Plant Productions

Study of phenological, physiological, and yield responses of indehiscent and dehiscent sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars to sowing dates in Dezful, Iran

Mehdei Attar Roshan; Afrasiyab Rahnama; Moosa Meskarbashee; Mohammad reza Siahpoosh; Matthew Harrison

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47179.2178

Abstract

Extended abstract Introduction Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oilseed crops cultivated for purposes relating to industry and household consumption. It is widely grown ... Read More Extended abstract Introduction Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oilseed crops cultivated for purposes relating to industry and household consumption. It is widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Sesame productivity can be highly variable depending upon the growing conditions, cultivars, and cultural practices. Sowing date is a critical field crop management practice that influences the intensity of other practices applied in crop growth and production. Grain yield significantly influences by sowing date and cultivar. The optimal sowing date is one of the most important and low cost field management practices affecting crop growth and yield. In general, early sowing dates correspond to higher growth and grain yields. The aim of this study was to explore an optimum sowing date for new indehiscent sesame cultivars and obtain new superior cultivars with the highest yield potential and adaptation to different sowing date in Dezful region. Materials and Methods In order to study the effects of different sowing dates on phonological traits, photosynthetic parameters, and grain and oil yields of dehiscent and indehiscent sesame cultivars, a field experiment was carried out in a split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replications in 2021-2022. The study site was located in Dezful, Iran. The main plots included three sowing dates, June 5, June 20, and July 20, and the sub-plots consisted three indehiscent (Chamran, Mohajer, Barkat) and one dehiscent (Schewin) sesame cultivars. 5 th June sowing date was considered as early sowing date, and 5 th July sowing date was considered as early sowing date. The data regarding plant heigh, height of the first capsule, length of capsule bearing zone, days to the first capsule emergence, days to flowering, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, chlorophylle index, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil content and oil yield was recorded. Results and discussion Significant genotypic differences in phenological traits, photosynthetic parameters, and grain and oil yields were observed among cultivars and across treatments. Different sowing dates differently influenced photosynthetic properties, phenological traits, and grain and oil yields of sesame cultivars. Sowing dates differently led to significant changes in plant heigh, height of the first capsule, length of capsule bearing zone, days to the first capsule emergence, days to flowering, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, chlorophylle index, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil content and oil yield. In both years. In 2021, 5 th June early sowing date caused a significant decrease in grain yield of Chamran, Schewin, Mohajer and Barkat cultivars by 1, 25, 11 and 6%, respectively, compared to 20 th June sowing date, while 5 th July late sowing date caused a significant reduction in grain yield of Mohajer and Barkat by 21and 37%, respectively, but increased grain yield of Chamran and Schewin by 12 and 28%, respectively. There was genetic variation in grain and oil yield across cultivars in response to sowing dates. Barkat and Mohajer cultivars with the higher grain yield showed greater grain yield stability in response to early sowing date, when compared to Schwin cultivar. Conclusion Overall, the results of this experiment showed that optimum sowing dates from 5 th June to 20 th June is recommended as the optimal sowing date to improve sesame production in humid tropical areas. Moreover, Barkat cultivar had the highest grain and oil yield; it is recommended along with Mohajer cultivar for both early and late sowing date conditions in Khuzestan region. Keywords: Days to flowering, Oil yield, Photosynthetic rate, Stomatal conductance

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The impact of conventional, sustainable, and organic farming systems on grain yield and energy use efficiency in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), mung bean (Vigna radiate L.) and maize (Zea mays L.)

Aram Gorooei; Amir Aaynehband; Afraseyab Rahnama

Volume 47, Issue 2 , August 2024, , Pages 179-193

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32356.1871

Abstract

Background and objectiveConsidering the limited natural resources and the negative effects of inappropriate use of these resources on both human health and environment, addressing the ... Read More Background and objectiveConsidering the limited natural resources and the negative effects of inappropriate use of these resources on both human health and environment, addressing the patterns of energy consumption remains vital (Baran and Gokdogan, 2017; Ozkan et al, 2004). Materials and methodsThis study was conducted at the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in the summer of 2018. Experimental design was split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots consisted of agriculture production systems; intensive (all inputs e.g., fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides were chemical), sustainable (a combination of organic and intensive methods were used to manage this farming system), and organic (in this farming system, all inputs were organic and biological, no chemical fertilizers were applied. control of weeds was done mechanically). Sub plots consisted of three crops; corn (cereal), mung bean (legume) and sesame (oil seed). In this study, energy efficiency indices were calculated by measuring the energy equivalent of all inputs and outputs. ResultsResults showed that the highest and lowest grain yields for corn, mung bean and sesame were obtained in the intensive and organic systems, respectively. The lowest (1.18) and highest (3.69) energy use efficiencies were belonged to intensive sesame and organic corn, respectively. The highest amount of energy consumed (34396 MJha-1) was observed in intensive corn and the lowest with the value of 8247 MJ ha-1 was belonged to the organic mung bean. Additionally, intensive corn presented the highest (94045 MJ) output energy. On the other hand, organic mung bean showed the lowest value of the output energy (15279 MJ). Intensive corn and organic sesame had the highest and lowest amounts of net energy indices with the values of 59649 and 7032, respectively. Although corn yield in the organic system was nearly 30 percent lower than in the intensive system, energy consumption for organic corn was 50 percent lower than for intensive cornConclusionTo design an appropriate agroecosystem, it is necessary to consider a collection of agroecological indices e.g., energy use efficiency, net energy, energy utilization index, special energy, as well as crop production history and agricultural culture (human resource productivity index, agrochemical energy, greenhouse gas emission) to find a balance between both factors based on each region.

Effect of waterlogging stress at the three-leaf stage on the growth and some physiological characteristics of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Seyed Bashir Fazeli; Moosa Meskarbashee; Afrasyab Rahnama Ghahfarokhi

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 279-292

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42792.2072

Abstract

IntroductionWheat is one of the most important crop plants in the world. Waterlogging stress causes serious damage to the wheat crop wheat crop worldwide annually, and it is likely ... Read More IntroductionWheat is one of the most important crop plants in the world. Waterlogging stress causes serious damage to the wheat crop wheat crop worldwide annually, and it is likely that these damages are increasing with climate change. In many cases, waterlogging stress occurs for various reasons in the initial stages of the growth of this plant. There are many reports about the existence of differences in waterlogging stress tolerance in different cultivars and genotypes of wheat, but so far these differences have not been fully exploited. This research was designed and carried out to investigate the effect of waterlogging stress on the dry matter yield of shoot system, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, the activity level of antioxidant enzymes, the concentration of malondialdehyde and carotenoid content. Materials and MethodsFloods will increase as a result of climate change and in some areas will have a negative impact on wheat production. Plants are obligate aerobic organisms and they need to absorb oxygen from their surroundings to complete their life cycle, growth, reproduction and competition. With 215 million hectares, wheat has the largest area of cultivated plants in the world, waterlogging stress usually damages winter wheat during Seedling establishment and tillering. a field experiment in the form of a split plot design, based on randomized complete blocks in 3 replications accomplished. Stress was applied at the three-leaf stage and at three levels, control (no waterlogging stress), mild stress (48 hours) and severe stress (120 hours) as the main factors. Cultivars and genotypes were also included as secondary factors. Plants were cultivated in pots and grown in open space (outdoor), the water level was maintained about five centimeters above the soil level during the stress period. Results and DiscussionMild and severe waterlogging stress resulted in a decrease of 14.06 and 38.37 percent of shoot dry matter, respectively, which was significant in all cultivars and genotypes. Different cultivars and genotypes showed different responses to waterlogging stress. to better understand the reasons for these differences, among 11 cultivars and 10 genotypes, Mehrgan and Sarang cultivars and ms 93-16 and ms 93-6 genotypes were selected to study some physiological traits. Waterlogging stress led to a decrease photosynthetic pigments, an increase in the malondialdehydeconcentration and an increase in the antioxidant enzymes activity, and in these cases, the differences between these cultivars and genotypes were obvious. There were also differences between severe stress and mild stress, for example, in all studied cultivars, only severe stress could lead to a significant increase in peroxidase enzyme activity, but in the case of catalase, mild stress tolerant cultivars also led to a significant increase. ConclusionIn general, cultivars that had a higher level of antioxidant enzyme activity when faced with waterlogging stress were able to pass through the stress period with less damage to the cell membrane structure (according to the concentration of malondialdehyde) and photosynthetic pigments and showed a lower percentage reduction in dry matter. Mehrgan cultivar had the highest dry matter yield compared to other cultivars and genotypes in all three stress levels, despite the severe decrease in shoot system dry matter yield.

Effect of Waterlogging Stress on Yield and Yield Components and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Mung Bean Cultivars in Ahvaz Conditions

Seyed Bashir Fazeli; Afrasyab Rahnama; Payman Hassibi

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 95-108

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30538.1805

Abstract

IntroductionMung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world. This nitrogen-stabilizing plant has rapid growth and a short growth period, leading to improved ... Read More IntroductionMung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world. This nitrogen-stabilizing plant has rapid growth and a short growth period, leading to improved soil fertility. Mung bean is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia due to its high adaptation range. Plants are obligate aerobic organisms and thus depend on O2 to grow and compete successfully with neighbouring plants in natural environments. Waterlogging stress is one of the most important factors limiting the planting of mung bean under Ahvaz conditions. Materials and MethodsIn order to study the effects of waterlogging stress on some agronomic and physiological characteristics of two Mung bean cultivars, a pot experiment was conducted as split factorial in a completely randomized block design with three replications in the field. The main plots were different growth stages consisted of vegetative growth stage, the beginning of flowering, grain filling stage, and three growth stages. The combination of stress levels (control and waterlogging stress) and two Mung bean cultivars (Hindi and Omrani) were as subplots. Results and DiscussionWaterlogging was caused to decrease significantly dry matter and grain yield in both cultivars at each growth stages, In Hindi cultivar, the highest grain yield reduction was observed at flowering stage and the least difference was observed in waterlogging stress at all three growth stages. In Omrani cultivar, the highest grain yield reduction was observed in waterlogging stress at all three growth stages, and the least grain yield decrease at flowering stage. Overall, the reductions in dry weight and grain yield were higher in Omrani than Hindi cultivar at three growth stages. Therefore, in stress-prone areas such as Ahvaz where summer plants such as Mung bean are exposed to waterlogging stress at different growth stages, Hindi cultivar is suggested for cultivation. Waterlogging stress did not show a significant effect on grain weight and grain number per pod, but significantly reduced the number of pods per plant. The number of pods per plant was significantly more important in determining yield and had a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.846 **) with grain yield. The reason of difference between two cultivars was the better physiological compatibility of Hindi cultivar under stress conditions, including higher levels of photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments contents. When plants were treated only with waterlogging stress in one growth stage, the Omrani cultivar could compensate some damages due to its indeterminate growth and phenological flexibility, as the period of pod formation was longer in this cultivar. SPAD value had the highest correlation with grain yield (r=0.707**) compared to other photosynthesis-related traits and could be used as a marker trait for selection of tolerant cultivars because of its ease, speed, cheapness and the possibility to measure this trait in the field. ConclusionThe results indicated that mung bean yield decrease in response to waterlogging stress, depending on growth stages, and experimental duration. The reductions in grain yield was impacted by the growth stage subjected to waterlogging stress. Moreover, the Hindi cultivar seems to be more tolerant to waterlogging in Khuzestan region

Weed Population and Nutrient Uptake by Wheat as Influenced by Different Tillage Practices and Weed Management Options in Ahvaz

Rahim Nor Aftab; Ali Monsefi; Afrasiyab Rahnama Ghahfarokhi; Amir Aynehband

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 143-156

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.34868.1938

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWeeds often pose severe constraints in the potential yield of wheat, if not controlled at a critical period of the first 30 days after sowing. Several ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWeeds often pose severe constraints in the potential yield of wheat, if not controlled at a critical period of the first 30 days after sowing. Several methods are developed to control weeds, viz. cultural, mechanical, and chemical have their own merits and demerits. Tillage is an age-old practice to control weeds. Tillage influences weed infestation, and thus interactions between tillage and weed control practices are commonly observed in crop production. Good tillage delays the emergence of weeds and provides a more favorable environment for early crop establishment. So, the competition for nutrients will be less. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to investigate the weed population and evaluate the nutrients uptake by wheat and weed in a split-plot design with three replications in the research farm of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in the year 2018-19. Tillage at three levels, including conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and zero tillage, as the main plot and weed control at six levels (uncontrolled, hand weeding, bromoxynil + MCPA herbicide, crop residue + Atlantis, Atlantis, and metribusin) as Post-emergence were considered in sub-plots applied on wheat of Mehregan cultivar. ResultsIn terms of the weed population, the highest weed population was observed in the zero tillage compared to conventional tillage and minimum tillage. In this regard, under uncontrolled treatment, the highest weed populations with an average of 16.3, 14.2, and 12.5 plants per square meter were observed at 30, 60, and 90 days after sowing, respectively. In the case of an interaction effect, it was found that in all three tillage systems, the highest amount of nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, absorbed by weeds was in the uncontrolled treatment. The reason was due to higher dry matter production and higher competition with wheat as it was incremental. DiscussionIn general, considering the higher weed population in the zero tillage as compared to the conventional tillage, it seems that weed control in the zero tillage and minimum tillage, at least in Khuzestan province, is preferable to prevent moisture content and soil structure. Nutrient depletion by weed is less in conservation tillage so that nutrient availability will be as much as plant requirements.

Comparison of Different Genomic RNA Extraction Methods From the Medicinal Plant Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.)

Maryam Javdan Asl; Hamid Rajabi Memari; Daryoosh Nabati Ahmadi; Afrasiyab Rahnama

Volume 39, Issue 2 , September 2016, , Pages 105-114

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12050

Abstract

Background and Objectives RNA extraction is considered a crucial step in the molecular studies and the results of subsequent work such as, PCR, Real-TIME PCR and RACE PCR depend on ... Read More

The effect of potassium on cadmium distribution and accumulation in differen t organs of durum wheat

S. Larki; A. Rahnama; A. Aynehband

Volume 38, Issue 3 , December 2015, , Pages 79-92

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11455

Abstract

Understanding of the mechanisms affecting root uptake, transport and grain deposition of cadmium can successfully improve the success of breeding programs aiming to produce low cadmium ... Read More

Short-term responses of stomatal conductance for screening wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.( differing in salt tolerance for osmotic stress tolerance

A. Rahnama; K. Poustini; R. Tavakkol Afshari

Volume 36, Issue 3 , December 2013, , Pages 93-105

Abstract

Salinity affects plant growth by the osmotic stress of salt around the roots as well as by toxicity caused by excessive accumulation of salt in leaves. An investigation was set up to ... Read More

Effects of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers on growth analysis of maize S.C. 704 with different irrigation regimes

A.A. Koliaei; G. Akbari; A. Rahnama; O. Armandpisheh; M.R. Labbafi Hossianabadi

Volume 36, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 79-88

Abstract

In order to study the influence of various irrigation regimes (drought stress), biological fertilizers (a combination of two Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms) and different ... Read More

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Author = Afraseyab Rahnama

Study of phenological, physiological, and yield responses of indehiscent and dehiscent sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars to sowing dates in Dezful, Iran

Abstract

The impact of conventional, sustainable, and organic farming systems on grain yield and energy use efficiency in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), mung bean (Vigna radiate L.) and maize (Zea mays L.)

Abstract

Effect of waterlogging stress at the three-leaf stage on the growth and some physiological characteristics of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

Effect of Waterlogging Stress on Yield and Yield Components and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Mung Bean Cultivars in Ahvaz Conditions

Abstract

Weed Population and Nutrient Uptake by Wheat as Influenced by Different Tillage Practices and Weed Management Options in Ahvaz

Abstract

Comparison of Different Genomic RNA Extraction Methods From the Medicinal Plant Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.)

Abstract

The effect of potassium on cadmium distribution and accumulation in differen t organs of durum wheat

Abstract

Short-term responses of stomatal conductance for screening wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.( differing in salt tolerance for osmotic stress tolerance

Abstract

Effects of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers on growth analysis of maize S.C. 704 with different irrigation regimes

Abstract