Plant Productions

Anatomical Changes in Root and Aerial Organs of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Yaghooti) Affected by Salinity

Maryam Keshavarzi; Mahmood Esna-Ashari

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 169-180

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.39886.2009

Abstract

IntroductionGrape is one of the most important horticultural crops and economically produced in world and Iran which is cultivated in a wide range of climatic conditions. Duo to the ... Read More IntroductionGrape is one of the most important horticultural crops and economically produced in world and Iran which is cultivated in a wide range of climatic conditions. Duo to the difficulties of cultivating grape is its relatively sensitive to salinity stress. Salinity can cause significant anatomical changes in the internal tissues of plant organs. The effect of using low-quality water on the anatomical structure of grapevine organs has not yet been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the structural behavior of roots, stems, leaves, petioles, and main veins of grape leaves in Yaghooti cultivar under progressive salt stress. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications during two consecutive years 2020-2021. Salinity treatment at four levels, including zero (control), 25, 50, and 100 mM NaCl on one year old rooted cuttings under greenhouse conditions. Plant various organs consisting of roots, stems, leaves, petioles, and main veins were microscopically investigated through the conventional methods of sampling, fixing, sectioning and staining. Results and DiscussionIn the stem, the epiderm thickness increased until 50 mM level, and decreased in 100 mM level. In 100 mM, sclerenchyma thickness, pith diameter, and vascular bundles number increased, while collenchymas thickness, cambium, phloem, metaxylem, protoxylem, and stem cortex decreased. In the root, cortex thickness reduced, but the vascular bundles’ thickness, their number, as well as pith and vascular cylinder diameters increased, and more periderm thickness as well as the centralization of xylem vessels toward pith tissue were observed. In the petiole, in 100 mM level, an increase in sclerenchyma thickness and vascular bundles number was observed along with a decrease in phloem thickness, cambium, metaxylem, protoxylem, and cortex. In the leaf and main vein, palisad parenchymal cells became smaller and denser with an increase in their number; furthermore, a decrease in spongy parenchymal cells thickness along with the increase of their intercellular space and the increase of epiderm thickness were observed. In addition, vascular bundles number, sclerenchyma thickness, and pith diameter increased, while the decrease of vascular bundles’ thickness and collenchymas thickness was found in the main vein. Moreover, a large number of salt crystals were observed in all the plant organs, especially in the roots. ConclusionOverall, the results of this study revealed that salinity stress caused changes in the anatomical structure of roots and various aerial organs in Yaghooti grapevine saplings. It appears that at a stress of 100 mM salinity, the increase of epiderm and sclerenchyma thickness in the aerial organs contributed to preventing transpiration and preserving water content. Besides, periderm thickness at the root as a physical barrier to further absorption, transport of soluble substances, and protection of vascular cylinders helped the plant to tolerate salinity conditions. In addition, a large number of vascular bundles were involved in the secondary uptake of salt in the surrounding parenchymal cells. Therefore, most of the anatomical changes in the studied organs can be considered as a kind of adaptation to increase the chances of the plant survival against salinity.

Symbiosis Effect of Three Micorhizal Fungi (Glumos spp.) on Growth and the Absorption of Some Nutrient Elements in Rooted Cuttings of Three Olive Cultivars

Mahmood Esna-Ashari; Somayeh Bahrami

Volume 41, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13546

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesOlive (Olea europaea L.) trees are traditionally grown in relatively infertile lands being adapted to poor soils and irrigation. New olive orchards are usually ... Read More Background and ObjectivesOlive (Olea europaea L.) trees are traditionally grown in relatively infertile lands being adapted to poor soils and irrigation. New olive orchards are usually established using mist-propagated plants derived from semi-hardwood cuttings. Although this propagation system is very efficient, but from the economic point of view, shortening the juvenile period of plantlets is very important. Root colonization with mycorrhizal fungi can shorten the length of the juvenile period in olive plantlets, as inoculated plants can absorb the essential nutrient elements much better resulting in growth enhancement and faster development. Materials and methodsIn this study, symbiosis effect of three mycorrhizal fungi on growth, chlorophyll content and the absorption of some nutrient elements in rooted cuttings of three olive (Olea europeae L.) cultivars was investigated. The study was conducted through a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the Research Greenhouse of the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University. The first factor included olive cultivars at three levels (Arbekin “R1”, Conservalia “R2” and Moharam “R3”), and the second factor consisted of mycorrhizal fungi inoculation at five levels (G.mosseae+G.intraradices) “D1” )،G.hoi+G.mosseae( “D2”, (G.hoi+G.intraradices) “D3”, (Mixed three species) “D4” and the control (non-‌inoculation) (D5).Results: Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea L.) trees are traditionally grown in relatively infertile lands being adapted to poor soils and irrigation. New olive orchards are usually established using mist-propagated plants derived from semi-hardwood cuttings. Although this propagation system is very efficient, from the economic point of view, shortening the juvenile period of plantlets is very important. Root colonization with mycorrhizal fungi can shorten the length of the juvenile period in olive plantlets, as inoculated plants can absorb the essential nutrient elements much better resulting in growth enhancement and faster development. Materials and Methods In this study, symbiosis effect of three mycorrhizal fungi on growth, chlorophyll content and the absorption of some nutrient elements in rooted cuttings of three olive (Olea europeae L.) cultivars was investigated. The study was conducted through a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the Research Greenhouse of the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University. The first factor included olive cultivars at three levels (Arbekin “R1”, Conservalia “R2” and Moharam “R3”), and the second factor consisted of mycorrhizal fungi inoculation at five levels (G.mosseae+G.intraradices) “D1”, )G.hoi+G.mosseae( “D2”, (G.hoi+G.intraradices) “D3”, (Mixed three species) “D4” and the control (non-inoculation) (D5). Results The results showed that almost all measured characteristics were affected by the treatments. The highest symbiosis percentage was observed in R2D2 and the least belonged to D5. Based on the result, symbiotic fungi made a significant increase in some growth indices including the height and diameter of the plants, leaf area and diameter and length of the branch. The inoculation also caused an increase in the fresh and dry weight of the root and aerial parts of the plants compared to the controls. Mycorrhizal fungal inoculation resulted in increasing the total, a and b chlorophyll contents in all treatments. This symbiosis caused a significant increase in the absorption of some nutrient elements such as K, Zn, Fe and P compared to the controls. Discussion The results of the present study showed that, mycorrhizal fungi colonization enhanced the uptake of essential nutrients by plants, leading to a greater root surface area and biomass. Both the growth and nutrient content of the mycorrhizal fungi colonized olive plants were increased. It seems that mycorrhiza increases the absorption of water and nutrient elements from the soil through the further development that results in increasing leaf photosynthesis and ultimately increasing the plant growth.

Investigation on physiological, morphological and biochemical parameters associated with the drought tolerance in four edible fig and two capri fig cultivars

M. Sajedi; M. Esna-Ashari; M. Jafari; E. Aslmoshtaghi

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 101-112

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.18347.1354

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Plant responses to water deprivation are usually monitored through selected parameters which have been proven to be good indicators of drought in ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Plant responses to water deprivation are usually monitored through selected parameters which have been proven to be good indicators of drought in different studies. Some of the most important standards for evaluating plants under drought stress are measurements of physiological, morphological and biochemical parameters. These parameters have been found to generally reflect drought adaptation and could be used to select drought-tolerant species suitable to cultivate in dry and/or semi-dried lands. In this study, the effect of drought stress on some above-mentioned parameters in six fig cultivars including Sabz, Siah, Siahe Dorosht, Shah Anjir, Bare Veil and Bare poozdombali was investigated through a two-year experiment. Materials and methods The study was conducted in a factorial experiment based on a complete randomized design with four replications and three drought stress levels including field capacity as the control and 50 and 25% of field capacity as mild and severe stress, respectively. Results The highest amount of reduction in the above-mentioned parameters was observed under severe stress showing significant differences with the control and mild stress. The highest amount of relative water content associated with Sabz and Siah Dorosht cultivars and the greatest level of electrolyte leakage belonged to Siah cultivar. Chlorophyll reduction in Sabz was higher than the others and the least was observed in Siah Dorosht. The greatest proline accumulation was related to Bare Veil and the highest carbohydrate accumulation belonged to Bare Veil and Siah cultivars. The highest amount of protein reduction was also observed in Siah and Siah Dorosht without a significant difference. Maximum increase in the amount of potassium and sodium was observed in Siah Dorosht cultivar. Discussion Results indicated that, Siah and Bare Veil cultivars had approximately similar physiological and biochemical characteristics, so they evaluated as drought tolerant cultivars. It seems that fig plant employs a combination of mechanisms to overcome drought stress. Osmotic regulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of the fig plant tissue’s fluid to maintain the homeostasis of the tissue’s water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution) to keep the fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated. In this study, the two above-mentioned drought-tolerant fig cultivars synthesized considerable amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and proline to regulate their tissues osmotic pressure resulting in better growth under drought stress.

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Author = Mahmood Esna-Ashari

Anatomical Changes in Root and Aerial Organs of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Yaghooti) Affected by Salinity

Abstract

Symbiosis Effect of Three Micorhizal Fungi (Glumos spp.) on Growth and the Absorption of Some Nutrient Elements in Rooted Cuttings of Three Olive Cultivars

Abstract

Investigation on physiological, morphological and biochemical parameters associated with the drought tolerance in four edible fig and two capri fig cultivars

Abstract