fandoghi genotype showed a higher malondialdehyde concentration in leaves (280.23 %), while the hybrid genotypes of Sorkheh Hosseini×Integerrima, Ahmad Aghaei×Integerrima and Akbari× Integerrima showed a lower malondialdehyde concentration in leaves by 70.18, 76.70, 81.03 % respectively compared to the control. Several osmotic mechanisms are carried out by plants, especially pistachios, in stressful conditions to reduce the effects of drought stress. In fact, these mechanisms have enabled plants to withstand the damages caused by drought and have made plants able to recover their biochemical and physiological functions faster after removing the stress factor. For example, a general physiological mechanism adopted by plants to cope with abiotic stresses is the production of large amounts of low molecular weight, water-soluble, non-toxic organic compounds even in high amounts called osmolytes. One of the most important of them is proline. Therefore, the genotypes with higher amount of proline can be more tolerant to drought conditions. The next osmolyte is glycine betaine, which has a significant protective role in the stability of enzymes and the structure of plasma membranes when faced with drought stress. Therefore, glycine betaine plays a significant role in the resistance of plants to stress through the protection of enzymes, the photosynthetic apparatus, the elimination of free radicals, the preservation of membrane integrity, the protection of large molecules, and as a non-toxic compatible osmolyte. It has an environment. Carbohydrates also increase membrane stability in response to drought stress. Therefore, the accumulation of carbohydrates in the osmotic responses of plants is one of the factors that can prevent disorders in the cell membrane. In addition, phenols are also one of the antioxidant mechanisms of plants in drought stress conditions, because such compounds act as scavengers of reactive oxygen species and thus stabilize membrane, cells and prevent lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde is also a decomposition product of unsaturated fatty acids and hydroxides and is used as a suitable marker for lipid peroxide. Therefore, the amount of malondialdehyde obtained from the peroxidation of membrane lipids is used as an indicator for oxidative damage in most cases.ConclusionBased on the results of the present research, it seems that it is possible to use the hybrids of Sorkhe Hosseini × Integerrima, Ahmad Aghaei × Integerrima, and Akbari× Integerrima as drought-tolerant genotypes in dry areas. Therefore, based on the results of the present research, it seems that the plants in question can be used as drought tolerant genotypes in arid regions.

Comparison of three different genomic RNA extraction methods from peel and pulp of Thomson navel orange fruit (Citrus sinensis L.)

Fatemeh Ahmadi; Mohamad Mehdi Sharifani; Amir Mosavi; Negin Akhlaghi Amiri; Mostafa Khoshhal sarmast; Khalil Zaynali Nezhad

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 1-10

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41200.2043

Abstract

IntroductionEfficient genomic RNA extraction is a basic requirement of molecular biology and the primary step in the study of gene expression. Woody plants are problematic due to the ... Read More IntroductionEfficient genomic RNA extraction is a basic requirement of molecular biology and the primary step in the study of gene expression. Woody plants are problematic due to the presence of polyphenolics, polysaccharides and other compounds that bind or co-precipitate with the RNA. The present study is to compare different methods of extracting high-quality total RNA in Thomson navel orange. Citrus is one of the most strategic fruits of Iran, finding an efficient and low-cost method is important for executive and molecular works. Materials and MethodsPlant materials used to extract total RNA were collected from two different parts of Thomson navel orange peel (consisting of both flavedo and albedo) and pulp from Ghaemshahr Horticultural Research Station, Mazandaran in 2020. Fruits were frozen in liquid nitrogen after sampling and were stored at -80°C until used. These samples were transferred to the laboratory department of horticultural science and engineering, Gorgan where the samples were applied to analyze the molecular expriment. For this study three methods including of: Trizol, Non-column Denazist and RNX-PlusTM were evaluated for total RNA extraction. In order to show the quality and quantity of RNA, were assessed on 1% agarose gel and using a nanodrop spectrophotometer with 230, 260 and 280 wavelength. Results were analyzed using a completely randomized design with three replicates, Duncan test with a significance level of 0.05 using SAS 9.0 software. Results and DiscussionThe result showed a distinct 28S and 18S rRNA bands visible on an agarose gel. The RNA integrity was assessed by the sharpness of ribosomal RNA bands. Also by using this protocols, the absorbance ratio at 260/280 was ranged between 1.80 – 1.93 which indicated there were no protein in the extracted RNA. A ratio A260/ A280 ratio from 2.0 to 2.14 indicated a lack of polysaccharides and phenol contamination. Trizol method, which was significantly different than compared to other methods. This protocol was successfully applied to isolate total RNA from the organ of two section fruit. Generally, the samples with a ratio in the range of ~ 1.9 to 2 revealed high purity of the extracted RNA using Trizol and the average concentration of RNA ranged from 379.90 (ng/µl) of orange peel and 352.15 (ng/µl) of orange pulp, respectively. And concentration was observed in Non-column Denazist method which treated with the lowest concentration (263.10 ng/µl) of orange pulp. ConclusionThe Trizol method was the best choice for extraction of high-quality total RNA. In this respect method represented the highest RNA yield and purity from various samples (peel and pulp) of citrus. However, generally peel samples (flavedo and albedo) produced high concentration total RNA.

The Effect of Free and Controlled Pollination on Fruit and Pistachio Seed Characteristics of Ahmad Aghaei Cultivar

Hassan Farhadi; Mohammad Mehdi Sharifani; Hossein Hokmabadi

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 299-309

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.34075.1927

Abstract

IntroductionIran, as the largest producer and exporter of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), is among the major pistachio producing countries in the world including USA, Turkey, Italy and ... Read More IntroductionIran, as the largest producer and exporter of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), is among the major pistachio producing countries in the world including USA, Turkey, Italy and Greece. Due to the altered nature of the pistachio, the high yield of the pistachio is due to the fact that the environment is quite suitable and fertility of the female flowers is high. As the edible and consumable part of this fruit is its brain, it is essential for brain formation, pollination and intercourse. Therefore, it is more important for fruit formation, pollination and blending than many fruits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of artificial parent pollination of integerrima species on seed properties obtained by crossing with Ahmad aghaei and also to compare the effects of integerrima pollen with domestic pistachio pollen on the quantity and quality of pistachio fruit and seed. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely block design with three replications in one of the Astan Qods Razavi pistachio orchards in Bardsaskan-Anabed city, 297 km from Mashhad during 2016-2017. Experimental treatments included two pollinator methods (spray and brush) and five flour-pollen combinations (Table 1). Each replicate had one tree and five branches were selected from each tree with at least three to four flower buds. Four of them were controlled for pollination and one branch was considered for negative control. The branches were insulated by two-layer bags. The fruits were harvested in late summer and some quantitative and qualitative traits were measured. Results and DiscussionThe results of statistical analysis showed that the use of vera free pollen had a significant positive effect on most of the traits compared to other integerrima pollen treatments. On the other hand, integerrima pollen showed better results in IF4 treatment (0.50 g of integerrima pollen + 0.25 g flour) than control and other treatments. Also, the highest reduction of traits was observed in IF1 treatment (2 g of integerrima pollen + 0.25 g of flour) compared to other treatments in most of the traits. On the other hand, spraying method showed more favorable effects on most of the traits than brush pollinator method. Based on the results of this study, it seems that using spray pollinator and pollen of integerrima can reduce some traits such as Indehiscent nut in pistachio orchards. ConclusionIn general, the results showed that supplemental pollination using spray-spraying method in flour-pollen mixtures can be commercially available to increase fruit formation, and reduce osteoporosis to some extent. However, little research is needed on the role of different pollen grains on the quantitative and qualitative traits of the resulting fruits.

Relationship of Color Indices with Some Chemical Characteristic in Red and White Apple Cultivars

Mitra Jabari; Mohammad Mehdi ُSHARIFANI; Ahad Yamchi

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 359-372

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.23071.1506

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Apple is one of the most important common fruit trees in temperate regions of the world with a lot of phenotypes and genotypes. Fruit surface ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Apple is one of the most important common fruit trees in temperate regions of the world with a lot of phenotypes and genotypes. Fruit surface color is one of the important factors in evaluating the qualities and appearance of fruits. This is the first component of acceptance by the customer, which indicates anomalies in agricultural products. Materials and Methods For this purpose, a study was conducted in 2016 in a completely randomized design with 12 varieties of native and imported apples in three replications. In this research, qualitative characteristics including anthocyanins for skin and flesh fruit, total sugar, flavor index, pH and EC and color indexes including brightness index (L), redness index (a), yellowness index (b), Hue (H), and Chroma (C) were measured for each apple cultivar. Results The results showed the highest indexes of a and C of skin. Moreover, the index of a related to the flesh of fruit in Mazand 2 had the highest levels of Hue skin, brightness and Hue flesh in Gala cultivar. The highest amount of brightness and yellowneass of fruit skin and flesh was observed in Golden delicious cultivar. While the highest amount of anthocyanin in skin was found in Red delicious cultivar. the highest amount of anthocyanin in flesh was found in Mazand 2. Furthermore, the highest level of flavor index was found in Shahrod 10 and the maximum amount of total sugar was detected in Red delicious cultivar. The utmost EC juice and the highest juice pH were observed in Gol Ghermez and Golab Kohanz cultivars, respectively. The highest positive correlation was found between anthocyanin of skin and anthocyanin of fruit pulp in the red flesh apple (0.99). Based on the results of this research, the red index and the fruit flavor index correlated with skin Hue, brightness of skin correlated with yellow color of skin, and fruit EC correlated with sugar content of the fruit. Discussion Finally, the highest correlation was found between anthocyanin in skin and the red flesh apple. In other apple cultivars, a significant correlation was found between index (a) and the yellowness of the apples (0.92). Further positive correlation was set between index C and anthocyanin content and flavor index. A positive correlation was observed between H and L indexes and the yellow color of the apple. Index b indicated a significant negative correlation with anthocyanin of skin and flesh of apple. The highest red content in red flesh apples indicated positive correlation with a and c indices, which has already been confirmed by the results of other researchers.

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Author = Mohammad Mehdi ُSHARIFANI

Effect of drought stress on the amount of proline, glycine betaine, carbohydrate, phenol and malondialdehyde content genotypes and interspecific hybrids pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

Abstract

Comparison of three different genomic RNA extraction methods from peel and pulp of Thomson navel orange fruit (Citrus sinensis L.)

Abstract

The Effect of Free and Controlled Pollination on Fruit and Pistachio Seed Characteristics of Ahmad Aghaei Cultivar

Abstract

Relationship of Color Indices with Some Chemical Characteristic in Red and White Apple Cultivars

Abstract